High Tone Research Articles

Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder in Brown- Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome

Background and Aim: This study shows the clinical symptoms pertinent to auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) for a 16-year-old girl with Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome (BVVL). The results have been followed for six years between 2015 and 2021.
 The Case: In the present study, auditory test battery including tympanometry, acoustic reflex, pure tone audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem response were utilized and repeated three times during six years.
 Conclusion: In the first session, the results revealed bilaterally normal transient evoked otoacoustic emissions, absent acoustic reflexes (ipsilateral and contralateral), mild to moderate low tone loss in the pure tone audiometry, no auditory brain stem responses at high stimulus intensities and different polarities and present cochlear microphonic component in single polarities. In the second session, pure tone audiometry showed slight to mild high tone loss but the other tests demonstrated their same results. In the final session, the latter results were repeated. In this comprehensive follow up study, the patient with BVVL demonstrated clinical symptoms of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder in which auditory system showed an impairment in the auditory temporal synchronization and encoding.
 Keywords: Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome; auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder; auditory brainstem response; pure tone audiometry

In Vivo Optogenetics Reveals Control of Cochlear Electromechanical Responses by Supporting Cells.

Cochlear sensitivity, essential for communication and exploiting the acoustic environment, results from sensory-motor outer hair cells (OHCs) operating in a structural scaffold of supporting cells and extracellular cortilymph within the organ of Corti (OoC). Cochlear sensitivity control is hypothesized to involve interaction between the OHCs and OoC supporting cells (e.g., Deiters' cells [DCs] and outer pillar cells [OPCs]), but this has never been established in vivo Here, we conditionally expressed channelrhodopsins (ChR2) specifically in male and female mouse DCs and OPCs. Illumination of the OoC activated the nonselective ChR2 cation conductance and depolarized DCs when measured in vivo and in isolated OoC. Measurements of sound-induced cochlear mechanical and electrical responses revealed that OoC illumination suppressed the normal functions of OoC supporting cells transiently and reversibly. OoC illumination blocked normally occurring continuous minor adjustments of tone-evoked basilar membrane displacements over their entire dynamic range and OHC voltage responses to tones at levels and frequencies subject to cochlear amplification. OoC illumination altered the OHC mechanoelectrical transduction conductance operating point, which reversed the asymmetry of OHC voltage responses to high level tones. OoC illumination accelerated recovery from temporary loud sound-induced acoustic desensitization. We concluded that DCs and OPCs are involved in both the control of cochlear responses (which are essential for normal hearing) and the recovery from temporary acoustic desensitization. This is the first direct in vivo evidence for the interdependency of the structural, mechanical, and electrochemical arrangements of OHCs and OoC supporting cells that together provide fine control of cochlear responses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A striking feature of the mammalian cochlear sensory epithelium, the organ of Corti, is the cellular architecture and supporting cell arrangement that provides a structural scaffold for the sensory-motor outer hair cells. The role of the supporting cell scaffold, however, has never been elucidated in vivo, although in vitro and modeling studies indicate the scaffold is involved in exchange of forces between the outer hair cells and the organ of Corti. We used in vivo techniques, including optogenetics, that do not disrupt arrangements between the outer hair cells and supporting cells, but selectively, transiently, and reversibly interfere with supporting cell normal function. We revealed the supporting cells provide continuous adjustment of cochlear sensitivity, which is instrumental in normal hearing.

Does Metabolic Syndrome Affect the Incidence and Prognosis of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss?

Earlier studies reported that the occurrence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is associated with chronic metabolic disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Instead of focusing on the relationship between SSNHL and each metabolic disorder, this study aimed to identify the association with metabolic syndrome as a whole, including either prehypertension or prediabetes. As a case-control study, we reviewed 239 patients who experienced SSNHL, and compared them with the same number of healthy subjects (N = 478). Metabolic syndrome-related variables of SSNHL patients were compared to those of healthy control subjects. In addition, patients with SSNHL were classified into two subgroups: the first subgroup showed improvement in hearing (‘response group’), and the second did not present significant improvement (‘non-response group’). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The risk for SSNHL was 4.3 times higher in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with patients without the syndrome (95% confidence interval, 1.98 to 9.33), even after adjusting for variables that showed significant between-group differences. The likelihood of being unresponsive to treatment was higher in those with metabolic syndrome (1.21 to 3.93; adjusted odds ratio = 2.18), and when the initial hearing loss pattern on a pure-tone audiometry was high tone or flat. Metabolic syndrome appears to be an independent risk factor for SSNHL and, simultaneously, a predictor of poor prognosis.

Postoperative Pneumolabyrinth Following the Middle Cranial Fossa Approach for Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Repair, 2014-2020.

The present study investigates risk factors and clinical outcomes of postoperative pneumolabyrinth following the middle cranial fossa approach for superior semicircular canal dehiscence repair, a complication that has not been documented previously. Retrospective cohort study. Tertiary/quaternary care referral center. We conducted a retrospective review of 332 middle cranial fossa procedures from 2014 to 2020 at a tertiary/quaternary care institution. Upon identifying pneumolabyrinth cases from postoperative computed tomography temporal bone scans, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to explore demographic and clinical factors that were independently linked to this complication. We also compared the rates of postoperative symptoms among patients with different grades of pneumolabyrinth. We identified 41 (12.3%) pneumolabyrinth cases. Patients with older age, higher preoperative pure tone average, and frank dehiscence were at higher risk for pneumolabyrinth. Furthermore, patients with pneumolabyrinth reported significantly higher rates of postoperative dizziness and exhibited significantly greater pure tone average and air-bone gap postoperatively as compared with patients without pneumolabyrinth. Finally, higher-grade pneumolabyrinth was associated with increased rates of postoperative hearing loss, and grade III pneumolabyrinth was associated with higher rates of postoperative tinnitus vs grade I and II cases. Pneumolabyrinth following the middle cranial fossa approach was associated with poor clinical outcomes, including dizziness and auditory impairment. Old age, high preoperative pure tone average, and frank dehiscence were risk factors for this complication. The highlighted parameters may be important to note when considering this approach as a treatment option and while monitoring postoperative recovery.

Singing Mandarin? What Short-Term Memory Capacity, Basic Auditory Skills, and Musical and Singing Abilities Reveal About Learning Mandarin.

Learning Mandarin has become increasingly important in the Western world but is rather difficult to be learnt by speakers of non-tone languages. Since tone language learning requires very precise tonal ability, we set out to test whether musical skills, musical status, singing ability, singing behavior during childhood, basic auditory skills, and short-term memory ability contribute to individual differences in Mandarin performance. Therefore, we developed Mandarin tone discrimination and pronunciation tasks to assess individual differences in adult participants’ (N = 109) tone language ability. Results revealed that short-term memory capacity, singing ability, pitch perception preferences, and tone frequency (high vs. low tones) were the most important predictors, which explained individual differences in the Mandarin performances of our participants. Therefore, it can be concluded that training of basic auditory skills, musical training including singing should be integrated in the educational setting for speakers of non-tone languages who learn tone languages such as Mandarin.

Protective effect of valerian extract capsule (VEC) on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosa injury and ameliorative effect of VEC on gastrointestinal motility disorder

Context Valerian extract capsule (VEC) is an effective Chinese patent medicine used for gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Objective To investigate the detailed pharmacological activity for VEC clinical effects in GI diseases. Materials and methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control, model, and drug-treated (VEC-L, VEC-M, VEC-H, and teprenone). Rats were orally administered VEC (124, 248, 496 mg/kg) and teprenone (21.43 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. After 1 h, the five groups (except the control group) were orally given ethanol (10 mL/kg) for 1 h or indomethacin (80 mg/kg) for 7 h. The spasmolytic activity of VEC (0.01–1 mg/mL) on ACh/BaCl2-induced New Zealand rabbit smooth muscle contraction was performed. The C57BL/6 mice carbon propelling test evaluated the effects of VEC (248–992 mg/kg) on intestinal motility in normal and neostigmine/adrenaline-induced mice. Results Compared with the model group, VEC treatment reduced the gastric lesion index and mucosal damage. Further experiments showed that the pathological ameliorative effect of VEC was accompanied by augmentation of the enzymatic antioxidant system and cytoprotective marker (COX-1, p < 0.01; PGI2 p < 0.05;), along with the alleviation of the levels of MPO (ethanol: 15.56 ± 0.82 vs. 12.15 ± 2.60, p < 0.01; indomethacin: 9.65 ± 3.06 vs. 6.36 ± 2.43, p < 0.05), MDA (ethanol: 1.66 ± 0.44 vs. 0.81 ± 0.58, p < 0.01; indomethacin: 1.71 ± 0.87 vs. 1.09 ± 0.43, p < 0.05), and inflammatory mediators. VEC decreased the high tone induced by ACh/BaCl2 and promoted intestinal transit in normal and neostigmine/adrenaline-induced mice. Discussion and conclusions VEC showed a potential gastroprotective effect, suggesting that VEC is a promising phytomedicine for the treatment of GI diseases.

LEGAL AND BUSINESS STUDY STOP PRESS EARLY WARNING TSUNAMI AT PRIME TIME ON INEWS

&lt;span class="fontstyle0"&gt;Early warning tsunami iis the right of every citizen to know, guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution, and the Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information No. 20/2006. The Minister of Communication and Informatics clearly states that broadcast media are obliged to broadcast Stop pressing contains early warning tsunami after the earthquake disaster. The impression took at least 30 seconds, with a high tone. This is the dilemma of broadcast media managers. Namely showing Stop press as a statutory obligation when the zone prime time television. During this time duration prime time the price is very expensive. However, Inews still prioritizes the interests of the community, by broadcasting Stop pressing,&lt;br /&gt;should reduce the duration. This is part of the responsibility and protection of legal rights for the community. In addition, Inews does not want to receive criminal sanctions, just for not broadcasting Stop pressing early warning tsunamis.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

High tone bumping in Runyankore

Abstract In this study I present the unusual properties of a rule of High Tone Bumping (HTB) which occurs in certain languages of the Rutara subgroup of Bantu. By this process, the final H tone of a word or clitic “bumps” a preceding H tone one syllable to the left, e.g. /kaawá=kí/ → kááwa=kí ‘what coffee?’ (as realized utterance-medially). The triggers consist of /H/ CV monosyllables as well as VCV words whose final syllable is /H/. Since these can interact with each other, frequently with V+V vowel coalescence, this produces H tone sequences of trigger-targets in which each H appears to be bumped one syllable to the left. I present the facts of HTB in some detail and offer two synchronic analyses, one involving a left-to-right iterative rule, the other recognizing H*-marked tone spans that can be globally accessed to apply HTB all at once. I conclude by considering possible historical origins of HTB.

Brønsted Acid‐Catalysed Epoxide Ring‐Opening Using Amine Nucleophiles: A Facile Access to β‐Amino Alcohols

A mild, efficient, and metal-free synthetic protocol for the synthesis of β-amino alcohols is reported. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with only 0.5 mol % catalyst loading and affords β-amino alcohol derivatives in excellent yield. This protocol is well-tolerated by a wide range of styrene oxide and aniline derivatives. A notably efficacious gram-scale synthesis is also reported with a high TON=842. Further, the Hammett correlation study was also performed to identify the rate-determining step.

Effects of Transparency on Perceived Humanness: Implications for Rendering Skin Tones Using Optical See-Through Displays.

Current optical see-through displays in the field of augmented reality are limited in their ability to display colors with low lightness in the hue, saturation, lightness (HSL) color space, causing such colors to appear transparent. This hardware limitation may add unintended bias into scenarios with virtual humans. Humans have varying skin tones including HSL colors with low lightness. When virtual humans are displayed with optical see-through devices, people with low lightness skin tones may be displayed semi-transparently while those with high lightness skin tones will be displayed more opaquely. For example, a Black avatar may appear semi-transparent in the same scene as a White avatar who will appear more opaque. We present an exploratory user study ( N=160) investigating whether differing opacity levels result in dehumanizing avatar and human faces. Results support that dehumanization occurs as opacity decreases. This suggests that in similar lighting, low lightness skin tones (e.g., Black faces) will be viewed as less human than high lightness skin tones (e.g., White faces). Additionally, the perceived emotionality of virtual human faces also predicts perceived humanness. Angry faces were seen overall as less human, and at lower opacity levels happy faces were seen as more human. Our results suggest that additional research is needed to understand the effects and interactions of emotionality and opacity on dehumanization. Further, we provide evidence that unintentional racial bias may be added when developing for optical see-through devices using virtual humans. We highlight the potential bias and discuss implications and directions for future research.

A Novel and Efficient Nano Alumina Based Cu (II) Catalyst for Three- Component Synthesis of 5-Substituted-1H-Tetrazoles

: Tetrazoles as one of the most important synthetic heterocyclic compounds have so many applications in organic chemistry, the photographic industry, coordination chemistry, explosives and in particular, medicinal chemistry. Numerous methods have been reported in the literature for synthesis of tetrazoles, but much of them have some drawbacks including the use of strong Lewis acids or expensive and toxic metals and employment of acidic media. Azides may react with acids to yield toxic and flammable HN3 gas. Furthermore, many methods used high polar solvents such as DMF at high temperatures and very tedious work-up. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred because of owing to easy handling, safety, recoverability and reusability. Catalyst separation and recycling is highly desirable because catalysts are often very expensive. On the other hand, in spite of higher reactivity and selectivity of homogeneous catalysts, the difficulty of separating them from the reaction medium can lead to the problem of reusing the catalyst. Also, most homogeneous catalysts are thermally unstable. To benefit advantages of both types of catalysts, one solution is using nanoparticles. Their higher surface area is the advantages of nanoparticles, which allows them to enhance the reaction rate. Many commercially important catalysts include active nanoparticles spread on high area oxide supports. Such catalysts are highly complex materials that are optimized to work for plenty of turnovers at high reaction rates and with high selectivity. Aldehyde (1 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.10 mg, 1.5 mmol), sodium azide (0.10 g, 1.5 mmol), distilled water (5 mL) and nano Al2O3@PCH-Cu (II) (0.01g, 1.04% mol) were added to round bottom flask (25 mL) and stirred at room temperature. After the completion of the reaction, water (10 mL) was added into reaction mixture and filtered. Excess sodium azide and hydroxylamine hydrochloride are dissolved in water and the catalyst remains on the filter. Extraction of product with diethyl ether (3×10 mL) and then evaporation of ether afforded the product. The product was recrystallized using hot ethanol to obtain pure product. We synthesized a novel, stable, highly reactive and efficient nano-sized heterogeneous catalyst (nano Al2O3@PCH-Cu (II)). We characterized it by FT-IR, ICP, SEM, TGA and EDX analysis. This catalyst was used for the efficient one-pot three-component synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles. An one-pot three-component synthesis of 5-substituted-1Htetrazoles is conducted, a reaction between various benzaldehydes, hydroxyl amine hydrochloride and sodium azide in the presence of a novel and highly efficient nano alumina supported poly(carboxylic acid hydrazide) Cu(II) complex, nano Al2O3@PCH-Cu(II), as heterogeneous catalyst in H2O at room temperature. This method has very mild reaction conditions as well as the advantages of easy separation and reusability of the catalyst, very short reaction times, high yields and using H2O as green solvent. Furthermore, using this method very high TON and TOF values obtained for all isolated products.

Auditory Cortex Neurons Show Task-Related and Learning-Dependent Selectivity toward Sensory Input and Reward during the Learning Process of an Associative Memory Task.

The activity of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons is modulated not only by sensory inputs but also by other task-related variables in associative learning. However, it is unclear how A1 neural activity changes dynamically in response to these variables during the learning process of associative memory tasks. Therefore, we developed an associative memory task using auditory stimuli in rats. In this task, rats were required to associate tone frequencies (high and low) with a choice of ports (right or left) to obtain a reward. The activity of A1 neurons in the rats during the learning process of the task was recorded. A1 neurons increased their firing rates either when the rats were presented with a high or low tone (frequency-selective cells) before they chose either the left or right port (choice-direction cells), or when they received a reward after choosing either the left or right port (reward-direction cells). Furthermore, the proportion of frequency-selective cells and reward-direction cells increased with task acquisition and reached the maximum level in the last stage of learning. These results suggest that A1 neurons have task- and learning-dependent selectivity toward sensory input and reward when auditory tones and behavioral responses are gradually associated during task training. This selective activity of A1 neurons may facilitate the formation of associations, leading to the consolidation of associative memory.

Tone and downstep in Paicî (Oceanic, New Caledonia)

In this paper, I propose an updated analysis of the tone system of Paicî, one of the rare tonal Oceanic languages. Building on Jean-Claude Rivierre's (1974) work, I show that the tonal system of Paicî is best described with three underlying primitives: a High tone, a Low tone, and a downstep /↓/ analyzed as a register feature independent of tone. Paicî is particularly interesting for the empirical documentation as well as the typological and theoretical understanding of downstep, because it combines many rare properties: (i) only downstepped ↓L is attested; (ii) downstep is its own phonological object; (iii) downstep is realized utterance-initially; and (iv) downstep is not caused by a floating tone, but has its roots in a former accentual system. The paper also provides an acoustic description of tone and downstep in Paicî, an important step toward filling a serious gap in the documentation of downstepped ↓L tones and their properties.

Layered feet and syllable-integrity violations: The case of Copperbelt Bemba bounded tone spread

We identify evidence supporting two amendments to standard metrical theory: the inclusion of layered feet, and the allowance of syllable-integrity violations, where a foot parses some, but not all, of a syllable’s constituents. The evidence comes from a High tone spreading process attested in Copperbelt Bemba (CB), which as reported by Bickmore and Kula (2013) et seq., occurs over a ternary domain. In quintessentially metrical fashion, the domain is sensitive to the presence and position of heavy syllables. Thus, we argue that metrical theory should take the CB data into account.CB ternary spreading can occur in contexts with an abundance of unparsed syllables on either side of the domain. We argue that this property is problematic for ‘Weak Layering’ accounts using binary feet (McCarthy and Prince 1986; Hayes 1995), which revolve around the minimal presence of unparsed syllables. We propose an alternative account using layered feet (Martínez-Paricio and Kager 2015), specifying an inner quantity-sensitive iamb and a strictly monomoraic adjunct. We show that a principled characterization of the spreading domain is that tone associates to all and only footed moras. We argue that a metrical analysis provides a more principled account of the data than can be achieved by Bickmore and Kula’s purely autosegmental analysis.Finally, we show that foot-based accounts of CB ternary spreading predict syllable-integrity violations (SIVs), where parsing consumes only the first of two tautosyllabic moras. Contrary to the common view that SIVs are universally disallowed, we embrace this result and put it in a typological context. We adopt an Optimality Theory constraint set to model SIVs (Kager and Martínez-Paricio 2018b), and extend it, paving the way for a typological investigation of SIVs.

Clinical features and prognosis of severe-to-profound sudden sensorineural hearing loss

PurposeSudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an otologic emergency. Despite multiple efforts to clarify the factors affecting the prognosis of severe-to-profound SSNHL, various studies showed inconsistent results and lack of clinical significance. Therefore, we examined the clinical features and outcomes of severe-to-profound SSNHL. Materials and methodsWe included patients who experienced SSNHL between 2018 and 2021 and were diagnosed according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery criteria; hearing loss over 70 dB on initial pure tone audiometry (PTA) was used to define severe-to-profound SSNHL. We retrospectively examine the demographic, laboratory, radiologic, and audiometric data of SSNHL patients. We also evaluated the final hearing gain of these patients by assessing their PTA findings and word-recognition scores. ResultsOf the 178 patients, 94 (52.81%) and 84 (47.19%) showed profound (>90 dB) and severe (>70 to 90 dB) hearing loss, respectively. The presence of vertigo and hypertension differed significantly between the severe and profound groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively), as did the initial serum creatinine level (p = 0.043). Recovery in PTA showed a reliable correlation with the interval between onset and treatment in the severe group and periventricular white-matter findings in the profound group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). The presence of hypertension was related to recovery of low tone (p = 0.023 for 250 Hz; p = 0.034 for 500 Hz), while glycated hemoglobin level was related to recovery of high tone in the severe group (p = 0.049 for 4000 Hz; p = 0.047 for 8000 Hz). ConclusionsSevere-to-profound SSNHL showed poor prognosis for hearing gain. The interval from onset to treatment was a significant prognostic factor for severe SSNHL, while the presence of vertigo, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and periventricular white-matter findings were significant prognostic factors for profound SSNHL.

Differential effects of pitch on perceived duration in linguistic and auditory tasks

Duration perception is a complex phenomenon in linguistic studies. While it can be instrumentally measured in a straightforward fashion, its relationship to other acoustic measurements is still not well understood. Previous work has found that duration can influence the perception of other acoustic cues, such as pitch (Brigner, 1988). This implies that it is important to go beyond isolated analysis of individual acoustic cues, and consider the synergistic effects of multiple acoustic cues. This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to test the influence of changing pitch on duration in two tasks, one using linguistic stimuli and one using acoustic stimuli. I find an effect of pitch on duration perception in both tasks. However, the results are not identical. In the auditory task, there was a small effect where higher tones were heard as longer than low tones. However, in the linguistic task, higher tones were heard as shorter. This indicates that pitch can have both a direct and indirect effect on duration perception and that there are complex interactions that may have a significant impact on our language perception.

Could State-Controlled Media Stabilize the Market during the U.S.-China Trade Frictions?

The China-U.S. trade frictions brought about many uncertainties to the Chinese economy. This research investigates whether China’s state-controlled media played a role in stabilizing investors’ expectations by examining the relations between media tone and Chinese stock market reactions in the context of China-U.S. trade frictions. Firstly, even though the media tone of news on trade frictions did not elicit significant reactions at the market level, those firms heavily exposed to export business with the U.S. produced significant positive reactions to a high media tone of the state media. Secondly, investors, especially SME investors, perceived more uncertainties to the high tones of Chinese media in the early days of Trump’s presidency and reacted negatively to the media’s high stance, as shown in the volatility. Thirdly, after the war was initiated, higher-tone news released from the state-controlled press eased people’s anxieties and stabilized the market, especially for the large caps, leading to lower volatilities in most subsequent stages. Generally, the official media’s tone manipulation is partially effective in preventing a market meltdown and easing investors’ worries.

Abnormal synergistic behavior of metal chelates of 1,10-phenanthroline scaffold for enhancing hydrogen evolution from water

The design and development of metal complex architecture with a multidenate heterocyclic organic compound that modulates hydrogen evolution from water. To achieve effective hydrogen evolution efficiencies of metal chelates bearing Phenanthroline scaffold, [ML].2(OAc) (L-1,10-Phenanthroline analogous contains aromatic core; M = Co, Zn, Cu & Ni ions) were designed and synthesized. A square-planar arrangement with moderate distortion was attributed to the above metal chelates based on spectroscopic data and analytical studies. The experimental observations highlighted that metal chelates were effective towards hydrogen evolution under photochemical and electrocatalytic condition. During the photochemical process, the metal chelate was combined with fluorescein (photosensitizer) and triethylamine (sacrificial e-donor) showed enhanced hydrogen evolution under photochemical irradiation that correlates with electronic and conjugation of ligand. Copper complexes with the highest TON and TOF values (11,500 and 7800) had the best catalytic activity at pH 10.6 in CH 3 CN:H 2 O (1:1 ratio). All of the promising findings offers novel paths for hydrogen production with chromophores and metal catalysts. Due to its abnormal synergistic behavior imparts the potential of redox characteristics, metal ions with highly conjugated ligands showed hydrogen production with impressive results. This research could pave the way for the growth of metal complex as hydrogen generation catalysts. • Highly conjugated metal complexes were prepared and characterized. • Copper complex is low cost, robust, and highly efficient for the reduction of water into hydrogen. • Copper complex showed higher efficiency for generation of hydrogen (TON, TOF are 11,500 & 7800). • Due to its abnormal synergistic behavior modulates redox potency of copper complex with enhanced H 2 generation efficiency.

Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa dalam Ceramah Ustadz Abdul Somad di Madura

The purpose of this study is to explain the rhetorical style of preaching by Ustadz Abdul Somad and the consequences when delivering his lecture at the Al-Hamidy Islamic Boarding School, Banyuanyar, Pamekasan. This study uses a qualitative method that is descriptive analysis. The data collection technique is Download, view, listen, and record. As for the data analysis technique, using Aristotle's rhetorical theory, namely the five canons of rhetorics combined with Gorys Keraf's concepts, namely diction and language style, characterized by (1) Reading every lecture discourse that has been converted into written language; (2) Marking utterances that contain diction and figurative language; (3) Identifying diction characteristics (intonation, high tone, low tone, connotative, formal, informal, idiom, slang, and jargon), language style characteristics (majas, metaphor, lexicon, etc.), body style characteristics (looking to the left/ right, swinging arms, looking down). The results showed that Ustadz Abdul Somad combined diction and language style including (words and word choice, word meaning, language style based on word choice, tone, sentence structure, meaning, gestures).

On the use of integral indicators of the functional state of the children’s body as criteria for realizing the risk of adverse effects of environmental factors

Special attention is always paid to the health of children associated with the influence of environmental factors in scientific research. This is due to the fact that environmental factors play an important role in determining the health and well-being of children. Of particular importance is the search for informative integral indicators that characterize the impact of various degrees of anthropogenic load on the health of the child population. The article presents the results of a study of integral indicators of the health status of 315 children aged 4–6 years living in the territory with a high (group 1) and low (group 2) level of anthropogenic load, such as the stability of the nervous reaction, the stress index of regulatory systems, the index of vegetative equilibrium, the vegetative rhythm indicator, the indicator of the adequacy of regulatory processes. The obtained data indicate that a high level of anthropogenic load has an adverse effect on the integral indicators of the functional state of the central nervous, autonomic and cardiovascular systems. This is characterized by a decrease in the stability index of the nervous reaction, an increase in the sympathetic activity of the central nervous system, depletion of the central regulatory circuits due to prolonged activation of non-economic mechanisms for regulating the high tone of the sympathetic nervous system. At the same time, the adverse effects increase with an increase in the age of children from 4 to 6 years old living in an area with a high level of anthropogenic load. The established facts of changes in integral indicators represent a scientific justification for the use of these indicators in the development of mathematical models for managing risks to children’s health under the influence of anthropogenic factors.