High Tone Research Articles

Triazine diphosphonium tetrachloroferrate ionic liquid immobilized on functionalized halloysite nanotubes as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of mono-, bis- and tris-benzothiazoles.

Aminopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diphosphonium tetrachloroferrate immobilized on halloysite nanotubes [(APTDP)(FeCl4)2@HNT] was prepared and fully characterized using different techniques such as FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM/EDX, elemental mapping, TEM, ICP-OES, and elemental analysis (EA). This nanocatalyst was found to be highly effective for synthesis of various benzothiazole derivatives in excellent yields under solvent-free conditions. Furthermore, bis- and tris-benzothiazoles were smoothly synthesized from dinitrile and trinitrile in the presence of this catalytic system. High yields and purity, easy work up procedure, high catalytic activity (high TON and TOF) and easy recovery and reusability of the catalyst make this method a useful and important addition to the present methodologies for preparation of these vital heterocyclic compounds.

Immobilized Ni on TMEDA@βSiO2@αSiO2@Fe3O4: as a novel magnetic nanocatalyst for preparation of pyrido[2,3-d:6,5-d']dipyrimidines.

In the current body of research, a very quick and effectual procedure for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d:6,5-d']dipyrimidines has been developed. This method is accomplished through the one-pot multi-component reaction of 2-thiobarbituric acid, NH4OAc and aldehydes utilizing Ni-TMEDA@βSiO2@αSiO2@Fe3O4 as a novel mesoporous nanomagnetic catalyst at room temperature. This protocol is one of the few reports of the preparation of these derivatives without the use of conventional heating as well as energies such as microwave and ultrasound radiation. The characterization of the prepared catalyst was well accomplished by different techniques such as FT-IR, ICP-OES, SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, VSM, TGA, EDX and Elemental mapping. This organometallic catalyst was reusable for seven times with negligible decrement in its catalytic performance. In addition, all of the products were produced with high TON and TOF values, which demonstrates that our catalyst has a very high level of activity in the preparation of pyrido[2,3-d:6,5-d']dipyrimidines.

Promene nivoa polnih hormona sa starenjem i njihov uticaj na glas

The aim of this study is to review modern literature to provide an insight into contemporary research into the etiology, pathophysiology and symptomatology of changes in hormone levels associated with aging and their pattern-consequential relationship with voice quality, with special reference to the analysis of different types of mutations (mutatio precox and mutatio perversa), menstrual and climacteric dysphonia. The criteria for inclusion of works obtained from the search were: works published during the last 15 years, published in English. Compared to the male voice, the female voice does not go through drastic changes during puberty. In males, the increased levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone during puberty are responsible for the enlargement of the laryngeal cartilage, which causes the basal tone to decrease by a third of an octave. If the child enters puberty prematurely, this hormone imbalance will lead to the appearance of voice pathology -mutation precox. Mutatio perversa occurs suddenly in females and is characterized by a deep male voice and other signs of virilization. The appearance of submucosal bleeding in the period before menstruation and the increased secretion of estrogen that leads to the appearance of edema will cause premenstrual dysphonia. Voice quality in this period is characterized by vocal fatigue, reduced voice range with loss of high tones, loss of vocal power and hoarseness of voice. Menopausal vocal syndrome is characterized by reduced flexibility and a reduced range of vibrational amplitude. It can be concluded that the vocal cords are a target organ, sensitive to fluctuations in the level of sex hormones due to the physiological aging process and the resulting endocrine disorders during life.

Phonology of Kafi Noonoo ideophones

This paper is the first and original work on the phonology of Kafi Noonoo ideophones. All of the data used in this study are collected through fieldwork. Ideophones are attested word classes with peculiar phonology in that they break some phonological rules of the prosaic language. Kafi Noonoo ideophones also undergo unique phonological features from the regular phonology of the language. Kafi Noonoo ideophones use all the phonemes of the regular language and additional five click-like sounds (ʘ, ǃ, ǁ, ʞ, and tchip). The click-like sounds do not found in the language and the regular phonology of Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic languages in general. Kafi Noonoo ideophones show different suprasegmental features from the regular phonology of the language. Another striking phonological feature in ideophones of the language is that ideophones break the phonotactics and suprasegmental features rules of the prosaic language. Moreover, Kafi Noonoo ideophones exhibit some syllable structures that are specific to ideophones. These are the (C1VC2C2), (CVVV…), (C1VVV…C2) and (C1VC2C2C2…). Furthermore, Kafi Noonoo is a tone language. The language has high and low tones. As the result of the study depicts ideophones of the language constitute both open and closed syllable shapes.

Moraic mismatches in Somali phonology

This paper reconsiders the moraic status of coda consonants in Somali. It is argued that Somali joins a growing list of languages presenting a challenge to the Moraic Uniqueness Hypothesis. Several phenomena are explored that suggest that Somali exhibits moraic mismatches whereby moras associated with segments of different types contribute to, or “count” differently for particular phonological processes. Evidence in support of this proposal is drawn from the literature on tonology and poetic metrics, but also from word shape and minimality requirements, and from the distribution of syllable shapes of different types in Somali words. It is argued that an approach to Somali phonology that permits reference to moras associated with different segment types offers a unified and more transparent account of the language’s segmental and tonal phenomena. Notably, such an approach precludes the assumption of “early” coda consonant moraicity followed by a global dissociation of consonantal moras by rule before high tone assignment, as argued for in earlier work. The findings presented here illustrate that standing points of view on the role of the mora in Somali phonology must be reconfigured.

Cadmium-Doped and Pincer Ligand-Modified Gold Nanocluster for Catalytic KA2 Reaction.

A gold nanocluster Au17Cd2(PNP)2(SR)12 (PNP = 2,6-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine, SR = 4-MeOPhS) consisting of an icosahedral Au13 kernel, two Au2CdS6 staple motifs, and two PNP pincer ligands has been designed, synthesized and well characterized. This cadmium and PNP pincer ligand co-modified gold nanocluster showed high catalytic efficiency in the KA2 reaction, featuring high TON, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope as well as catalyst recyclability. Comparison of the catalytic performance between Au17Cd2(PNP)2(SR)12 and the structurally similar single cadmium (or PNP) modified gold nanoclusters demonstrates that the co-existence of the cadmium and PNP on the surface is crucial for the high catalytic activity of the gold nanocluster. This work would be enlightening for developing efficient catalysts for cascade reactionsand discovering the catalytic potential of metal nanoclusters in organic transformations.

Cadmium‐Doped and Pincer Ligand‐Modified Gold Nanocluster for Catalytic KA2Reaction

AbstractA gold nanocluster Au17Cd2(PNP)2(SR)12(PNP=2,6‐bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine, SR=4‐MeOPhS) consisting of an icosahedral Au13kernel, two Au2CdS6staple motifs, and two PNP pincer ligands has been designed, synthesized and well characterized. This cadmium and PNP pincer ligand co‐modified gold nanocluster showed high catalytic efficiency in the KA2reaction, featuring high TON, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope as well as catalyst recyclability. Comparison of the catalytic performance between Au17Cd2(PNP)2(SR)12and the structurally similar single cadmium (or PNP) modified gold nanoclusters demonstrates that the co‐existence of the cadmium and PNP on the surface is crucial for the high catalytic activity of the gold nanocluster. This work would be enlightening for developing efficient catalysts for cascade reactions and discovering the catalytic potential of metal nanoclusters in organic transformations.

Nocardioides palaemonis sp. nov. and Tessaracoccus palaemonis sp. nov., isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of lake prawn.

Two novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and non-spore-forming bacterial strains, designated J2M5T and J1M15T, were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a lake prawn Palaemon paucidens. Strain J2M5T was an obligately aerobic bacterium that formed milky-coloured colonies and showed a rod-coccus cell cycle, while strain J1M15T was a facultatively aerobic bacterium that formed orangish-yellow-coloured colonies and showed rod-shaped cells. Strains J2M5T and J1M15T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nocardioides ganghwensis JC2055T (98.63 %) and Tessaracoccus flavescens SST-39T (98.08 %), respectively. The whole-genome sequence of strain J2M5T was 4.52 Mbp in size and the genomic G+C content directly calculated from the genome sequence of strain J2M5T was 72.5 mol%. The whole-genome sequence of strain J1M15T was 3.20 Mbp in size and the genomic G+C content directly calculated from the genome sequence of strain J1M15T was 69.6mol %. Strains J2M5T and J1M15T showed high OrthoANI similarity to N. ganghwensis JC2055T (83.6 %) and T. flavescens (77.2 %), respectively. We analysed the genome sequences of strains J2M5T and J1M15T in terms of carbohydrate-active enzymes, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factor genes. Strains J2M5T and J1M15T contained MK-8 (H4) and MK-9 (H4) as the predominant respiratory quinones, respectively. The major polar lipids of both strains were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Additionally, strain J2M5T possessed phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The cellular sugar components of strain J2M5T were ribose, mannose, glucose and galactose, and its cellular amino acid components were l-alanine and l-lysine. The cellular sugar components of strain J1M15T were rhamnose, ribose, mannose and glucose, and its cellular amino acid component was l-alanine. The major cellular fatty acids of strains J2M5T and J1M15T were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0, respectively. The multiple taxonomic analyses indicated that strains J2M5T and J1M15T represent novel species of the genus Nocardioides and Tessaracoccus, respectively. We propose the names Nocardioides palaemonis sp. nov. and Tessaracoccus palaemonis sp. nov. for strain J2M5T (=KCTC 49461T=CCUG 74767T) and strain J1M15T (=KCTC 49462T=CCUG 74766T), respectively.

Linear amine‐functionalized frameworks designed as superior bifunctional catalysts for carbon dioxide cycloaddition under co‐catalyst and solvent‐free conditions

In this work, three bifunctional metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) were constructed through the introduction of various linear amine functional groups within MIL‐101(Cr). The unsaturated chromium metal center was incorporated with three various ligands including ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, and diamino butane. The resultant prepared MOFs contain unsaturated chromium centers as Lewis acidic centers and amine groups as basic sites. The contemporary existence of basic and acidic centers allowed prepared bifunctional compounds to be highly effectual heterogeneous catalysts for chemical fixation of CO2 with epoxides, affording cyclic carbonates, under relatively mild conditions and in the absence of either solvent or cocatalyst. High tendency of prepared structures toward CO2 adsorption followed by speeding up the nucleophilic attack resulted in gaining excellent conversion, selectivity, and activity for large epoxide as well as bulky ones. The synthesized catalyst outperforms other reported heterogeneous catalysts. High conversion, TON, recyclability, and mild reaction conditions are some distinctive characteristics of the bifunctional synergetic catalysts.

Investigation of photocatalytic properties of cobalt phthalocyanines on benzyl alcohol photoxidation

Photocatalysis is a fast and economically attractive option for oxidation reactions. Herein, 4‐(5‐iodopyridin‐2‐yloxy)phthalocyaninato cobalt(II) (P‐CoPc) and 4‐(4‐methylquinolin‐2‐yloxy)phthalocyaninato cobalt(II) (Q‐CoPc) were synthesized and characterized with spectroscopic data (FT‐IR, UV‐Vis, and mass spectra). The parameters affecting the photocatalytic activity such as substrate amount, oxidant type, substitution group, and solvent effect were studied. Both catalysts show high benzaldehyde selectivity with high TON and TOF values (470 and 1880 forP‐CoPcand 375 and 1500 forQ‐CoPc, respectively). The best photoxidation conditions were determined that 1/1500/500 (cat/subs./ox. ratio) in DMSO and in the presence of light. Aggregation and photodegradation studies ofP‐CoPc and Q‐CoPchave also carried out in this work.

Clinical Pediatric Exercise Laboratories, Reactive Balance, Sleep, and Muscle Stimulation Considerations

Clinical Pediatric Exercise Laboratories, Reactive Balance, Sleep, and Muscle Stimulation Considerations

IMPACT OF STRESS ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY

The present article traces the impacts of stress on Heart Rate Variability (HRV). The stress can be caused either through sports or a 3D serious game that simulates real life situations. The study aims to perform an analysis and evaluation of HRV in both cases. One approach is to track the impact of running on HRV. It has been found that sport increases HRV by increasing sympathetic activity. At the same time, it has been proven that professional athletes and special forces have both a high sympathetic tone and a higher parasympathetic tone than ordinary people. Another approach to a stressful situation is through Virtual Reality (VR). Not everyone can be subjected to physical exertion for various reasons; therefore the use of virtual reality in medical diagnosis is important. Two virtual reality systems can be used in medical diagnosis: systems with and without immersion. Science has proven that the greater the immersion in virtual reality, the greater the sympathetic tone. Therefore, the sympathetic tone is most active in VR immersion systems such as Head Mounted Display (HMD).

Non-invasive real-time monitoring of cell concentration and viability using Doppler ultrasound.

Bioprocess optimization towards higher productivity and better quality control relies on real-time process monitoring tools to measure process and culture parameters. Cell concentration and viability are among the most important parameters to be monitored during bioreactor operations that are typically determined using optical methods on an extracted sample. In this paper, we have developed an online non-invasive sensor to measure cell concentration and viability based on Doppler ultrasound. An ultrasound transducer is mounted outside the bioreactor vessel and emits a high frequency tone burst (15 MHz) through the vessel wall. Acoustic backscatter from cells in the bioreactor depends on cell concentration and viability. The backscattered signal is collected through the same transducer and analyzed using multivariate data analysis (MVDA) to characterize and predict the cell culture properties. We have developed accurate MVDA models to predict the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell concentration in a broad range from 0.1×106 cells/mL to 100×106 cells/mL, and cell viability from 3% to 99%. The non-invasive monitoring is ideal for single use bioreactor and the in-situ measurements removes the burden for offline sampling and dilution steps. This method can be similarly applied to other suspension cell culture modalities.

A Study of the Tone Rules in Antonymy Co-occurrence of Four-character Idioms

With quantitative analysis, this paper investigates the rules of tone and Ping-ze combination of the constituted morphemes in antonymy co-occurrence of four-character idioms. And it further analyzes the issues of four-character idioms regarding the constituted forms and tone modification. On the one hand, from the perspective of tone modification, four-character idioms generally comply with the regulation of four tone sequence, that is, “high and level tone, rising tone, falling-rising tone, falling tone”. AC and BD discriminate against same tone agreement; instead, they favor relevance of the distinct tones. Regarding Ping-ze combination, A mostly consists of level tones, and D of oblique tones. It indicates a tendency that oblique tones wind down when level tones arise. Meanwhile, the main trait of BD combination in level and oblique tones is that most cases are antithetical to each other, B is featured level tones, while D is oblique tones. On the other, there are altogether 16 types of Ping-ze combinations. Among them, the top three are “Ping Ping Ze Ze”, “Ze Ze Ping Ping”, and “Ze Ping Ze Ze”. These dominant collocation types have the characteristic of alternation of “Ping” and “Ze”. In light of the above, it suggests that it is unlikely to exchange the word sequence within the antonymy co-occurrence four-character idioms. In conclusion, the changing tones in antonymy co-occurrence four-character idioms are subject to and constrained by Ping-ze combination rules.

ACL Reconstruction: Which Additional Physiotherapy Interventions Improve Early-Stage Rehabilitation? A Systematic Review

Despite the restoration of the mechanical stability of the knee joint after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), patients often experience postoperative limitations. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews analyzing additional physiotherapy interventions implementing standard rehabilitation programs in the early postoperative phase after ACLR. The objective of this study was to analyze the additional physiotherapy interventions implemented in standard rehabilitation programs that improve early-stage ACLR rehabilitation. For this systematic review, we followed the PRISMA guidelines. In March 2022 we conducted a literature review using electronic databases. Primary outcomes were pain, edema, muscle strength, ROM, and knee function. The risk of bias and scientific quality of included studies were assessed with the RoB 2, ROBINS-I and PEDro scale. For the review, we included 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria (total n = 3271). The included studies evaluated the effectiveness of Kinesio Taping, Whole-body vibration, Local Vibration Training, Trigger Point Dry Needling, High Tone Power Therapy, alternating magnetic field, and App-Based Active Muscle Training Program. Most of the additional physiotherapy interventions improved pain, edema, ROM, knee muscle strength, or knee function in early-stage postoperative ACL rehabilitation. Except for one study, no adverse events occurred in the included studies, which demonstrates the safety of the discussed physiotherapy interventions. Further in-depth research is needed in this area.

Correlation Between Quantitative Value of Endolymphatic Hydrops and Hearing Threshold Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

This study investigated the relationship between quantitative value of endolymphatic hydrops in the affected ear and the hearing threshold in patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. Prospective study. Forty patients with unilateral definite Meniere's disease were diagnosed in outpatient clinic. We recorded their clinical symptoms (duration of vertigo and tinnitus and duration of vertigo attacks), and obtained the hearing thresholds of high, middle, and low by pure tone audiometry. A 3D-FLAIR MRI revealed endolymphatic hydrops and assessed quantitative values of cochlear and vestibular endolymphatic hydrops. We assessed the correlation between hearing thresholds and quantitative values of endolymphatic hydrops. All patients showed varying degrees of endolymphatic hydrops in the affected ear. With the duration of vertigo, tinnitus and vertigo attacks as control variables, partial correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficients between quantitative value of cochlear hydrops and hearing thresholds of low, middle, and high tone in the affected ear were 0.581, 0.610, and 0.125, respectively. The correlation coefficients between quantitative value of vestibular hydrops and hearing thresholds of low, middle, and high tone in the affected ear were 0.727, 0.569, and 0.201, respectively. The degree of endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere's disease can be revealed and assessed by 3D-FLAIR MRI after intravenous administration of double doses of gadoterate meglumine. Clinical evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere's disease can be assisted by low- and middle-tone hearing thresholds, thereby providing anatomical support for the clinical symptoms of Meniere's disease.

Solvent free hydrogenation of levulinic acid over in-situ generated Ni(0) stabilized by supported phosphomolybdic acid using formic acid as an internal hydrogen source

The present work demonstrates, in-situ generation of Ni(0) nanoparticle stabilized by phosphomolybdic acid during the reaction. Nickel exchanged supported phosphomolybdic acid, Zirconia is use as support, (Ni–PMo12/ZrO2) was synthesized, characterized by various physicochemical methods and its catalytic activity was evaluated for the solvent free aqueous phase hydrogenation of lignocellulosic biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) using formic acid (FA) as internal hydrogen source. FA is promising green hydrogen storage molecule which is selectively hydrogen removed from its chemical structure and utilized it in a variety of catalytic hydrogenation reaction. FA is unique hydrogen source with high hydrogen content (4.4 wt%), low flammability, low toxicity and ease in handling as compared to other hydrogen source. To achieve outstanding performance of the catalyst, a detailed assessment of vital reaction parameters (mole ratio of FA, catalyst amount, temperature and time) were carried out. The catalyst shows outstanding activity (94% conversion) with a very low amount of Ni(0) (0.00247 mmol) and high TON (1092) for LA hydrogenation. The catalyst was found to be sustainable up to three catalytic cycles without any alteration in activity. The hot filtration test shows true heterogeneous nature of the synthesized catalyst as well as stabilizing nature of PMo12. In situ formed Ni(0) was confirmed by thoroughly characterizing the regenerated catalyst by XPS, TEM, HR-TEM and STEM. The catalyst exhibits superior activity against reported catalysts. Also a plausible mechanism was proposed based on control experiments.

Multidisciplinary collaboration in diagnosis and treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicated with pneumonia: report of three cases

BackgroundNeuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a relatively rare and a potentially fatal syndrome. It is a serious complication associated with antipsychotic therapy. NMS is easily prone to pneumonia, rhabdomyolysis and other problems. However, the clinical features of NMS complicated with pneumonia remains largely unclear.Case presentationHere, we described three female adult patients of NMS complicated with pneumonia in our own hospital. The symptoms of the patients were controlled with antipsychotic drugs at admission. Symptoms such as high fever, high muscle tone, difficulty in eating, phlegm in the throat, anhelation, rhabdomyolysis and autonomic nervous dysfunction occurred 2 days after the treatment, which mainly concentrated within 1 week. In addition, they are all healed.ConclusionsNMS is a rare and serious complication in psychiatric department, which is easy to be complicated with pneumonia and respiratory failure. Timely identification and early intervention could help achieve a good prognosis.

Abstract 10578: St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Complete Heart Block in the Setting of Vagally Mediated Coronary Vasospasm

Introduction: This case identifies vagal tone as a paradoxical cause of coronary artery spasm, coinciding with complete heart block. It will additionally identify proper management in these cases. Clinical Presentation: A 53 year old male with a medical history of HIV not of ART, acute, infectious COVID-19 and late, latent syphilis admitted for malaise, found to have DLBCL. Following a routine blood draw the patient experienced acute chest and abdominal pain. Minutes later, while having a bowel movement he experienced syncope with heart rates in the 30s. EKG showed ST elevations in leads II, III, and aVF. Troponin-T was elevated to 0.15. Echocardiogram showed inferior wall hypokinesis. Coronary angiography showed non-obstructive right coronary disease. Cardiac MRI demonstrated no evidence of infiltrative disease or myocarditis. The patient experienced a similar episode the following morning, during blood draw, EKG and telemetry demonstrated complete heart block with ST elevations (image). This suggested vagal mediated AV block with coronary artery spasm (CAS). He was started on the anticholinergic hyoscyamine and amlodipine for vasodilation. Following initiation of therapy, the patient had no further episodes of chest pain or bradycardia. Discussion: While acetylcholine causes vasodilation via endothelial NO, interestingly, it can also lead to CAS. In the setting of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hyper-reactivity or high vagal tone, VSMC muscarinic receptors are activated leading to vasoconstriction. Vagal tone can cause both CAS with resulting STEMI as well as AV blockade resulting in high degree heart block (image). When ischemic symptoms are accompanied by AV block in the setting of high vagal tone, consider vagal mediated CAS. Calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine are used to manage CAS. When the suspected mechanism is vagal tone, management includes avoidance of precipitating factors and or anticholinergic premedication.

Doświadczenia rodziców i dzieci podczas pandemii COVID-19

The study, which included a total of 1,122 Italian parents (96.5% female; 3.5% male) of children with an average age of 7.56 years (N = 1,461, SD = 2.03), explores how parents with children (5–11 years old) represent changes in their daily habits as well as their own and children’s experiences in relation to the impact caused by the health emergency. The study also investigates how work, family life, contextual factors and media exposure associated with information regarding COVID-19 have contributed to influencing emotional states and behavioural patterns. The research programme was carried out by an online questionnaire in June 2020. The pandemic was experienced in a variety of ways across four clusters. The highest levels of discomfort can be observed among those parents who have experienced isolation and the fear of contagion with higher levels of anxiety, which have been intensified by the perception of change and the deterioration in working conditions. Parents with higher emotional instability have found a low emotional stability and high depressive tones in their children. Results suggest that the capacity of parents to process and mentalise emotions by facing the difficulties and stress caused by the situation can act as a protective factor in contrasting any emotional instability in children.