High Significant Increase Research Articles

English

In present study, a total of 104 bacteria and 96 actinomycetes were isolated from rhizosphere plant root of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) from Almora district of Uttarakhand, India. Isolates were characterized using microscopic and morphological methods followed by their biochemical test. Based on functional tests, four most promising isolates were identified using 23S rDNA primers as Streptomyces labedae (SB-9), Streptomyces flavofuscus (SA-11), and 16S rDNA primers as Pseudomonas poae (KA-5), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (KB-7). Influence of Glomus intraradices (G.I.) singly and along with actinomycetes and Pseudomonas spp. were evaluated under irrigated and water deficit conditions. Out of eight treatments studied in this study, a higher significant increase in plant height with S. labedae SB-9 + G.I and P. poae KA-5 + G.I were recorded. In well watered and water deficient conditions, maximum shoot dry matter content was recorded in P. Poae + P. flurosence + G.I and S. labedae + S. flavofuscus + G.I inoculated plants in comparison to their respective control. Under in vitro condition, P. poae KA-5 produced higher amount of indole acetic acid (IAA) among the selected isolates. Anti-oxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and accumulation of free proline content in leaves were maximum in P. Poae + G.I inoculated plants under water deficit condition. In the presence of Streptomyces and Pseudomonas spp. a better mycorrhizal infection was observed in treated plant roots. This investigation support mutual symbiosis of Streptomyces and Pseudomonas strains with G. intraracides which had synergic effect on finger millet cv. Korchara plant under irrigated as well as under water stress condition. Key words: Glomus intraradices, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, anti-oxidants, plant growth promotion, IAA production

The biochemical changes of ultrasonic waves on protein metabolism

The biochemical changes in liver marker enzymes and protein metabolism after repeated exposure todiagnostic ultrasonic waves in rabbits. Thirty-five male rabbits were used for the study; animals wereclassified to five equal groups. Group I (control group) not exposed to ultrasound (control group) whileother groups (II, III, IV and V) were exposed to diagnostic ultrasound (5.5 MHz) 2 times per week fordifferent time (15, 30, 45 and 60min) for 5 weeks, respectively. Our results revealed that a highlysignificant increase of serum liver marker enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, Alp activities, total protein),protein concentration in liver tissue, and changes in protein electrophoresis were observed after ten timesof ultrasound exposure. Also a significant increase of serum urea and uric acid concentrations wereobserved in groups III, IV and V. with changes in electrophoretic pattern of liver protein electrophoresisafter five and ten times of exposure to ultrasound. Our results showed that, ultrasound exposure hadpositive anabolic effect on protein metabolism when used for short period as 15 min. However, it had anegative effect on protein metabolism when used for long durations more than 15 min of exposure

Effect of root canal medications on maturation and calcification of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite

ABSTRACTThe routine uses of intracanal medication to eliminate the root canal microorganisms and enhance periapical healing may affect the structure of root canal dentin. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different intracanal medications on the maturation and calcification of dentin. Ten extracted human molar were longitudinally split. Each root was then randomly divided into six dentin blocks: one control and five test specimens. The control dentin block received no medication; whereas the other five blocks were subjected to Triantibiotic paste (a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, doxycycline, and deionized water), 2% Chlorhexidine gel, Ultracal, Metapaste, and conventional calcium hydroxide (powder/water formulation) for 15 days. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy the specimens were analyzed and compared with the control dentin. Carbonate/phosphate and phosphate/Amide I ratios were used to investigate the maturity and calcification of hydroxyapatite of dentin, respectively. The highest significant increase in carbonate/phosphate ratio, indicating increased maturity of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite, was observed with Triantibiotic paste. A significant decrease in phosphate/Amide I ratio, indicating reduced calcification of root canal dentin’ hydroxyapatite, was observed with Triantibiotic paste followed by Metapaste. The use of calcium hydroxide powder, Ultracal, and 2% Chlorhexidine gel produced insignificant changes in maturity and calcification of hydroxyapatite. Triantibiotic paste significantly increased the maturity, but both Triantibiotic paste and Metapaste significantly reduced the calcification of hydroxyapatite of root canal dentin. This should be considered when using these medications.

Effect of NPK and Bio-Fertilizers Rates on the Vegetative Growth and Oil Yield of Ocimum basillicum L. Plants

The present study was designed to investigate the response of Ocimum basilicum L. plants to four rates of NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended) and four treatments of active dry yeast (ADY) as biofertilizer (0, 2, 4, and 6 g l-1) and their combinations. The recommended dose of NPK (100%) was 11.11, 7.41 and 3.70 g plant-1 of ammonium sulphate (20.5% N), calcium super phosphate (15.5 P2O5) and potassium sulphate (48.5% K2O), respectively. The experiment was carried out during the growing seasons of 2012 and 2013 at Agric. Research Station, Alex. Univ., Egypt. The result showed that 100% of NPK combined with ADY at 4 and/ or 6 g l-1 gave the highest value of vegetative growth characters (plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area and leaves dry weight) in the two cuts of the two seasons as well as the greatest content of total chlorophyll, oil percentage and linalool, eucalyptol percentage in the oil of basil leaves. The highest significant increase in the Estragol and trans-4-methoxycinamaldehyde percentage in the oil of basil leaves were obtained by using 50 or 75% dose of NPK in combination with 4g l-1 of ADY.

WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: body mass index and level of overweight among 6-9-year-old children from school year 2007/2008 to school year 2009/2010.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe has established the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) to monitor changes in overweight in primary-school children. The aims of this paper are to present the anthropometric results of COSI Round 2 (2009/2010) and to explore changes in body mass index (BMI) and overweight among children within and across nine countries from school years 2007/2008 to 2009/2010.MethodsUsing cross-sectional nationally representative samples of 6−9-year-olds, BMI, anthropometric Z-scores and overweight prevalence were derived from measured weight and height. Significant changes between rounds were assessed using variance and t-tests analyses.ResultsAt Round 2, the prevalence of overweight (including obesity; WHO definitions) ranged from 18% to 57% among boys and from 18% to 50% among girls; 6 − 31% of boys and 5 − 21% of girls were obese. Southern European countries had the highest overweight prevalence. Between rounds, the absolute change in mean BMI (range: from −0.4 to +0.3) and BMI-for-age Z-scores (range: from −0.21 to +0.14) varied statistically significantly across countries. The highest significant decrease in BMI-for-age Z-scores was found in countries with higher absolute BMI values and the highest significant increase in countries with lower BMI values. The highest significant decrease in overweight prevalence was observed in Italy, Portugal and Slovenia and the highest significant increase in Latvia and Norway.ConclusionsChanges in BMI and prevalence of overweight over a two-year period varied significantly among European countries. It may be that countries with higher prevalence of overweight in COSI Round 1 have implemented interventions to try to remedy this situation.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-806) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

O10: Effect size of quantitative muscle imaging in Duchenne muscular dystrophy exceeds the effect size of clinical scores of muscle function

s of Oral Presentations / Clinical Neurophysiology 125, Supplement 1 (2014) S1–S339 S31 confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Physical assessment was performed using the motor function measurement (MFM) scale. Quantitative magnet resonance imaging (qMRI) of thigh muscles was performed using the two-point Dixon method. One year functional and imaging changes were different according to the age and walking abilities at inclusion (group 1: below the age of seven; group 2: seven years and older and ambulant; group 3: non-ambulant). While patients of the first group still showed improvement of motor abilities, in group 2 the largest effect size (1.2) was found in the D1 subscore (standing and transfer function) of the MFM, and in group 3 the largest effect size was found for the total MFM score (0.66). In contrast, the effect sizes using qMRI was much larger consisting of 1.6 in group 1 (all thigh muscles), 4.1 in group 2 (hamstrings), and 2.3 in group 3 (knee extensors). These data suggest that qMRI has an added value compared to clinical outcome measures when designing therapeutic clinical trials in patients with DMD. Power analysis suggest that there are only a few needed patients to show an effect of a putative novel treatment when using quantitive muscle MRI in DMD. O11 Estimation of the muscle fiber density from the motor unit action potential I. Goker1, T. Artug2, O. Osman2, B. Baslo3 1Istanbul Arel University, Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey; 2Istanbul Arel University, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey; 3Istanbul University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey Introduction: The aim of this study is the estimation of the muscle fiber density (FD) from the Motor Unit Action Potentials (MUAP) to form a method for monitoring the progress of neuromuscular diseases. Methods: Data groups representing motor units of neurogenic (n=5), myopathic (n=5) and healthy cases (n=5) were created via EMG Simulator v3.6. MUAPs generated from each data group have been detected through a concentric needle electrode of a scanning EMG system. The spikes of the single fiber action potentials within the MUAPs have been found by computing the second-order derivative of MUAPs to estimate the detected number of fibers. MUAPs from 20 different locations within a Motor Unit Territory (MUT) have been acquired. The fiber density (FD) has been computed by taking the average of these numbers of fibers. True FDs have been computed for each MUT. Mean Square Errors (MSE) have been computed for each data group to determine the sensitivity of the method. Results: The test statistics of the FDs (mean ± SD) have been found as 4.13±1.31 (Min: 2 and Max: 8), 2.37±0.98 (Min: 1 and Max: 5) and, 2.40±0.70 (Min: 1 and Max: 4) for neurogenic, myopathic and healthy cases respectively. Mean true fiber densities have been 5.66, 2.57 and 1.50 and MSE have been 4.02, 0.15 and, 0.86 for neurogenic, myopathic and healthy cases respectively. These MSE values have been suggested that this method is more selective for myopathic cases compared to neurogenic and healthy cases. Conclusion: Computation of FD via the second-order derivative of MUAPs can be considered as a beneficial preliminary research. Nevertheless, this method might be extended by taking into account other variables such as maximum amplitude to increase the sensitivity for neurogenic cases.

Effect of Green Tea Extract on the Interferon-Induced Testicular Apoptosis in the Adult Albino Rat: Immunohistochemical and Electron Microscopic Study

Background: Interferons (IFNs) are widely used in the treatment of various diseases and can disrupt spermatogenesis and inhibition Leydig cell steroidogenesis through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) that cause oxidative stress. Aim of the work: In this study we examine the effect of (IFN) on rat spermatogonia and investigate the possible protective effect of Grean tea on (IFN)-induced spermatogonia appotosis. Material and Methods: Forty-eight adult male albino rats (240-280 g) were used in this study. They were divided into three groups. Group I in which rats were served as a control and were given sterile normal saline. The rats in Group II were given 7.500 units of interferon (INF) α-2β, considered in clinical treatment dose range, 3 times weekly under inhalation anesthesia for 2 month (Group II a) and 3 month (Group II b). Group III received Green tea extract and interferon α-2β in the same dose of group (II) for 2 month (Group III a) and 3 month (Group III b). 200 mg of green tea extract was dissolved in distal water and solution was administrated orally through gastric tube at dose level of (40 mg/k.g.b.w.). At the end of the 2 and 3 month respectively, bilateral orchiectomy was performed through standard ilioinguinal incisions and the rats were sacrified by pentobarbital overdose (200 mg=kg) inhalation. The testes were removed and separated. A part of one testis was fixed in Bouin fixative to be used for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies for p53 and the other part was used in a fresh state to determine the level of the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD). The other testis was fixed in 1% gluteraldehyde and 4% formaldehyde in (pH 7.4) for at least 2 hours to overnight. Ultrathin sections processed for transmission electron microscopic studies. Results: Interferon induced testicular damage that is revealed by loss of testicular architecture through Hx. and E. stained sections, Immunohistochemical stained sections against p53 and the electron microscopic examination. These findings were accompanied by significant reduction in diameter of seminiferous tubules and thickness of the germinal epithelium with significant reduction in SOD. Otherwise, the green tea extract definitely reverse the above mentioned findings with improvement of testicular architecture and significant increase in diameter of seminiferous tubules, thickness of the germinal epithelium and elevated SOD. The mean of the diameter of the seminiferous tubules of Group IIa showed a significant decrease by nearly 34% in comparison to Group IIb showed a higher significant decrease by nearly 43%. The mean of the thickness of the seminiferous tubules of Group IIa showed a significant reduction by nearly 33% while in Group IIb showed a higher significant reduction by nearly 50%. The mean of the level of the Superoxide Dismutase in Group IIa showed significant decrease by nearly the half while in Group IIb revealed a higher significant decrease by nearly 59%. The mean of the diameter of the seminiferous tubules in Group IIIa showed a significant increase by nearly 32% and by nearly 43% in Group IIIb. The mean of the thickness of the seminiferous tubules in Group IIIa showed significant increase by nearly 11% while in Group IIIb the significant increase was by nearly 45%. The mean of the level of the Superoxide Dismutase of the seminiferous tubules in Group IIIa did not show significant increase while in Group IIIb revealed a higher significant increase by nearly 48% Group IIIb. Conclusion: The green tea extract has a powerful antioxidant effect that can reverse the damage caused

Iron as an agent of oxidative injury in experimental atherosclerosis

Having in mind the importance of iron as a catalyst in some oxidative reactions, we examined the iron content in the serum and thoracic aorta tissue of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis induced by hypercholesterolemic diet (4% solution of crystalline cholesterol in edible oil). For this study three groups of rabbits were used: C - control group fed a standard diet for this species (n=10), O - control group fed on an oil-containing diet (n=10) and Ch - experimental group fed on a hypercholesterolemic diet (n=10). Experimental atherosclerosis was pathohistologically confirmed. Iron content was quantified by atomic absorptive spectrophotometry. After two-months of treatment a highly significant increase of iron content was registred in the serum and thoracic aorta tissue in Group Ch (p<0.01) compared to the control group. In comparison with Group C iron content in the thoracic aorta tissue was significantly (p<0.01) decreased in Group O. A significant increase of iron content was registered in the thoracic aorta tissue in Group Ch (p<0.01) compared to Group O. Our findings indicate a possible role of iron in the pathogenesis of experimental atherosclerosis.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vitis Vinifera l. Leaf on the Rabbit Females Have Highly Thyroxine Induced by Levothyroxine Sodium

L-Thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3)are iodine-containing hormones produced from thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicular cells. The stimulation of metabolic rate and regulation of growth and development by these hormones appear to be due to their effects on DNA transcription and, thus, protein synthesis. The aqueous extract of vitis vinifera L. was investigated for its effect on hormones in rabbits. The aqueous extract of plant at a dose level of 50µg/rabbit showed highly significant (p&lt;0.05)on levels of hormones T4, TSH but TSH no significant. L-thyroxine sodium treated group showed a highlysignificant increase in T3 and T4 while there was a highly significant decrease in TSH. From the above results, it is concluded for the first time that aqueous vitvs vinifera L. extract offers significant effect of T3, T4 and TSH in this rabbit females compared with control.

Soil compaction caused by 450C Timber Jack wheeled skidder (Shefarood forest, northern Iran)

In forest harvesting operations usually after using skidding machinery (skidders), traces of soil damage in the form of soil compaction and wheel and logs ruts can be seen in the forest soil. Soil bulk density, which represents soil compaction, decreases soil porosity, infiltration rate and aeration and these in turn increase runoff and water erosion in the harvested area. On the other hand, a decrease in soil aeration prevents root growth and decreases the vegetative cover. In this study the changes in soil bulk density and relative soil compaction due to a different number of wheeled skidder passes from stump to landing for two soil types (clay soil with high and low liquid limits, CH, CL) are analyzed. The results showed that the effect of skidder traffic on an increase in soil bulk density at sample locations was significant (&amp;alpha; = 0.05). The range of soil bulk density increases in sample pits due to a different number of machinery passes was from 15.8% to 62.6% compared to the control area. The findings of this research showed that the interaction effect of skidder traffic and soil type on soil bulk density changes was not significant. Also the highest significant increase in soil bulk density occurred at the first 11 passes in skidding trails and from this number of passes onwards there was no significant difference in the soil bulk density increase in sample locations.

Promotion of plant growth by inoculum with aggregated and single cell suspensions of Azospirillum brasilense Cd

Azospirillum brasilense Cd was grown with either malate or fructose as the carbon source. Malate-grown cells formed aggregates, whereas those grown with fructose remained separate. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a larger number of fructose-grown cells adsorbed to the root surface of inoculated maize ( Zea mays) plants, as compared to the number of malate-grown cells adsorbed under similar conditions. Inoculation with fructose-grown bacteria resulted in a higher significant increase in root surface area and root and foliage dry weight of maize seedlings, as compared to plants inoculated with malate-grown bacteria or the controls. Inoculation of oak ( Quercus ithaburansis Decaisne) seedlings with fructose-grown bacteria, did not significantly promote any of the above characteristics, whereas malate-grown cells at 10 7 cfu plant −1 significantly improved the development of oak seedlings in the first month after sprouting.

The influence of different factors on in vitro enamel erosion.

The aim of this study was to use two demineralization test methods to analyze the erosive potential of beverages and foodstuffs. In addition, the surface microhardness test and the iodide permeability test were compared. Surface microhardness and iodide permeability were measured before and after exposure. To characterize the beverages and foodstuffs the content of phosphate, calcium and fluoride, pH, the titrable amount of base to pH 5.5 and 7.0 as well as the buffer capacity at pH 5.5 were determined. Sprite light showed the highest significant decrease in surface microhardness (p < or = 0.05) followed by grapefruit juice, apple juice and salad dressing. The highest significant increase in iodide permeability (p < or = 0.05) was caused by exposure to grapefruit juice followed by apple juice (Sprite light was not tested). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the erosive capacity of different drinks, juices and foodstuffs are statistically significantly associated with their acidity, pH values, phosphate and fluoride contents as well as the baseline surface microhardness or iodide permeability values of the exposed enamel.

A quantitative study of lactate and malate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase activities in the human dental pulp

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (MDH; 1.1.1.37) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT; EC 2.6.1.1) activities of human dental pulp were measured in various physiological and pathological states. The assay method was based on the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH 2) at 340 nm via the reduction of either Na-pyruvate (LDH) or oxalacetate (MDH, ASAT). The activity was determined per mg protein or per mg dry weight of the sample. The results were calculated as the means of the values. The means of LDH activity for teeth with enamel or dentine caries or pulpitis differed little from those of developing teeth. A highly-significant increase in LDH activity was observed in teeth with gangrenous pulps compared to intact teeth. The activity pattern of ASAT resembled that of LDH. The MDH activity present appeared to increase with completion of root development. Zero values were obtained in teeth with pulps reduced to cell debris. It is concluded that the pattern of MDH activity and the increase of LDH and ASAT activity with pulp gangrene are partly due to the presence of microbes and are in accord with tissue findings in other injuries.

Protective action of 2,4-dinitrophenol against x-radiation injury. Radioprotective effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol.

SummaryThe authors studied the problem of the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol administered prior to and after irradiation on the development of post-irradiation injury in mice. Estimations revealed that the respiratory metabolism in mice during irradiation was increased after dinitrophenol by 70–80 per cent above rest values before the administration of dinitrophenol, and by as much as 200 per cent above values during sleep in controls. Mice irradiated under these conditions were protected against radiation, as indicated by a highly-significant increase in the number of surviving animals, by a smaller reduction in the number of leucocytes, their more rapid increase in the reparative stage and an earlier onset of regeneration of lymphatic nodules and haemopoietic tissue of the spleen.

Título en español.

Se presentan aquí los datos obtenidos de un experimento de campo con caña de azúcar en el suelo ácido Lares arcilloso, de la zona húmeda de Puerto Rico, en la Subestación de Corozal. Se estudió el efecto de la cal y de 2 abonos fosfáticos. Los tratamientos estudiados incluyeron superfosfato e hiperfosfato, con y sin cal, a razón de 0, 50, 125 y 200 libras P2O5 por acre. La cal se aplicó a razón de 4 toneladas por acre. Se informan los datos de rendimientos de una plantilla y 2 retoños de caña de azúcar. No se observaron diferencias significativas atribuíbles al tipo o a la cantidad de fósforo aplicada al suelo ácido. El uso de cal causó aumentos significativos en el tonelaje de ambos retoños y en las 3 cosechas aumentó el rendimiento total en 11.3 toneladas de caña por acre. El aumento significativo más alto, de 24.3 toneladas de caña por acre, se obtuvo cuando se aplicó cal y 200 libras de P2O5 por acre, como superfosfato.