High Oxidative Stability Research Articles

Performance and Meat Quality of Dual-Purpose Cockerels of Dominant Genotype Reared on Pasture.

Simple SummaryOne-day-old laying cockerels are killed after hatching because they do not reach the growth rate of broiler chickens, and their fattening would be economically disadvantageous. A possible variant of the use of these cockerels could be organic or free-range farming, where it is desirable that the animals are fattened for a longer period of time, are more physically active, and graze pasture vegetation. Another possibility is dual-purpose genotype breeding, where hens are used for egg production and cockerels are fattened for meat. In the present study, three genotypes of dual-purpose cockerels Dominant were compared. All three genotypes showed the ability to graze with resulting improvements in meat quality. The Dominant 102 cockerels have the greatest prerequisites for use in extensive fattening, mainly due to higher performance, willingness to graze and vitamin E content, which protects the fat from becoming rancid.The culling of layer cockerels due to economic inefficiency is an ethical problem. Organic or free-range fattening of these cockerels or dual-purpose genotypes breeding is a possible solution to this problem. The aim of the study was to assess the differences in performance and meat quality characteristics in dual-purpose cockerels Dominant of three genotypes (Dominant Sussex D 104, Dominant Brown D 102 and Dominant Tinted D 723, 100 cockerels per genotype) with access to pasture. The cockerels were housed in mobile boxes on the pasture herbage from the 50th to 77th day of age (stocking density: 0.108 m2/bird). The highest body weight on the 77th day of age (p < 0.001) and the nonsignificantly lowest feed conversion was achieved by Dominant Brown D 102 cockerels (1842 g and 2.79, respectively). Non-significantly higher pasture herbage intake on the 70th day of age was recorded in genotype Dominant Brown D 102 (7.41 g dry matter (DM)/bird/day) and Dominant Tinted D 723 (7.52 g DM/bird/day). The pasture herbage contained 56.9 mg/kg DM α-tocopherol, 170.3 mg/kg DM zeaxanthin and 175.0 mg/kg DM lutein and had a favourable n6/n3 ratio (0.26). The boiled meat of cockerels Dominant Tinted D723 showed the highest tenderness based on both the sensory evaluation (p = 0.022) and the value of shear force (p = 0.049). This corresponds with a higher (p < 0.001) cross-sectional area and muscle fibre diameter in these chickens. The highest content of n3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, clupanodonic and docosahexaenoic acids) in breast meat were found in Dominant Sussex D104 chickens (p < 0.001). In contrast, a significantly higher α-tocopherol content (p < 0.001) and higher oxidative stability (p = 0.012) were found in Dominant Brown D102 (4.52 mg/kg and 0.282 mg/kg) and Dominant Tinted D 723 chickens (4.64 mg/kg and 0.273 mg/kg) in comparison with the Dominant Sussex D104 genotype (3.44 mg/kg and 0.313 mg/kg). The values of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were the lowest (p < 0.001) in meat from Dominant Brown D102 chickens. Moreover, a lower cholesterol content (p < 0.001) was recorded from the genotypes Dominant Brown D102 (396 mg/kg) and Dominant Tinted D723 (306 mg/kg) chickens, contrary to the Dominant Sussex D104 cockerels (441 mg/kg). It can be concluded that cockerels Dominant Brown D102 are a suitable genotype for free-range rearing due to higher performance and higher pasture herbage intake, which positively influences meat quality, whereas the meat of Dominant Sussex D104 cockerels shows higher amounts of n3 fatty acids and lower n6/n3 ratios.

Effects of encapsulated green coffee extract and canola oil on liquid kashk quality

In this study, we used a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion encapsulation technique to enhance green coffee extract in the novel kashk product and protect it against hot filling. Green coffee extracts (GCE) in free (1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%) and encapsulated form (EGCE) (5%, 2.5%, and 1.25%) were added to kashk during hot filling, and their physicochemical and sensory properties were investigated. The EGCE kashk had higher oxidative stability (0.43 h) than the control due to the extract’s high phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity (74%). Although a high concentration of GCE caused a higher pH (4.02), the latter declined in all the samples during the storage period. Further, the size of droplets in the emulsion varied from 3.20 to 8.51 μm, confirming the well-encapsulated GCE by Fourier transform infrared. In addition, palmitic acid and oleic acid were detected in GCE by gas chromatography as the main saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. All the treatments had similar rheological properties and the highest flow index was observed in the samples with EGCE 5% on day 60. The sensory evaluation showed that the assessors preferred the kashk formulated with 1% GCE. Finally, GCE encapsulation protected the color of the samples, and the b* value remained unchanged, whereas the lightness (L*) increased. We suggest that a W/O emulsion is a successful technique for GCE encapsulation in kashk and can offer the latter to consumers as an alternative type of flavored dairy product with a better shelf life and health benefits.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity of nanolipid carriers with structured Buriti oil in the Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines.

Buriti oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids and tocopherols and it is used for the treatment of various diseases. One strategy to restructure the triglycerides is enzymatic interesterification and nanocarriers have been employed to improve the solubility, bioavailability and stability of active compounds. This work aims to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of this structured oil in nanoemulsions and nanostructured lipid carriers to expand the applicability of the crude oil. None of the samples had a cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines at the concentrations tested. Structured lipids acted protecting against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, no consumption of glutathione has been observed in both cells, and the compounds present in buriti oil are possibly acting as antioxidants. Thus, nanoparticles prepared with interesterified buriti oil had low cytotoxicity and high oxidative stability, with great potential for future applications.

Supercritical carbon dioxide co-extraction of perilla seeds and perilla leaves: experiments and optimization

ABSTRACT The perilla oil rich in polyphenols was obtained by the co-extraction of perilla seeds and perilla leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide. The effects of the operating conditions on the properties of the obtained oil were investigated by single-factor analysis and response surface methodology. Under the optimum conditions, the values of the oil yield, the DPPH scavenging activity, and the alpha-linolenic acid yield were 7.43 ± 0.15 g/60 g sample, 69.41 ± 1.17%, and 49.14 ± 1.38%, respectively, which were in good agreement with the predicted values. Additional, the co-extraction product was observed high total polyphenol content and good oxidation stability.

Producing Cyclopropane Fatty Acid in Plant Leafy Biomass via Expression of Bacterial and Plant Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Synthases.

Saturated mid-chain branched fatty acids (SMCBFAs) are widely used in the petrochemical industry for their high oxidative stability and low melting temperature. Dihydrosterculic acid (DHSA) is a cyclopropane fatty acid (CPA) that can be converted to SMCBFA via hydrogenation, and therefore oils rich in DHSA are a potential feedstock for SMCBFA. Recent attempts to produce DHSA in seed oil by recombinant expression of cyclopropane fatty acid synthases (CPFASes) resulted in decreased oil content and poor germination or low DHSA accumulation. Here we explored the potential for plant vegetative tissue to produce DHSA by transiently expressing CPFAS enzymes in leaf. When CPFASes from plant and bacterial origin were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf, it accumulated up to 1 and 3.7% DHSA in total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), respectively, which increased up to 4.8 and 11.8%, respectively, when the N. benthamiana endogenous oleoyl desaturase was silenced using RNA interference (RNAi). Bacterial CPFAS expression produced a novel fatty acid with a cyclopropane ring and two carbon-carbon double bonds, which was not seen with plant CPFAS expression. We also observed a small but significant additive effect on DHSA accumulation when both plant and bacterial CPFASes were co-expressed, possibly due to activity upon different oleoyl substrates within the plant cell. Lipidomics analyses found that CPFAS expression increased triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation relative to controls and that DHSA was distributed across a range of lipid species, including diacylglycerol and galactolipids. DHSA and the novel CPA were present in phosphatidylethanolamine when bacterial CPFAS was expressed in leaf. Finally, when plant diacylglycerol acyltransferase was coexpressed with the CPFASes DHSA accumulated up to 15% in TAG. This study shows that leaves can readily produce and accumulate DHSA in leaf oil. Our findings are discussed in line with current knowledge in leaf oil production for a possible route to DHSA production in vegetative tissue.

Flow cytometry-based system for screening of lignin peroxidase mutants with higher oxidative stability

Lignin peroxidase (LiP) is a heme-containing oxidoreductase that oxidizes structurally diverse substrates in an H2O2-dependent manner. Its ability to oxidize many pollutants makes it suitable for bioremediation applications and an ideal candidate for optimization by mutagenesis and selection. In order to increase oxidative stability of LiP we generated a random mutagenesis library comprising 106 mutated LiP genes and screened for expressed enzymes with higher than wild-type activity after incubation in 30mMH2O2 by flow cytometry with fluorescein-tyramide as a substrate. To preserve the genotype-phenotype connection, the LiP mutants were displayed on the yeast cell surface. Two rounds of sorting were performed, recovered colonies were then screened in microtiter plates, and activity analysis revealed a significant increase in the percentage of cells expressing LiP variants with higher oxidative stability than wtLiP. Two rounds of sorting increased the proportion of more-stable variants from 1.4% in the original library to 52.3%. The most stable variants after two rounds of sorting featured between two and four mutations and retained up to 80% of initial activity after 1h incubation in 30mMH2O2. We for the first-time applied flow cytometry for screening of any ligninolytic peroxidase library. Obtained results suggest that developed system may be applied for improvement of industrially important characteristics of lignin peroxidase.

Effect of Chia And Quinoa Seeds Extract as Natural Antioxidant on the Oxidative Stability of Fermented Cream Analogue

Extracts of chia and quinoa seeds were added to fermented cream analogues at concentrations of 200 and 400 ppm. Antioxidant properties of the extracts and the effect of adding chia and quinoa seed extracts on the chemical and sensory properties, as well as the anti-oxidant stability indices of fermented cream analogues stored at 5-8°C. for 4 weeks were studied . The contents of chia and quinoa seed extracts from total phenolic content were 1.64 and 1.88 mg galic acid /g, respectively, while their antioxidant activity were 77.44 and 82.14%, respectively. Fortification of fermented cream analogues with chia and quinoa seed extracts did not affect total solids and fat contents, but decreased acidity and increased the content of total volatile fatty acids of resultant fermented cream analogues in compare with control fermented cream analogue during the storage period. The fortification of fermented cream analogues with the extracts of chia and quinoa seeds at a concentration of 400 ppm decreased the rate of oxidative stability indices (peroxide value, acid value, TBA test and Rancimate), compared to control, control fermented cream analogue and those containing Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) as a synthetic antioxidant. The sensory properties of fermented cream analogues slightly improved by fortification with these extracts, all fermented treatments were sensually acceptable, compared to the natural fermented cream. This study concluded that it could be produced fermented cream analogues with acceptable quality properties and high oxidative stability by fortification with chia or quinoa seed extracts at a concentration of (400 ppm).

Influence of the Cyclic versus Linear Carbonate Segments in the Properties and Performance of CO2-Sourced Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries

Polycarbonates bearing linear carbonate linkages and polyether segments have demonstrated to be highly attractive solid electrolyte candidates for the design of safe energy storage devices, for example, lithium metal batteries. In this contribution, we are studying the influence of the introduction of some cyclic carbonate linkages within the polymer backbone on the electrolyte properties. We first describe the synthesis of polycarbonates/polyethers containing different contents of both linear and cyclic carbonate linkages within the chain by the copolymerization of a highly reactive CO2-based monomer (bis(α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate)) with poly(ethylene glycol) diol and a dithiol at room temperature. We then explore the influence of the content of the cyclic carbonates and the loading of the polymer by lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) on the electrolyte properties (glass transition and melting temperatures, ion conductivity, and diffusivity). The best electrolyte candidate is characterized by a linear/cyclic carbonate linkage ratio of 82/18 when loaded with 30 wt % LiTFSI. It exhibits an ion conductivity of 5.6 × 10–5 S cm–1 at 25 °C (7.9 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 60 °C), which surpasses by 150% (424% at 60 °C) the conductivity measured for a similar polymer bearing linear carbonate linkages only. It is also characterized by a high oxidation stability up to 5.6 V (vs Li/Li+). A self-standing membrane is then constructed by impregnating a glass fiber filter by this optimal polymer, LiTFSI, and a small amount of a plasticizer (tetraglyme). Cells are then assembled by sandwiching the membrane between a C-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) as the cathode and lithium as the anode and counter electrode. The cycling performances are evaluated at 0.1 C at 60 °C and room temperature for 40 cycles. Excellent cycling performances are noted with 100% of the theoretical capacity (170 mAh g–1) at 60 °C and 73.5% of the theoretical capacity (125 mAh g–1) at 25 °C.

Recovery and bio-potentialities of astaxanthin-rich oil from shrimp (Penaeus monodon) waste and mackerel (Scomberomous niphonius) skin using concurrent supercritical CO2 extraction

In the present study, astaxanthin (ASX)-enriched oil extracted from Tiger shrimp waste, Peneaus monodon, and Japanese Spanish mackerel, Scomberomous niphonius, skin in concurrent extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and quality properties of the oil was evaluated. The extraction condition was optimized by response surface methodology to obtain the highest ASX content. There was a close agreement between the ASX content predicted by the model (46.08 μg/g oil) and the mean actual experimental value (48.20 ± 0.15 μg/g of oil). The global yield of the extraction was 9.27 %, obtaining 47.13 % oil recovery in 2 h of extraction at 27 g/min flow rate of CO2. The oils showed high bio-potential activities with high antioxidant activities and oxidative stability. Moreover, the concurrently extracted oil showed a good balance among saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the present study revealed the green extraction of special oil from two fish-processing waste materials with a prospective use in cosmetics and food industry.

Identification of emulsifier potato peptides by bioinformatics: application to omega-3 delivery emulsions and release from potato industry side streams

In this work, we developed a novel approach combining bioinformatics, testing of functionality and bottom-up proteomics to obtain peptide emulsifiers from potato side-streams. This is a significant advancement in the process to obtain emulsifier peptides and it is applicable to any type of protein. Our results indicated that structure at the interface is the major determining factor of the emulsifying activity of peptide emulsifiers. Fish oil-in-water emulsions with high physical stability were stabilized with peptides to be predicted to have facial amphiphilicity: (i) peptides with predominantly α-helix conformation at the interface and having 18–29 amino acids, and (ii) peptides with predominantly β-strand conformation at the interface and having 13–15 amino acids. In addition, high physically stable emulsions were obtained with peptides that were predicted to have axial hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions. Peptides containing the sequence FCLKVGV showed high in vitro antioxidant activity and led to emulsions with high oxidative stability. Peptide-level proteomics data and sequence analysis revealed the feasibility to obtain the potent emulsifier peptides found in this study (e.g. γ-1) by trypsin-based hydrolysis of different side streams in the potato industry.

Origin of Capacity Degradation of High-Voltage KVPO4F Cathode

Potassium vanadium fluorophosphate (KVPO4F) is one of the most promising cathode candidates for K-ion batteries because of its high specific capacity, voltage, and energy density. However, reducing its capacity fade remains an important challenge. This work leverages structure and electrochemical analysis to understand the capacity degradation mechanism of the KVPO4F cathode. Interestingly, no structural degradation of the KVPO4F cathode is detected after 200 cycles in the wide voltage window of 5.0–2.5 V (vs K/K+). Instead, the capacity degradation is attributed to electrolyte decomposition at high voltage (>4.5 V vs K/K+), which causes drying of the electrolyte and the formation of insulating layers on the cathode surface, significantly increasing the polarization. The properties of four KPF6- and carbonate-based K electrolytes are compared, and 0.7 M KPF6 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate exhibits the highest oxidation stability and results in the best cycling stability for the KVPO4 cathode. These findings suggest that the key to improving the cycling stability of KVPO4F is to develop novel K electrolytes with even higher oxidation stability.

Improving the oxidative stability and lengthening the shelf life of DHA algae oil with composite antioxidants

Based on various antioxidant mechanisms, four kinds of antioxidants including ascorbyl palmitate (AP), vitamin E (VE), phytic acid (PA) and one of the polyphenols (antioxidant of bamboo leaves, tea polyphenol palmitate or tea polyphenols (TP)) were used in combination to improve oxidative stability of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) algae oil. To achieve the best effect, the formulations and mixture ratios of the antioxidant combinations were optimized. The effects were monitored by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, acid value, free radicals, Rancimat induction time and fatty acid composition of DHA algae oil undergoing accelerated storage. Finally, the DHA algae oil containing 80 mg/kg AP, 80 mg/kg VE, 40 mg/kg PA and 80 mg/kg TP had the highest oxidative stability. Furthermore, the shelf life of DHA algae oil containing the optimum composite antioxidant was predicted by using accelerated shelf life testing coupled with Arrhenius model, which was 3.80-fold longer than the control sample.

Enzymatic Preparation and Oxidative Stability of Human Milk Fat Substitute Containing Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Located at sn-2 Position.

The development of human milk fat substitutes (HMFSs), rich in palmitic acid (16:0) at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol (TAG) and rich in unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) (oleic acid, 18:1 and linoleic acid, 18:2) at the sn-1(3) positions, has gained popularity. In this study, HMFSs containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) predominantly at the sn-2 position were prepared, and their oxidation stabilities were compared. First, a non-PUFA-containing HMFS (NP-HMFS) was produced by enzymatic reactions using Novozyme® 435 and Lipozyme® RM-IM as the enzymes and lard as the raw material. Second, HMFSs, containing 10 % PUFA at the sn-2 or sn-1(3) position, were individually prepared by enzymatic reactions using lard and fish oil as raw materials. Here, sn-2-PUFA-monoacylglycerol (MAG) was extracted from the reaction solution using a mixture of hexane and ethanol/water (70:30, v/v) to produce high-purity sn-2-PUFA-MAG with 78.1 % yield. For the PUFA-containing HMFS substrates, comparable oxidation stability was confirmed by an auto-oxidation test. Finally, HMFSs containing 10 % or 2 % sn-1,3-18:1-sn-2-PUFA-TAG species were prepared by enzymatic reactions and subsequent physical blending. The oxidative stability of sn-1,3-18:1-sn-2-PUFA-HMFS was two-fold higher than that of 1/2/3-PUFA-HMFS in which each PUFA was located without stereospecific limitations in TAG. The removal of PUFA-TAG molecular species with higher concentrations of unsaturated units had a significant effect. In addition, the oxidation stability increased with the addition of tocopherol as an antioxidant. Thus, the combined use of two strategies, that is, the removal of PUFA-TAG molecular species with high concentrations of unsaturated units and the addition of antioxidants, would provide a PUFA-containing HMFS substrate with high oxidative stability.

Usage of oil and powder of bottle gourd and pumpkin seeds in production of high nutritive value biscuit

This investigation aimed to study the chemical composition of bottle gourd and pumpkin seeds, also to study their physical and chemical properties, fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and bioactive components of oils for the mentioned seeds.Fortified biscuit have been produced by using oil and powder of bottle gourd and pumpkin seeds and determination of physical characteristics, chemical composition and sensory attributes of the produced biscuit comparing with biscuit prepared by using corn oil as control. The results indicated that both bottle gourd and pumpkin seeds are rich in edible oil, protein, fibers and minerals. The extracted oil are rich in omega 6 and 9 have got high oxidative stability and bioactive component. These oils recorded low acidity, peroxide value and K232nm and K270 nm that refers to high quality characteristics of these oils. There was a decrease in linoleic and linolenic acids and an increase in palmitic, stearic and oleic acids of extracted oils from all produced biscuits after baking process compared with them before baking. Fortified biscuit by using oil and powder of bottle gourd and pumpkin seeds contained higher amount of protein, fibers and essential amino acids compared with the biscuit that used corn oil. Prepared biscuit from pumpkin seed powder had the highest acceptance value on sensory evaluation, followed by biscuit prepared by corn oil then biscuit using bottle gourd seed powder, from bottle gourd seed oil and biscuit from pumpkin seed oil.

Proximate Chemical Analysis, Fatty Acid Profile and Microstructural Characteristics of Dromedary Camel Fats (Hump, Renal and Mesentery)

The quality, safety, and suitability of animal fat for processing of a specific meat product is a critical issue. Increasing the human awareness about the health aspects associated with increased intake of animal fat, makes camel fat a suitable raw material for meat processing due to its excellent nutritional contribution. Therefore, the target of this study is examination of the sensory, physicochemical, fat oxidation, fatty acid profile, and other quality parameters of camel fat to evaluate the feasibility for processing of different meat products. To achieve this goal, 30 fat samples each from the hump, renal, and mesentery of Arabian male camels were investigated. The results showed that both the renal and mesenteric fat had honey color and medium-soft texture, while the hump had greyish-white color and hard texture. The sensory panel scores were significantly different between the hump and other fats. Hump fat had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher moisture, protein, and collagen content, while higher fat content was recorded in mesenteric fat. The fatty acid analysis showed that hump had high SFA and very low PUFA in comparison with both renal and mesenteric fat. Camel fat had high oxidation stability, and the mean values were very low in comparison with the levels of quality and acceptability. The ultrastructural analysis showed that hump fat had high elastin fibers which increase its hardness. The results indicated that both renal and mesenteric fat were more suitable for the production of various meat products than the hump.

Evaluation of Quality of Chia (Salvia hispanica), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), and Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Oils

Each year, the consumption of vegetable oils increases gradually. Some oils, such as chia, sesame, and quinoa, are consumed due to the nutritional properties and health promoters that have been recognized in their components. Based on this premise, the present study aimed to characterize chia (Salvia hispanica), sesame (Sesamum inducum), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) oils, in order to enable their applications in the development of new food products. Chia oil presented higher degradation, as it stood out with higher amounts of free fatty acids (4.46%) and peroxide value (18.35 meq/kg). It is an oil that is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (75.47%), and, consequently, with high refractive index (1,475) and iodine value (192.86 g/100 g). Quinoa oil stood out for its higher oxidative stability (17.55 h) and higher amount of phenolic compounds (190.84 mg/100 g). Sesame and quinoa oils showed no significant difference for carotenoids, but sesame oil had higher content of total tocopherols (656.50 mg/kg). Thus, the oils can be used in technological processes and/ or in the formulation of new food products, in order to their increase the nutritional value.

Utilization of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; oil for biodiesel production: A systematic review

A major energy challenge currently is the depletion of global oil reserves which is gradually resulting in the decline of conventional diesel production. Several alternative fuels and renewable energy sources have been proffered with biodiesel constituting a promising option. Biodiesel has garnered increasing attention because it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and it is characterized by low carbon monoxide particulate and hydrocarbon emissions compared to the conventional diesel. In recent times, several scientific writings have documented the utilization of Moringa oleifera as feed stock for biodiesel production. Moringa oleifera (horseradish) is a multipurpose tree species and one of the most widely cultivated crops in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the globe. Databases used for this review include Google Scholar, Scopus, WorldCat.org, Microsoft Academic and Science Direct. A total of 216 articles were retrieved and 18 studies were ultimately retained after qualitative analysis. The analytic output shows the seed oil has favorable characteristics for use as biodiesel. The fatty acid composition of the oil makes it suitable for both edible and non-edible applications. Also, the percentage of oleic acid (70%) in Moringa oil is quite high compared to other crops which possess about 40% oleic acid. Moringa seed oil exhibit a high oxidative stability and its thermal stability exceeds other oil crops like sunflower oil, soybean oil amongst others. Biodiesel produced from M. oleifera seed oil exhibit enhanced oxidative ability, high cloud point and a higher cetane number of approximately 67 than for most biodiesels. Moringa oleifera biodiesel can be stored for a long period of time and it is safe for transport.

A new halospinel superionic conductor for high-voltage all solid state lithium batteries

A new disordered chlorospinel superionic conductor, Li2Sc2/3Cl4, enables high-voltage all solid state batteries up to 4.6 V vs. Li+/Li.

Synthesis and Characterization of Potential Bio‐Based Lubricant Basestocks via Epoxidation Process

AbstractChemical modifications of vegetable oils may be applied for the purpose of improving their physicochemical properties in their usage for the bio‐based lubricants. The vegetable oils with a high percentage of oleic acid, such as soybeans and rapeseed oils, are important raw materials to obtain the biolubricants. In this particular study, the oleic acid was esterified with 1‐octanol, followed by epoxidation. The oxirane ring opening reaction was performed using different alcohol structures (linear, branched, and cyclic), in order to evaluate their influence on the final physicochemical properties with the synthesized samples. These aforesaid reaction steps were followed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and the main physicochemical properties in the intermediate and final samples were assessed. The highest oxidative stability was observed for the samples obtained, using a cyclic alcohol at the oxirane ring opening reaction (230 min), followed by the linear alcohols with the branched alcohol presenting the lowest oxidative stability (124 min). The pour point values for the samples synthesized with the branched alcohol were slightly better than those with the linear and cyclic alcohols. All the synthesized samples showed high viscosity indexes (&gt;130) and kinematic viscosities at 40 °C, ranging from 30 to 33 cSt (application degree ISO VG‐32), which are adequate for their use in the formulation of bio‐based lubricants.

Influence of electrostatic interactions on the formation and stability of multilayer fish oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein-xanthan-locust bean complexes

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of electrostatic interactions on the stability of multilayered fish oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI)-xanthan (XG)-locust bean gum (LBG) complexes. Emulsions were prepared using the layer-by-layer deposition technique with salt concentrations (0, 5, and 50 mM NaCl) at pH below (pH 3) and above (pH 7) the isoelectric point of WPI. Results indicated that zeta potential at pH 3 resulted in positive values, whereas at pH 7 resulted in negative values, with the magnitude of the ζ-potentials increasing as the NaCl concentration increased. NaCl did not have any major impact on the particle size of the emulsions. XG emulsions had the highest viscosity at pH 3 regardless of time, though XG-LBG emulsions showed a significant increase at 0 and 5 mM NaCl over time. XG emulsions at pH 3 showed the highest viscosity at every salt concentration. At pH 7, XG-LBG emulsions had the highest viscosity results, yet decreased over time, indicating the negative salt effect the synergistic interaction between XG and LBG. With 0 mM and 5 mM NaCl at pH 7, XG-LBG emulsions had the highest creaming stability; while with 50 mM NaCl, XG emulsions had the highest creaming stability. For both the primary and secondary lipid oxidation tests, XG-LBG emulsions had the highest oxidative stability at every salt concentration at pH 7. These results have important implications in the design of biopolymer-based delivery systems for microencapsulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for use in functional foods.