High Chlorogenic Acid Content Research Articles

Targeted LC-MS Approach to Study the Evolution over the Harvesting Season of Six Important Metabolites in Fruits from Different Avocado Cultivars

Herewith, a longitudinal study where the metabolic evolution of six relevant metabolites (p-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic, pantothenic and abscisic acids, and epicatechin) in four commercially important avocado varieties collected at different times over their harvest season is presented with the aim of evaluating the metabolic changes that take place during fruit development and maturation. The selection of these metabolites was based on the fact that they have been previously identified as potential varietal and/or ripening markers of avocado fruits and are produced by the phenylpropanoid pathway. Avocado metabolic profiles can be highly variable within a system, showing variations even from day to day. Thus, a longitudinal study design was selected to overcome possible negative effects of this variability on the interpretation of data, considering multiple sampling over time. A powerful HPLC-ESI-IT MS method was optimized and fully validated, and subsequently, a very unique sample selection (composed by 172 avocado extracts) was analyzed and the selected metabolites quantified. The content of pantothenic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids was quite similar in the four avocado varieties studied. However, epicatechin, chlorogenic, and abscisic acid concentrations showed significant differences; ‘Bacon’ was the cultivar with the highest content of chlorogenic acid, ‘Hass’ and ‘Bacon’ of epicatechin, and ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Reed’ were the richest in terms of abscisic acid.

Morphogenetic and phenological changes in phenolic content of Hypericum leptophyllum, an endemic Turkish species

The present study was conducted to determine the morphogenetic and phenologic variations in the content of the main bioactive compounds in Hypericum leptophyllum Hochst., an endemic species from Turkish flora. Wild plants were harvested at five phenological stages: vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting, and mature fruiting, and assayed for chemical content by HPLC. Results indicated that H. leptophyllum did not accumulate hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin, and adhyperforin. The phenolic content in whole plants increased generally during plant phenology and higher accumulation levels were observed at flowering. Among the reproductive organs, amentoflavone, quercetin, avicularin, and hyperoside contents were the highest in floral buds (2.09, 2.18, 0.55, and 2.62 mg g−1 dry mass (DM), respectively). Leaves harvested at the floral budding stage produced the highest content of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and isoquercetin (53.32, 6.25, 0.03, and 1.91 mg g−1 DM, respectively), while leaves of plants at the vegetative stage of plant development accumulated the highest content of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and quercitrin (0.29 and 0.54 mg g–1 DM, respectively). This is the first report of the presence of avicularin, rutin, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin, amentoflavone, caffeic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in this species. Such data could be useful for the evaluation of new sources of bioactive compounds, as well as for increasing phytotaxonomic knowledge for the poorly studied Hypericum species.

Influence of LED light spectra on in vitro somatic embryogenesis and LC-MS analysis of chlorogenic acid and rutin in Peucedanum japonicum Thunb.: a medicinal herb.

Background Peucedanum japonicum Thunb, an important medicinal herb is reported to possess pharmacological properties such as anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic and anti-platelet aggregation. The present study aimed to develop an in vitro plant regeneration system of P. japonicum via somatic embryogenesis and to analyse chlorogenic acid and rutin contents in a few commercially available plant products of P. japonicum in Japan and Taiwan markets, and tissue culture plants derived from somatic embryos.ResultsInduction of somatic embryogenesis could be achieved when root derived calli after three subcultures were transferred from Murashige Skoog’s salts and vitamins (MS basal) medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0.1–5 mg/L) to a medium with abscisic acid (ABA) (0.5–4 mg/L), or exposed to eight different light spectra provided by light-emitting diode (LED) sources. Concentrations of ABA and LED light spectra had an influence on number of somatic embryos induced and proliferation of callus. Development of secondary somatic embryos and conversion of embryos to plantlets was achieved on a medium with ABA, or their exposure to red or blue lights in a special incubation chamber. Four months old tissue culture plants derived from somatic embryos showed significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid (10.5 mg/g dw) compared to commercial product sold in Japanese market (0.55 mg/g dw). However, rutin was absent in tissue culture plants in contrast to commercial sample (0.33 mg/g dw).ConclusionIn this report, we describe in vitro plant regeneration system in P. japonicum via somatic embryogenesis and production of chlorogenic acid in tissue culture plants. The present study has application in further tissue culture propagation of elite plant material with high chlorogenic acid content, and identification of high yielding plants with the LC–MS method.

Study of the chlorogenic acid content in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.): Effect of plant fraction, processing step and harvesting season

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a fine chemical used in different food and pharmaceutical industries. CGA is currently extracted from various plant materials, particularly green coffee beans. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) contains significant amounts of CGA with very low levels of extraction interfering substances (fatty materials). Both of these reasons prompted us to evaluate yerba mate as a novel source for extraction of this compound.CGA content was quantified in various yerba mate fractions during different processing steps, and in samples taken from two companies at early and late harvesting seasons. Samples were exhaustively extracted with hot water and total CGA content (including its three isomeric compounds) was determined by HPLC. Total CGA content (on a dry weight basis) ranged from 45.8±0.4 to 80.8±1.0g CGA kg−1 of leaves and from 31.6±0.6 to 78.9±5.3g CGA kg−1 of stems. A substantial reduction in CGA content was found along the processing steps. The highest CGA content was found in samples from freshly harvested (green) yerba mate, for both leaves and stems; with no significant differences in their CGA content (P<0.05). CGA content at the early harvesting season was substantially higher to that obtained at the end of the harvesting season, for both green leaves and stems.Green stems, a residue from yerba mate processing obtained at the early harvesting season, could be considered as a promising and valuable raw material for the production of CGA-enriched extracts.

배전조건이 아라비카 커피의 이화학적 성질에 미치는 영향

Effects of roasting on physical (weight, volume, density and color) and chemical properties (total phenol, caffeine, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant properties) of three Arabica coffee beans (Brazil Bourbon, Indonesia Mandheling and Kenya Tatu) were investigated. A steady weight loss, volume increase, and bean density decrease were observed during the roasting process. The L*, a*, and b* values tended to decrease as the roasting temperature and time increased. Caffeine level was approximately 0.73% in green beans, and increased to 40-67% for darker roasts. Green beans contained the highest chlorogenic acid content, which decreased as the roasting temperature and time increased. The light- and medium-roasted coffee showed the highest total phenolol contents. The antioxidant activities were measured using DPPH and ABTS. The light-roasted coffee beans showed the highest antioxidant activities, and an approximately 36-51% loss in antioxidant activity was observed after further roasting. The flavor patterns of roasted coffee beans were analyzed using an electronic nose system based on gas chromatography. This analysis demonstrated that an electronic nose system can be applied to identify the green bean variety and the degree of roasting.

Comparison of major bioactive components from leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium

Leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium were potential medicinal resource. The present study aims to estimate the main bioactive components: total flavonoids (TF), galuteolin (GA), quercitrin (QU), chlorogenic acid (CA) and 3 ,5-O-caffeoylquinic acid ( CQ), which were considered to be the main effective components, in leaves of C. morfolium cultivars in China. The TF content was estimated hy UV-VIS spectrophotometry, while GA, QU, CA, and CQ were quantitatively determined by HPLC. The highest TF content (7. 13% w/w) was found in cultivar Wan Cong (Shexian county). Cultivar Da Bo ( Bozhou county) had the highest GA content (33. 45 mg - g-1); Cultivar Hong Xin (Sheyang county) contained the highest QU content (29.25 mg · g(-1)); Cultivar Chang Ban (Sheyang county) had the highest CA content (13.14 mg ·(-1)). The maximum CQ content (7.35 mg · g(-1)) was observed in culti- r Da Yang ( Tongxiang county). Different cultivars of C. morfolium had significant difference in components, but the leaf and capitulum of C. morifolium. were found to possess similar chemical compositions. The high content of bioactive components in several cultivars suggested the potential utilization of C. morifolium leaves.

Location of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis pathway and polyphenol oxidase genes in a new interspecific anchored linkage map of eggplant.

BackgroundEggplant is a powerful source of polyphenols which seems to play a key role in the prevention of several human diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. Chlorogenic acid is the polyphenol most present in eggplant, comprising between the 70% and 90% of the total polyphenol content. Introduction of the high chlorogenic acid content of wild relatives, such as S. incanum, into eggplant varieties will be of great interest. A potential side effect of the increased level polyphenols could be a decrease on apparent quality due to browning caused by the polyphenol oxidase enzymes mediated oxidation of polyphenols. We report the development of a new interspecific S. melongena × S. incanum linkage map based on a first backcross generation (BC1) towards the cultivated S. melongena as a tool for introgressing S. incanum alleles involved in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid in the genetic background of S. melongena.ResultsThe interspecific genetic linkage map of eggplant developed in this work anchor the most informative previously published genetic maps of eggplant using common markers. The 91 BC1 plants of the mapping population were genotyped with 42 COSII, 99 SSRs, 88 AFLPs, 9 CAPS, 4 SNPs and one morphological polymorphic markers. Segregation marker data resulted in a map encompassing 1085 cM distributed in 12 linkage groups. Based on the syntheny with tomato, the candidate genes involved in the core chlorogenic acid synthesis pathway in eggplant (PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3′H, HQT) as well as five polyphenol oxidase (PPO1, PPO2, PPO3, PPO4, PPO5) were mapped. Except for 4CL and HCT chlorogenic acid genes were not linked. On the contrary, all PPO genes clustered together. Candidate genes important in domestication such as fruit shape (OVATE, SISUN1) and prickliness were also located.ConclusionsThe achievements in location of candidate genes will allow the search of favorable alleles employing marker-assisted selection in order to develop new varieties with higher chlorogenic content alongside a lower polyphenol oxidase activity. This will result into an enhanced product showing a lower fruit flesh browning with improved human health properties.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-014-0350-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reducing capacity, chlorogenic acid content and biological activity in a collection of scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum) and Gboma (S. macrocarpon) eggplants.

Scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum) and gboma (S. macrocarpon) eggplants are important vegetables in Sub-Saharan Africa. Few studies have been made on these crops regarding the diversity of phenolic content and their biological activity. We have studied the reducing activity, the chlorogenic acid and other phenolic acid contents in a collection of 56 accessions of scarlet eggplant, including the four cultivated groups (Aculeatum, Gilo, Kumba, Shum) and the weedy intermediate S. aethiopicum-S. anguivi types, as well as in eight accessions of gboma eggplant, including the cultivated S. macrocarpon and its wild ancestor, S. dasyphyllum. A sample of the accessions evaluated in this collection has been tested for inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) using macrophage cell cultures. The results show that there is a great diversity in both crops for reducing activity, chlorogenic acid content and chlorogenic acid peak area (% of total phenolic acids). Heritability (H2) for these traits was intermediate to high in both crops. In all samples, chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic acid and accounted for more than 50% of the chromatogram peak area. Considerable differences were found among and within groups for these traits, but the greatest values for total phenolics and chlorogenic acid content were found in S. dasyphyllum. In most groups, reducing activity was positively correlated (with values of up to 0.904 in the Aculeatum group) with chlorogenic acid content. Inhibition of NO was greatest in samples having a high chlorogenic acid content. The results show that both crops are a relevant source of chlorogenic acid and other phenolic acids. The high diversity found also indicates that there are good prospects for breeding new scarlet and gboma eggplant cultivars with improved content in phenolics and bioactive properties.

Phenolic compounds and vitamins in wild and cultivated apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruits grown in irrigated and dry farming conditions

BackgroundTurkey is the main apricot producer in the world and apricots have been produced under both dry and irrigated conditions in the country. In this study, phenolic compounds and vitamins in fruits of one wild (Zerdali) and three main apricot cultivars (‘Cataloglu’, ‘Hacihaliloglu’ and ‘Kabaasi’) grown in both dry and irrigated conditions in Malatya provinces in Turkey were investigated.ResultsThe findings indicated that higher content of phenolic compounds and vitamins was found in apricot fruits grown in irrigated conditions. Among the cultivars, ‘Cataloglu’ had the highest rutin contents both in irrigated and dry farming conditions as 2855 μg in irrigated and 6952 μg per 100 g dried weight base in dry conditions and the highest chlorogenic acid content in irrigated and dry farming conditions were measured in fruits of ‘Hacıhaliloglu’ cultivar as 7542 μg and 15251 μg per 100 g dried weight base. Vitamin C contents in homogenates of fruit flesh and skin was found to be higher than β-caroten, retinol, vitamin E and lycopen contents in apricot fruits both in irrigated and dry farming conditions.ConclusionThe results suggested that apricot fruits grown in both dry and irrigated conditions had high health benefits phytochemicals and phytochemical content varied among cultivars and irrigation conditions as well. However, more detailed biological and pharmacological studies are needed for the demonstration and clarification of health benefits of apricot fruits.

Phenolic acids in the inflorescences of different varieties of buckwheat and their antioxidant activity

The comparative analysis of total phenolics and phenolic acid composition together with parameters of antioxidant activities was studied in the inflorescences of three varieties of buckwheat (F. esculentum, Fagopyrum tataricum rotundatum and Fagopyrum esculentum, forma green-flowers). Antioxidant activity of extracts of these buckwheat varieties has been found high and at the same time extracts of inflorescences of green flower buckwheat have been characterized by the highest total phenolic content. Eight phenolic acids (ferulic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, p-anisic acid, salicylic acid and methoxycinnamic acid) were found in the investigated buckwheat inflorescences with HPLC analysis. Inflorescences of F. esculentum, forma green-flowers have a high content of chlorogenic acid (16mg100g−1DW) and p-anisic acid (872mg100g−1DW). The highest content among the investigated buckwheat inflorescences of vanillic acid, trans-ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid and p-anisic acid was found in the F. tataricum, F. esculentum inflorescences have been characterized by the highest content of salicylic acid (115mg100g−1DW) and methoxycinnamic acid (74mg100g−1DW).

Capsicum chinensis L. growth and nutraceutical properties are enhanced by biostimulants in a long-term period: chemical and metabolomic approaches.

Two biostimulants, one derived from alfalfa plants (AH) and the other obtained from red grape (RG), were chemically characterized using enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assays, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopies. Two doses (50 and 100 mL L−1 for RG, and 25 and 50 mL L−1 for AH) of biostimulants were applied to Capsicum chinensis L. plants cultivated in pots inside a tunnel. The experimental design consisted of the factorial combination of treatment (no biostimulant, plus AH, plus RG) at three doses (zero, low, and high) and two time-course applications (at the second and fourth week after transplantation) and the effects were recorded at flowering and maturity. Both biostimulants contained different amounts of indoleacetic acid and isopentenyladenosine; the AH spectra exhibited amino acid functional groups in the peptidic structure, while the RG spectra showed the presence of polyphenols, such as resveratrol. These results revealed that at flowering, RG and AH increased the weights of fresh leaves and fruits and the number of green fruits, whereas at maturity, the biostimulants most affected the fresh weight and number of red fruits. At flowering, the leaves of the treated plants contained high amounts of epicatechin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and dihydrocapsaicin. At maturity, the leaves of the treated plants exhibited elevated amounts of fructose, glucose, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids. Moreover, green fruits exhibited a high content of chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid and antioxidant activity, while both AH- and RG-treated red fruits were highly endowed in capsaicin. The 1H high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS)-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of red fruits revealed that both products induced a high amount of NADP+, whereas RG also increased glucose, fumarate, ascorbate, thymidine and high molecular weight species. Our results suggested that AH and RG promoted plant growth and the production of secondary metabolites, such as phenols.

Chlorogenic acid in raw materials for the production of chicory coffee.

Chicory coffee is produced from traditional raw materials. Other materials are added to improve its aroma. The aim of this study was to test new raw materials with a high content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) as the criterion for their selection. This acid is degraded in the course of roasting and is a source of phenolic compounds affecting coffee aroma. For this reason, contents of CGAs were analyzed in traditional and new materials before and after roasting and compared with the chemicals formed in the roasted pure standard of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA). It was shown that the novel raw materials contained considerable amounts of 5-CQA, frequently higher than in traditional chicory. The roasting process caused significant losses of 5-CQA in the tested raw materials, amounting to 55-91%. In turn, the analysis of volatile compounds in roasted materials showed the presence of certain phenolic and heterocyclic compounds that were also formed as degradation products of the pure 5-CQA chemical standard. Novel raw materials, mainly chokeberry, artichoke and lovage, are rich sources of CGAs, particularly 5-CQA. Their application in the production of chicory coffee may result in an increased content of primarily phenolic compounds in its aroma.

Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum.

The ethanol crude extracts (ECE) and their subfractions from Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves were prepared and their phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Moreover, the effective HPLC procedure for simultaneous quantification of twelve compounds in Z. bungeanum leaves was established. The correlation between the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity was also discussed. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the highest total phenolic (97.29 mmol GAE/100 g) and flavonoid content (67.93 mmol QE/100 g), while the greatest total alkaloid content (4.39 mmol GAE/100 g) was observed in the chloroform fraction (CF). Twelve compounds were quantified by RP-HPLC assay. EAF exhibited the highest content of quercitrin, kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, quercetin, sesamin, and nitidine chloride (125.21, 54.95, 24.36, 26.24, and 0.20 mg/g); acetone fraction (AF) contained the highest content of chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, and trifolin (5.87, 29.94, 98.33, and 31.24 mg/g), while kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, xanthyletin, and sesamin were rich in CF. EAF and AF exhibited significant DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging abilities and reducing power (FRAP), whereas CF exhibited significant antifungal activity. Moreover, EAF also showed stronger antibacterial activity. In conclusion, Z. bungeanum leaves have health benefits when consumed and could be served as an accessible source for production of functional food ingredients and medicinal exploration.

Effects of saline stress on mineral composition, phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves of artichoke and cardoon genotypes grown in floating system

Cynara cardunculus is a species native to the Mediterranean basin. It includes globe artichoke and cultivated cardoon as well as their progenitor wild cardoon. The species is a source of biophenols, and its leaf extracts have been widely used in herbal medicine as hepatoprotectors and choleretics since ancient times. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing the level of salinity in the nutrient solution (1 or 30 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl) on biomass production, mineral composition, radical-scavenging activity, caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids in three artichoke ('Romolo', 'Violetto di Provenza' and 'Violetto di Romagna') and three cultivated cardoon ('Bianco Avorio', 'Bianco Gigante Inerme' and 'Gigante di Romagna') cultivars grown in a floating system. Increased salinity in the nutrient solution decreased the leaf dry biomass and leaf number of artichoke and cultivated cardoon cultivars. Salinity reduced macro- and microelement accumulation in leaves (e.g. N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and B) but improved their antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, cynarin and luteolin. The cultivated cardoons, especially 'Bianco Avorio' and 'Gigante di Romagna', showed higher biomass and leaf number than those observed in artichoke genotypes. 'Violetto di Provenza' exhibited the highest content of chlorogenic acid, closely followed by 'Violetto di Romagna', whereas for cynarin content the highest values were recorded in 'Violetto di Provenza', 'Bianco Avorio' and 'Gigante di Romagna'. The highest content of luteolin was recorded in 'Gigante di Romagna' and 'Bianco Avorio', while the highest content of apigenin was observed in 'Gigante di Romagna'. The results showed that the floating system could be considered an effective tool to improve quality aspects through proper management of the salt concentration in the nutrient solution. They also suggest that specific cultivars should be selected to obtain the desired profile of bioactive compounds.

Changes in polyphenol biosynthesis induced in Gynura bicolor DC. leaves by infrared irradiation

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to determine the effects of infrared irradiation (IRI) on polyphenol biosynthesis and anti-oxidant activity in Gynura bicolor DC. leaves. To achieve this, infrared light lamps were placed 75 cm above the top of the canopy, and the plants were covered with a black nylon mesh to exclude the influence of natural light. Higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were detected in leaves when plants were subjected to IRI. Although IRI resulted in a significant decrease in anthocyanin content, HPLC analysis of the phenolic components showed a higher content of chlorogenic acid that was accompanied by a higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity in IRI-treated leaves. These observations suggest that IRI causes oxidative stress and stimulates the activities of enzymes that regulate non-flavonoid polyphenol biosynthesis in G. bicolor leaves.

Preliminary Data Regarding Phenolic Acid Content in Some Wild and Cultivated Blueberries

Different Romanian cultivars of Vaccinium corymbosum (Elliot, BlueCrop, and Duke) and Vaccinium myrtillius (Wild 1, Wild 2) were collected and analyzed for chlorogenic acid using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Bluecrop cultivar was found to have the highest chlorogenic acid content (181.55 ?g/100 g FW) among the cultivated blueberries analyzed, but the lowest values were obtained for Duke cultivar (97.84 ?g/100 g FW). Both wild cultivars had high quantities of chlorogenic acid comparing to cultivate ones.

Does coffee enriched with chlorogenic acids improve mood and cognition after acute administration in healthy elderly? A pilot study

Caffeine exerts positive effects on cognitive and behavioral processes, especially in sub-optimal conditions when arousal is low. Apart from caffeine, coffee contains other compounds including the phenolic compounds ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and the chlorogenic acids, which have purported antioxidant properties. The chlorogenic acids are the most abundant family of compounds found in coffee, yet their effects on cognition and mood have not been investigated. This study aims to ascertain whether a coffee rich in chlorogenic acid modulates brain function. The present pilot study examined the acute effects of decaffeinated coffee with regular chlorogenic acid content and decaffeinated coffee with high chlorogenic acid content on mood and cognitive processes, as measured by behavioral tasks and event-related potentials (ERPs). Performance and ERP responses to a battery of cognitive tasks were recorded at baseline and following the equivalent of three cups of coffee in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study of 39 healthy older participants. Compared with the decaffeinated coffee with regular chlorogenic acid and placebo, caffeinated coffee showed a robust positive effect on higher-level mood and attention processes. To a lesser extent, the decaffeinated coffee high in chlorogenic acid also improved some mood and behavioral measures, relative to regular decaffeinated coffee. Our pilot results suggest that non-caffeine compounds in coffee such as the chlorogenic acids may be capable of exerting some acute behavioral effects, thus warranting further investigation.

Comparative study of polyphenols and caffeine in different coffee varieties affected by the degree of roasting

The bioactive composition of coffee, as one of the most popular beverages in the world, has attracted interest as a potential source of beneficial bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols and caffeine. Since the content of these compounds is affected by the processing conditions, the objective of this study was to determine the content of polyphenolic compounds and caffeine in four different coffee varieties: Minas and Cioccolatato (Coffea arabica), and Cherry and Vietnam (Coffea canephora syn. Coffea robusta), roasted by three varying degrees (light, medium and dark). The content of the polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of coffees were determined using UV/Vis spectrophotometric methods, while the content of chlorogenic acid derivatives was determined using HPLC analysis. The caffeine content was determined by means of two spectrophotometric methods, as well as HPLC analysis. Additionally, raw caffeine was also obtained by an isolation procedure with chloroform. Cherry coffee, a variety of C. canephora exhibited the highest overall content of total phenols (42.37mg GAE/g), followed by Minas coffee, while Cioccolatato contained the lowest TPC (33.12mg GAE/g). Cherry coffee also exhibited the highest content of individual classes of polyphenols (flavan-3-ols, procyanidins and tannins), while the highest content of chlorogenic acid (CQA) derivatives was determined in Minas and Cioccolatato coffees (C. arabica). The highest content of total and individual polyphenolic compounds was determined in coffees roasted in both light and medium roasting conditions, which was also observed for the content of CQA derivatives and antioxidant capacity of roasted coffees. The highest caffeine content in the coffee samples was determined by employing the HPLC analysis (0.06–2.55%). Light roasted Cherry coffee contained the highest overall content of caffeine among all coffees, which exhibited a decrease with intensified roasting.

Standardised herbal extract of chlorogenic acid from leaves of Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae)

Background:Chlorogenic acid (CGA) or 5-caffeoylquinic acid, was found to be the dominant phenolic compound in leaves of Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae). The CGA content of E. elatior leaves was significantly higher than flowers of Lonicera japonica (honeysuckle), the commercial source. In this study, a protocol to produce a standardised herbal CGA extract from leaves of E. elatior using column chromatography was developed.Materials and Methods:Freeze-dried leaves of E. elatior were extracted with 30% ethanol, and sequentially fractionated using Diaion HP-20 and Sephadex LH-20.Results:The CGA fractions, which yielded extracts of 10% and 40% w/w purity, possessed antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibition, and antibacterial properties. The entire fractionation process took only 6.5 hours, using gravity flow. From 50 g of leaves, the final yield of CGA extract was 0.2 g (0.4%). The CGA content of the standardised herbal extract from leaves of E. elatior (40%) is 1.6 times that of commercial extracts from honeysuckle flowers (25%).Conclusion:With high CGA content, the standardised herbal extract has a great potential to be developed into functional food and other health products. Leaves of E. elatior, which currently have no economic value, could serve as an alternative source of CGA. Leaves are large, available in abundance, and harvesting is non-destructive to the plants.

Screening of sage and thyme plant extracts for some phenolic acids and rutin

Objectives: In this study, using HPLC-ED system, analysis of chlorogenic acid (CGA), gallic acid (GA), rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid (CA), and rutin was carried out in water extracts of sage and different thyme. Methods: Analyses of CGA, GA, RA, CA and rutin were performed of herbs sage and thyme. The drug (1g) was powdered and extracted with pure water (9ml). Afterward 1ml of that extract was decanted and centrifuged. Supernatant was used for analysis. The standard solutions were of CGA, GA, RA, and CA dissolved in mobile phase, and rutin was dissolved pure water. HPLC conditions were following: Mobile phase methanol-acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (20+10+70+1); ED detector with range 50nA, potential +0.840 V, filter 0.02Hz; flow rate 1ml/min; temperature 25°C, Column: ODS hypersil. Results: The content in (mg/g) of CGA was in the sage 0.36, GA 0.09, RA 5.45, CA 0.73, and rutin 11.8, thyme: (Thymus vulgaris L. CGA 1.21, GA 0.3, RA 4.27, CA 0.66, and rutin 24.9, Thymus serpyllum L. CGA 4.6, GA 0.95, RA 17.27, CA 1.36, and rutin 17.27, Thymus sibthorii Benth. CGA 1.44, GA 0.3, RA 5.5, CA 0.95, and rutin 22.64). Conclusion: The highest content of CGA, RA, CA and GA was determined in herbs of Thymus serpyllum L., and highest content of rutin was determined in Thymus vulgaris L.