High Vibrational Energy Research Articles

Study on Movement Law of High-Position Thick and Hard Roof and Mine Earthquake Control by Ground Fracturing Technology

The field monitoring data showed that the fracture of high-position thick and hard roof (THR) was the main reason for the frequent occurrence of high-energy mine earthquake events ( magnitude > 2.0 ) in the no. 6 mining district of Dongtan coal mine. In order to study the fracture characteristics of high-level THR and seek a reasonable and effective control method, taking the 63up06 working face as the engineering background, the FLAC model was built to simulate the strata movement law before and after fracturing. The simulation results showed that the THR first breaking span was 340 m, the tensile failure runs through the whole THR, and the subsidence increased rapidly when THR reached the first breaking span. The THR breakage is related to the continuous upward transfer of horizontal compressive stress, which results in the concentration of horizontal compressive stress in THR. After ground fracturing, the first breaking span of THR decreased, and different fracturing positions have a great impact on the THR fracture form. When the fracturing position is close to the center of the first breaking span, there is no large cantilever breaking form in the THR, the THR breaks on both sides of the top and sinks along the hydraulic fracture in the middle, and the collapse degree is relatively uniform. Then, the fracturing test was carried out in the 63up06 working face, the results showed that during the first 400 m of the 63up06 working face mining after fracturing, 702 microseismic events occurred in total, including 12 high-energy vibration events which include 4 mine earthquakes of magnitude 2.0 and 8 mine earthquakes of magnitude 1.0-2.0. Compared with the adjacent working face, the quantity of high-energy mine earthquake events in the 63up06 working face has been significantly controlled.

A joint-nested structure piezoelectric energy harvester for high-performance wind-induced vibration energy harvesting

The indirect-excitation piezoelectric wind energy harvesters have shown great potential in providing power to sensor network nodes as well as wireless electronic devices. To improve the weak power generation performance of the existing indirect-excitation harvesters, this paper proposes a joint-nested structure piezoelectric energy harvester (JNS-PWEH) for high-performance wind-induced vibration energy harvesting. The joint-nested structure is composed of a piezoelectric transducer, a cylindrical shell, and a rectangle-shaped spoiler. Unlike the most existing approaches adopted to enhance the energy harvesting via modifying the structural configuration of the shell, this JNS-PWEH realized a transition of poor-performance vortex-induced vibration to high-energy galloping vibration by introducing a downstream rectangle-shaped spoiler to interfere with the vortices induced by the shell. In this way, the vibration-enhanced shell will drive the piezoelectric transducer mounted inside to oscillate significantly, thus achieving indirect excitation and performance enhancement. The feasibility of the structure and principle of the JNS-PWEH was demonstrated via experimental studies. The results showed that the maximum overall voltage output performance of the JNS-PWEH was significantly improved by 1040% compared to the conventional single-cylinder PWEH due to the introduction of the joint nesting structure. At this point, the JNS-PWEH could output power of 2.22 mW at 300 kΩ and easily lit up at least 126 LEDs in 6.6 m/s, as well as displayed excellent charging speed in charging capacitors. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the output performance of the JNS-PWEH could be enhanced by adjusting the width of the rectangle-shaped spoiler and the gap length between the joint-nested structure. In general, it illustrates a great benefit of the joint nested structure in enhancing the indirect-excitation PWEHs, which is expected to accelerate the practical application of the indirect-excitation PWEHs.

Effect of Multi-Source Ultrasonic on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Large Scale 2219 Al Alloy Ingot During Casting

Usage of high-energy ultrasonic vibration is an effective approach that can dramatically improve the performance of large-scale ingots. In this work, it was applied to manufacture large 2219 aluminum alloy ingots (630 mm in diameter and 4,500 mm in length). The degassing efficiency, the average size of α-Al grains, the morphology of the Al2Cu phase under double-source ultrasound (DSU), and three-source ultrasound (TSU) were compared. Meanwhile, the influence of the ultrasonic field on the macroscopic segregation of the Cu content and mechanical properties was scientifically investigated. It was found that the degassing efficiency of TSU was significantly higher than that of DSU. The results also indicated that α-Al grains were effectively refined under the TSU technology from the center to the edge of the ingot. Additionally, the distribution of the macroscopic Cu content was more uniform, and the area fraction of the Al2Cu phase was evidently decreased. The mechanical properties of the ingot were superior to samples with DSU technology. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the stress concentration of the coarse Al2Cu phase at the center of the DSU process led to the deterioration of the mechanical properties.

Nonequilibrium Dissociation and Recombination Models for Hypersonic Flows

A recombination reaction model for high-temperature chemical kinetics is analytically derived from ab initio simulation data. When atoms recombine, the kinetic rate model shows that product molecules favor high vibrational energy states. In this manner, recombination repopulates high vibrational energy states depleted by dissociation, in a high-temperature reacting gas. Coupling of internal energy relaxation, dissociation, and recombination results in depleted or overpopulated (relative to a corresponding Boltzmann distribution) vibrational energy distributions. Through a simple model, we show that non-Boltzmann behavior, in other words, depletion or overpopulation of high-energy states, is not only linked to thermal nonequilibrium but also chemical nonequilibrium. The mathematical derivation also indicates that the conventional approach for modeling recombination rates, where shock-tube dissociation rate measurements are combined with the principle of detailed balance, is incorrect. The complete analytical dissociation/recombination model embeds all relevant kinetic processes, including specific terms for translation/rotation/vibration/chemistry coupling, anharmonic and quasi-bound effects, and non-Boltzmann depletion and overpopulation effects. The model is a multitemperature model that can be used within computational fluid dynamics simulations with no appreciable increase in computational expense. Finally, because the model is analytical, containing separate terms for various physical effects, further model simplification could be performed depending on the flow conditions of interest.

Numerical and experimental evaluation of the magnetic interaction for frequency up-conversion in piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters

The purpose of this work is to improve the modelling process for the application of permanent magnets in a frequency up-conversion (FuC) mechanism for piezoelectric energy harvesters. More specifically, the aim is to avoid the burdensome finite element analyses (FEA) in the framework of electromechanical devices design. The analytical calculations are compared with experimental tests conducted by an ad-hoc set up and with FEA. After investigations on the interaction, an application of FuC mechanism is proposed on a meso-scale case study in which a low frequency seismic mass (LFM) interacts non-linearly, due to magnetic field, with an high frequency piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (PVEH). Numerical simulations have been carried out in the time domain (step-by-step analysis) under a harmonic low-frequency input acceleration signal. The peculiar behavior, due to non-linear dynamics, is investigated in both the repulsive and the attractive configurations of the magnets. The results confirm the effectiveness of magnetic FuC and show that the repulsive case allows the device to recover a larger amount of energy than the attractive configuration.

The intrinsic mobility of very dense grain flows

High mobility of natural disasters with severe consequences is often reported in large landslides and in earthquake fault ruptures. The mechanism of high mobility keeps to be mysterious to date. In this study, we used high-speed rotary shear experiments under normal stress 1 MPa and with a rotary speed of 2 m/s on grains of four different minerals to show that the tested dry dense grain flows with crushable grains are highly mobile intrinsically. Granular flow quickly weakens to a very low viscosity (about 500 Pa.s), which is independent of grain composition. We find that when flow begins, grains are crushed to a special fractal structure in which most larger grain is surrounded by much smaller grains. This special structure provides a favourable condition for generating and propagating acoustic energy from the abrasion indicated by the scratches on the grains. The scratching generates very high frequency elastic energy (vibration) in the larger grains, which profoundly weakens all grain contacts so that the grain mass flows like a giant flood. Chatter-marked scratches made by smaller grains scouring across boulders in rock-avalanche deposits suggest that the same processes occur in nature. This finding is important for the explanation of the behaviour of dense grain flows at large strains and high strain rates.

A Theoretical Study of the N2 + H2 Reactive Collisions for High Vibrational and Translational Energies

High translational temperatures appear in the air inside the shock waves layers created by relatively large meteorites, reentry space vehicles, and hypersonic missiles. Under these conditions, reactions between molecular nitrogen and hydrogen are energetically permitted. In the present work, a quasiclassical trajectories study of the N2(v′)+H2(v″) reaction for relative translational energies covering the range of translational energy 20.0≤Etr/kcalmol−1≤120.0 is presented. In the calculations, several values of vibrational quantum numbers v′=0,4,6,8,10,12 and v″=4,6,8,10,12 have been considered. To model the interatomic interactions, a six-dimension global potential energy surface for the ground electronic state of N2H2 was used. The specific initial state reaction cross-sections and rate coefficients are reported. The energy effects produced by the reaction that could influence the shock wave modeling are here considered. An analysis of the possible impact of these processes under the atmospheric composition is also presented.

Judd-Ofelt analysis and luminescence studies of Er3+ doped halogeno-antimonate glasses

This research paper emphasized on application of Judd-Ofelt's (JO) theory for low doped erbium (0.2 mol%) halogeno-antimonate based glasses with molar composition (90 –x) Sb 2 O 3 - x ZnBr 2 - 10 NaCl (where x = 10, 20, 30 and 40 mol%). 80 Sb 2 O 3 – 9.8 ZnBr 2 - 10 NaCl - 0.2 Er 2 O 3 glass sample has low phonon energy and high refractive index is a potential candidate for luminescence applications. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements show good the thermal stability of the prepared glass samples and on the other hand density, expansion coefficient and elastic moduli were reported. Judd-Ofelt's (JO) parameter intensities Ω 2 = 3.27 × 10 −20 cm 2 , Ω 4 = 1.24 × 10 −20 cm 2 and Ω 6 = 1.88 × 10 −20 cm 2 were found and these were compared with the literature. Radiative parameters such as spontaneous emission rate, branching ratio and lifetime were calculated. We focused on a high branching ratio radiative transitions 2 H 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 (β = 0.94) and 4 F 9/2 → 4 I 15/2 (β = 0.901). The overlap between absorption and emission bands is partial and stokes type shifts were presented. The gain curves were determined after calculation of absorption and stimulated emission cross sections. The infrared transmission curve of the glass matrix was marked extrinsic absorption bands SiO and hydroxyl OH possessed high vibration energy played quenching effect for photoluminescence. • SZNE02 novel glass system was developed by the conventional melt quenching method. • Judd-Ofelt's (JO) parameter intensities were compared with the literature. • High branching ratio radiative transitions. • Optical gap energy (E p = 2.95 eV) and refractive index n = 2.25 • Stimulated emission gains as a function of wavelength for different states of population inversion.

Effect of solution pH on the characteristics of pulsed gas–liquid discharges and aqueous reactive species in atmospheric air

Solution pH is a significant parameter that affects the electrical characteristics of gas–liquid discharges and thus potentially produces different plasma chemistries for different plasma-engineered applications. In this study, the discharge characteristics and long-lived aqueous reactive species under different initial pH conditions were investigated. It was found that the discharge contained three phases in one pulse cycle, which occurred at the pulse rising edge, the falling edge, and between the rising and falling edges. The discharge intensity and average power at an initial solution pH of 7.0 are much lower than those obtained at an initial solution pH of 5.0 and 9.0. In contrast, the density ratio of N2 (C3Πu, v = 1)/N2 (C3Πu, v = 0) is much higher under neutral solution conditions, indicating that the relatively high vibrational energy was obtained in the gas–liquid discharge plasma. Concentrations of aqueous species H2O2, NO2–, and NO3– are higher at the initial pH of 9.0, indicating that different plasma intensities and chemical compositions (H+ and OH–) are involved in their generation and consumption processes. This study provides insights into understanding and controlling the characteristics of the gas–liquid discharge under different solution conditions.

Comparative study of far‐field pyroshock responses of epoxy laminated composite panels

AbstractThe experimental study on far‐field pyroshock responses of carbon/glass/Kevlar‐epoxy composite panels are presented in this article. Bi‐Plate Technology is used to conduct all the experiments on different combination of carbon, E‐glass, and Kevlar composite panel parameters, with epoxy resin as matrix. The structural responses computed from the acceleration–time histories are analyzed. Low range of chamber pressure and projectiles of three different lengths are used to carry out the experiments so that the far‐field response of the test panel is ensured. PCB accelerometers and NI‐DAQ system are used to capture the accelerations of panel at selected locations. Among all the composite panels, the one which is of Kevlar‐epoxy laminate shows the least acceleration because the said material has high vibrational energy absorption rate. The glass‐epoxy laminate being higher mass rate shows the intermediate category and the carbon‐epoxy accelerates itself the most. Hence, these types of fibers may be utilized in appropriate areas according to their degree of acceleration to minimize the effect of the far‐field pyroshock response.

High temperature piezoelectric vibration energy harvester based on Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 crystal with different cut types

In recent years, many piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters (PVEHs) have been proposed to achieve a battery-free wireless sensor system. While, it is still a challenge for traditional PVEHs to effectively work in high temperature (HT) environment. To address this issue, this paper presents a PVEH based on Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) crystal with different cut types for HT vibration energy harvesting. The effect of the crystal cutting direction on the electro-elastic constants of CTGS was theoretically analysed, and simulation results shows that the optimal cuts for different working temperatures is XYt/39° (25 °C), XYt/35° (300 °C), XYt/33° (400 °C) and XYt/31° (500 °C and 600 °C). An experimental study shows that the proposed PVEHs with different cut types has a resonant voltage-frequency response for a small excitation of 0.1 g and temperatures up to 800 °C, indicating the good HT endurance of the proposed device. Furthermore, the optimal output power of the proposed PVEH with cut optimization could be enhanced to 5 times (25 °C), 2.2 times (300 °C), 1.6 times (400 °C), 2 times (500 °C) and 1.2 times (600 °C) that without cut optimization. This study demonstrates that the PVEH based on CTGS with different cut types has potential applications in HT vibration energy harvesting, and cut optimization can effectively improve the output performance.

An approach for the design and validation of high frequency vibration energy harvesting devices

The aim of this work is to explore a topology optimisation approach for the design of high frequency vibration energy harvesting devices capable of operating in the range of 1800–2600 Hz. The main objective of the approach is to develop an optimisation algorithm for tailoring the resonant behaviour of the cantilever energy harvesters to the dominant frequencies of the available vibrations present in a Bell 206B-1 Kiowa helicopter main rotor gearbox. Hence, the devices designed are to be operated in the high frequency, highly loaded, extreme environments commonly found on aircraft structures. A multi-physics model capable of predicting the performance of the developed cantilever energy harvesters is presented and the design optimisation problem is formulated and then solved with the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimisation method. Two designs were experimentally validated; one that is sensitive to a single mode in the range 1800–2600 Hz equipped with a single transducer having a 6.35 mm diameter and 0.5 mm thickness and the other sensitive to three modes in the same range equipped with two transducers. Output powers of 0.3–3.1 mW were measured, demonstrating the approach’s potential to design harvesters capable of powering many useful sensor types.

Fully Integrated Microsolenoid With Closed Magnetic Circuit for High Power Density MEMS Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters

This letter presents a highly efficient microsolenoid integrated with a closed magnetic circuit to enhance the power density of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) electromagnetic energy harvesters. Compared with most MEMS electromagnetic energy harvesters adopting an air-cored planar coil, a high permeability closed magnetic circuit is specifically designed and integrated inside the microsolenoid with multiple wire turns for higher electromechanical coupling, which contributes to the effective increased power density of the MEMS energy harvester. Moreover, the wafer-level microsolenoid is compatible with nonlinear springs, which bring higher power output over a wideband frequency range. At an acceleration of 1 g , the prototype shows a load power of 265.2 µW and normalized power density of 5.9 mW·cm-3·g-2 with a load resistance of 40.1 Ω, accompanied with a half-power bandwidth of 30 Hz. The fully integrated solenoid is compatible with other soft magnetic-material and frequency-broadening mechanisms, providing adequate potential for comprehensive performance enhancement of MEMS electromagnetic energy harvesters.

Making Fe-Si-B amorphous powders as an effective catalyst for dye degradation by high-energy ultrasonic vibration

Synthetic dyes have caused serious ecological and environmental threats in our daily lives. Effective and inexpensive dye-degradation methods are desperately perused for decades. In this work, ultrasonic-vibration treatment is found as an effective approach that can dramatically improve the degradation performance of industrial Fe78Si9B13 amorphous powders towards methylene blue. As demonstrated by synchrotron X-ray nano-computed tomography and scanning electron microscope combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the micro-channels on the surface or inside of Fe78Si9B13 particles offer a shortcut for fast mass transfer and supply plenty of reactive sites with low density and high energy due to the structural rejuvenation after ultrasonic vibration. It leads to the reduction of the reaction activation energy of degradation under the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and an exceptional decomposition capacity. Our work not only extremely drives down the current costs of wastewater treatments, but also provides a promising approach for tuning the effectivity of alloying catalysts via manipulating the potential energy state of metallic glasses based on the high-frequency mechanical vibration technique.

Non-Boltzmann vibrational energy distributions and coupling to dissociation rate.

In this article, we propose a generalized model for nonequilibrium vibrational energy distribution functions. The model can be used, in place of equilibrium (Boltzmann) distribution functions, when deriving reaction rate constants for high-temperature nonequilibrium flows. The distribution model is derived based on the recent ab initio calculations, carried out using potential energy surfaces developed using accurate computational quantum chemistry techniques for the purpose of studying air chemistry at high temperatures. Immediately behind a strong shock wave, the vibrational energy distribution is non-Boltzmann. Specifically, as the gas internal energy rapidly excites to a high temperature, overpopulation of the high-energy tail (relative to a corresponding Boltzmann distribution) is observed in ab initio simulations. As the gas excites further and begins to dissociate, a depletion of the high-energy tail is observed, during a time-invariant quasi-steady state. Since the probability of dissociation is exponentially related to the vibrational energy of the dissociating molecule, the overall dissociation rate is sensitive to the populations of these high vibrational energy states. The non-Boltzmann effects captured by the new model either enhance or reduce the dissociation rate relative to that obtained assuming a Boltzmann distribution. This article proposes a simple model that is demonstrated to reproduce these non-Boltzmann effects quantitatively when compared to ab initio simulations.

Principal Vibration Modes of the La2O3-Ga2O3 Binary Glass Originated from Diverse Coordination Environments of Oxygen Atoms.

La2O3-Ga2O3 binary glass exhibits unusual optical properties owing to its high oxygen polarizability and low vibration energy. These optical properties include high refractive indices and a wide transmittance range. In this study, we performed classical molecular dynamics simulations on La2O3-Ga2O3 glass synthesized by an aerodynamic levitation technique. We have obtained structural models that reproduce experimental results, such as NMR, high-energy X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction. Based on our analysis, the structural features were clarified: 5-, 6-coordinated Ga, edge-sharing GaOx-GaOx polyhedral linkages, and oxygen triclusters. Additionally, the vibrational density of states was calculated by diagonalization of the dynamical matrix derived from the structural models and the results were compared with Raman scattering spectra. The mode analysis of the Raman spectra revealed that the principal bands at 650 cm-1 were mainly attributed to the stretching modes of the bridging and nonbridging oxygens. Meanwhile, the shoulder bands at the highest frequency of 750 cm-1 were mainly attributed to the stretching modes of the bridging oxygens and oxygen triclusters. The structural models obtained in this study well describe the characteristic local structures and vibrational properties of the La2O3-Ga2O3 glass.

Cyclotron solid targets preparation for medical radionuclides production in the framework of LARAMED project

LARAMED project aims to set up an advanced science and technology facility to develop new and efficient methods to produce medical radioisotopes at Legnaro National laboratories of National Institute of Nuclear Physics. Waiting for the facility full operation, LARAMED group has already started working on the cyclotron production of several conventional and emerging radionuclides. Suitable target preparation is one of the most critical aspects in cyclotron production of radioisotopes. LARAMED group has investigated a set of non-classical techniques for metallic target preparation. Magnetron sputtering technique developed for ultra-thick film deposition was applied for the preparation of the Mo solid targets for 99mTc production, and Y ones for 89Zr production. Spark plasma sintering method provides efficient sintering of powders and good bonding of metallic pellet to a backing. Like magnetron sputtering, it was tested for natl00Mo and natY targets, as well as for natCr targets preparation aimed at 52Mn production. The High energy Vibration Powders Plating technique was instead applied for natural (Mo, Ti) and enriched 48Ti metallic powders with >95% deposition efficiency. All three techniques tested provided the cyclotron solid targets with high thermomechanical performance under the beam (IkW/cm2).

Contact forces in Brazil nut effect phenomenon of boulders on the asteroid surface

Granular particles can be found on the asteroids in the form of regolith. Regolith is a pile of boulders and gravels that covers the surface of an asteroid and have various sizes. Brazil Nut Effect (BNE) is one of the well-known phenomena that happened in this sort of system. This phenomenon leads to occur a tendency for larger boulders to come up to the surface. Some asteroids like Eros and Itokawa show that BNE supposes to happen also in a low gravity environment. BNE in asteroid may be generated by seismic vibration that causes inter-particle collisions. The collisions are represented by contacts among particles, so that contact forces need to be counted in modeling BNE. This study aims to build a modeling of BNE in asteroid involving contact forces caused by inter-particle collisions during the seismic vibration. This study shows that contact forces have a positive role in BNE by inter-particle contacts. The contacts accommodate the system to keep larger boulders staying in the elevated height. In the model that only involves static friction (without rolling), the vector of normal forces dominates over the tangential one for the resultant forces. Uprising of the larger boulders has been observed in the simulation, but most of them are still buried underneath the smaller ones. It is predicted that a seismic vibration with large enough energy is needed to make all of the larger boulders to come up to the surface. With that result, the larger boulders observed on the surface of some asteroids nowadays are reasonably the result of BNE which caused by heavy bombardment by meteoroids in the early stage of Solar System formation that drives some high-energy seismic vibration.

An Amplitude- and Temperature-Dependent Vibration Model of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Thin Plates in a Thermal Environment.

A thermal environment has a complex influence on the dynamic characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite materials and structures. It is challenging to consider the effects of high temperature and external vibration energy simultaneously on their nonlinear vibration response. In this research, the material nonlinearities, due to both the excitation amplitudes and the high temperatures, are studied for the first time, and a new nonlinear vibration model of fiber-reinforced composite thin plates in a thermal environment is proposed by introducing the nonlinear thermal and amplitude fitting coefficients simultaneously. Then, based on the classical laminated plate theory, the complex modulus approach, and the power function and the Ritz methods, dynamic governing equations in high-temperature environments are derived to solve the nonlinear natural frequencies and vibration responses and damping parameters. Moreover, the three-dimensional fitting curves of the elastic moduli and loss factors, excitation amplitudes, and temperature values are obtained so that the key nonlinear fitting coefficients in the amplitude- and temperature-dependent model can be identified. To validate this model, the experimental tests on CF130 carbon/epoxy composite thin plates are undertaken. It is found that the 3rd and 5th natural frequencies, vibration responses, and damping results obtained from the nonlinear model are consistent with the experimental measurements, and the mechanism of nonlinear thermal vibration behaviour is revealed.

PENGARUH WAKTU ULTRASONIKASI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FISIKA NANOPARTIKEL KITOSAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SUJI (Pleomele angustifolia) DAN UJI STABILITAS FISIKA MENGGUNAKAN METODE CYCLING TEST

ABSTRACT
 The nanoparticle system encapsulates and protects flavonoids of suji leaves from photolysis and
 oxidation instability. Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic nanoparticles
 forming polymer. Ultrasonication is a materials mixing technique under high vibration energy.
 The ultrasonication time affects the particle size. The aim of this study was to determine the effect
 of the ultrasonication time on physical characteristics of chitosan nanoparticles of suji (Pleomele
 angustifolia) leaf ethanol extract and its physical stability after cycling test. Ethanol extract of suji
 leaves (EEDS) was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol. Chitosan EEDS nanoparticles were
 made under ionic gelation method using an ultrasonication time of 3 minutes (FI), 6 minutes (FII),
 and 9 minutes (FIII). The physical characterization of nanoparticles includes particle size,
 polydispersity index, and zeta potential. Chitosan EEDS nanoparticles with the best physical
 characteristics (FIII) were tested for stability using cycling test method. The data obtained were analyzed using the Anova statistical method with a 95% confidence level. The size of EEDS
 chitosan nanoparticles (nm) was significantly different in all formulas, FI (374.47), FII (288.43),
 and FIII (233.37). The polydispersity index of FI (0.38) and FIII (0.65) were significantly different,
 while FII (0.41) was not significantly different. The zeta potential (mV) FI (51.70), FII (46.10), and
 FIII (48.60) were not significantly different in all formulas. The physical characteristics of
 Formula III after Cycling Test showed a particle size of 455.0 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.174,
 and a zeta potential of 20.1 mV.
 Keywords: ultrasonication, nanoparticles, chitosan, cycling test, suji leaf (Pleomele angustifolia)