Higher Total Frequency Research Articles

Polymorphism of interleukin-1β gene and susceptibility to chronic adenoiditis development at children of Siberia

The research objective was to establish a role of polymorphism of interleukin� 1β gene in the locus 3954 (rs 1143634) on the chromosome 2q13� 21 as a risk factor of an adverse course of the inflammatory process at chronic adenoiditis. The research is a part of the complex scientific subject “Translational Otorhinolaryngology” which was carried out in 2010�2012. The results of genotyping of 944 people were received. High total frequency of inheritance of mutant polymorphic allelic variants of interleukin�1 β gene, including homozygous (C/C) and heterozygous (С/Т) carriage is revealed at children with chronic adenoiditis. The frequency was 95. 5% in sampling. At a homozygous carriage of oligonucleotide replacement of thymine for cytosine in the position 3954 o f interleukin�1β gene functional activity of interleu kin�1β changed�

General Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Nodularia Moravica (Cyanoprokaryota, Nostocales)

ABSTRACTGeneral toxicity and genotoxicity of cyanoprokaryote Nodularia moravica was investigated on the base of Allium root meristem in vivo test system. Seeds sprouted in dechlorinated tap water were analyzed as a control sample. Seeds sprouted in the water-Dimethyl sulfoxide (9:1, v:v) extract, diluted 50 and 100 times (D1–797 and D2-797, respectively) were used as test samples. It was found that different concentrations of dilutions of the initial extract of cyanoprokaryote Nodularia moravica induced damages such as micronuclei (MNi), fragments, anaphasic and telophasic bridges and laggards with higher total frequency than in the control. Germination percentage and root length were found to be in positive correlation with percentage of chromosome aberrations and depend on the extract concentration. It was concluded that Nodularia moravica extract in water-DMSO solution induces general and genotoxycity in Allium cepa root meristem cells. There were not found data about cytotoxicity.

Autonomic control of heart rate and its variability during normoxia and hypoxia in emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) hatchlings

Heart rate variability is a common feature of the vertebrate cardiovascular system and is a consequence of variable input from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart rate and heart rate variability in 1-d-old emu hatchlings in normoxia and during exposure to 10% O2. The role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling emu heart rate and its variability was examined by blocking the action of the cholinergic and adrenergic pathways by administration of atropine and propranolol. Heart rate of 1-d-old hatchlings exhibited a significant cholinergic tone of 60 +/- 22 beats per minute (bpm) and beta-adrenergic tone of 28 +/- 17 bpm. Cholinergic tone was unchanged during hypoxic exposure (63.5 +/- 17.7 bpm), but adrenergic tone doubled to 68 +/- 15 bpm. Initially, the majority of hatchlings exhibited high frequency oscillations with a spectral peak at 0.22 +/- 0.02 Hz, associated with respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Beta-adrenergic blockade had no effect on respiratory sinus arrhythmia or spectral power in high frequency (HF; 0.1 to 0.7 Hz), low frequency (LF; 0.01 to 0.1 Hz), or total frequency (TF) ranges. After cholinergic blockade, spectral power in HF, LF, and TF ranges and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were all abolished. Hypoxia did not initially alter spectral power in the HF, LF, or TF ranges. beta-Adrenergic blockade along with hypoxia produced a significant increase in LF oscillations. A distinct LF oscillation appeared in most birds exposed to hypoxia that was abolished by cholinergic blockade. We conclude that although both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system exert a tonic influence on heart rate, the majority of HF and TF heart rate variability is mediated by the parasympathetic system in the emu hatchling. The sympathetic system contributes to LF heart rate oscillations by suppressing the influence of the parasympathetic system on LF oscillations.

The Effect of Marriage Migration on the Genetic Structure of the Taimyr Nganasan Population: Genealogical Analysis Inferred from MtDNA Markers

The marriage structure of Nganasans during the time period from 1796 to 1991 and genealogy of carriers of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes was studied in a sample of 280 individuals. It was shown that, from the beginning of its formation to the late 1970s, the population exhibited high endogamy (1976, 83.8%; 1926, 88.4%; 1976, 74.3%). The main source of traditional marriage migration (preferentially female) was populations of Entsy and, indirectly, Nentsy. Intense assimilation of Nganasans by the immigrant population, and to a lesser extent, by Dolgans, in the second half of the 20th century resulted in a reduction of endogamy index in Avam Nganasans to 42.5% by 1991. Assimilation by the immigrants was predominantly paternal, promoting preservation of the historically formed genetic diversity of the Nganasan mitochondrial gene pool. Genealogical analysis of mtDNA haplotypes showed that a relatively high total frequency of Western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups (20.4%) in the Mongoloid (according to anthropological type) Nganasan population is explained not only by the common ethnic origin with Entsy and Nentsy, but also by direct marriage migration from the Entsy population and indirect marriage migration, from the Nentsy population. This migration led to accumulation of Entsy-Nentsy maternal lineages in the genealogy of Avam Nganasans (38.9% of the total number). Of all mtDNA haplotypes, 28.6% were introduced to Avam Nganasans by female Entsy and Nentsy, whereas the total frequency of these haplotypes was 0.204. Genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes was 0.935.

Autonomic Modulation of Sinus and Atrioventricular Nodes in Premature Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants

Respiratory vagal activity is expressed by heart rate variability (HRV) at approximately 1 month of age in premature low-birth-weight infants (PLBWI). However, the autonomic inputs into the sinus node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) in PLBWI are unclear. We evaluated the variability in PP and PR intervals at day zero (day 0) and 1 month (1 month) after birth in 16 PLBWI (gestation 32.3 +/- 1.3 weeks, birth weight 1.578 +/- 257 g). The polygraph was recorded during sleep on day 0 and at 1 month. PP and PR intervals and the number of respiratory cycles were measured, and frequency analysis was performed by auto-correlation fast Fourier transforms. Power spectral density (PSD: ms(2)) was calculated for the low frequency domain (LF: 0.036 approximately 0.146 Hz), high frequency domain (HF: 0.146 approximately 0.390 Hz), total frequency (TF: 0.036 approximately 2.000 Hz), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA: frequency bandwidth of 0.3 Hz with peak respiratory frequency as median), and the PSD ratio in the PP and PR intervals (LF/HF, RSA/TF) were compared. Compared with day 0, a decrease in the LF/HF ratio and an increase in the RSA/TF ratio in PP intervals were observed at 1 month, consistent with expression of respiratory vagal activity. For PR intervals, on the other hand, the LF/HF ratio increased, indicative of accentuated sympathetic activity. However, the respiratory vagal input was weak, and the RSA/TF ratio remained unchanged. These observations suggest that, in PLBWI at 1 month, AVN conduction was not predominatly influenced by respiratory-related vagal activity, but was controlled by autonomic regulation, independent of the SAN.

Systemic complications and side effects of retrobulbar anesthesia in risk patients

Serious systemic complications with possibly lethal exit after retrobulbar anesthesia have been reported. The present study was performed to evaluate the incidence of complications after anesthesia in risk patients with pre-existing diseases. 2.8% of 3000 cataract operations in our department during October 1991 to April 1993 were performed under general anesthesia, 97.2% under local anesthesia. 1000 anesthesia protocols of these cataract operations under retrobulbar anesthesia and facial block with anesthesia stand-by were analyzed retrospectively. After retrobulbar injection in Atkinson technique we performed a modified O'Brien facial block. The patients were assigned to five different risk groups on the basis of a special point system. The mean age of the patients increased with the risk group from 60.4 years in group 1 to 77.1 years in group 5. Cardiovascular, pulmonary and general risk factors appeared more frequently in the groups of higher risk. The frequency of cardiovascular complications was dependent on affiliation to risk group. The percentual frequency of cardiovascular complications increased from 1.7% in risk group 1 to 7.7% in risk group 5. Decrease of heart rate or blood pressure of more than 30%, or in combination, with the necessity of medical treatment occurred absolutely and relatively most frequently. The frequency of cardiovascular complications amounted 2.2% in the mean. Life-threatening complications with the need of endotracheal intubation or other occurred in 0.1%. The relatively high total frequency of systemic complications of 2.4% is related with age and preexisting diseases. The results underline the necessity of anesthesia stand-by in risk patients with the essential requirements for treatment of typical complications.

Causes of an Extremely High Local Twinning Rate

SummaryThe Romanian village Eftimie Murgu, until recently quite endogamous, shows a remarkably high total twinning frequency of 20‰. between 1927 and 1977. Some other demographic properties are unusual too: the secular development of twinning is not so much characterized by a steady frequency decline as by a sharp and temporary depression after World War II. The distribution of twins on maternal age and parity is not only characterized by an increase with age/parity but there is also a peak in the lowest ages/parities. The well-known higher fertility of twins' mothers is confirmed. In order to check the possible genetic determination of the high twin frequency, pedigrees of six to eight generations were reconstructed for every twin; moreover, twin frequencies of other isolated Romanian villages were examined for comparison. These data suggest that genetics is an important cause of twin births.

Spontaneous improvement of secretory otitis. A long-term study.

Six repetitive tympanometric screenings were performed on 184 2-year-old, otherwise healthy children (368 ears) between November 1977 and February 1980. Between each examination half of the ears changed tympanogram type; during summer and spring more ears improved than deteriorated and during winter and autumn the reverse took place. Type B representing flat curve without impedance minimum improved at each examination in more than half of the ears, but a large number of "new' ears received a type B tympanogram. In all, 39% of all ears had type B at one examination at least, 7% had type B at two examinations, 4% at three, 4% at four, and 2% at five examinations; only one ear (0.3%) had a type B tympanogram at all six examinations. The investigation revealed a very high total frequency and spontaneous improvement of secretory otitis. In this period of 2 and a half years, 70% of ears had types B or C2 at one examination at least. On account of the pronounced spontaneous improvement, the results of any method of treatment-when the indications are wide-will be good, although even studies on controlled materials, comparing two methods of treatment, are encumbered with considerable uncertainties.

Chromosome polymorphism in populations of the grasshopper Trimerotropis pallidipennis from southern Argentina

Three populations of the grasshopper Trimerotropis pallidipennis from southern Argentina have been studied cytologically. A very characteristic B-chromosome was found in all three. They also showed geographical variability in respect of the presence of pericentric inversions, and the inversion system was found to influence chiasma frequency. The Laguna Blanca population, which is on the hypothetical pathway the species is believed to have followed during its migration from northern to southern latitudes, has the same karyotype composition as the N. American form, with fixed inversions in the 3 largest autosomes and the X-chromosome. Its members have a high total chiasma frequency and a great number of interstitial chiasmata. The Sierra de la Ventana population, situated at the absolute eastern border of the species distribution is highly polymorphic with respect to the presence of inversions in the medium chromosomes. Its members have the lowest total chiasma frequency and a greatly reduced number of interstitial chiasmata. Situated geographically between the other two, the Choele-Choel population has the highest frequency of inversions and many of them are homozygous. Its members have a higher total chiasma frequency than that observed in specimens from Sierra de la Ventana, and a greatly reduced number of interstitial chiasmata, similar to that observed in individuals from the latter population.

Social hierarchy under different criteria in groups of squirrel monkeys,Saimiri sciureus

Under different criteria the individual members of groups of squirrel monkeys show different social capacities. The ranking of the subjects was much the same for Restraining and Genital display. The hierarchies for Approaching and Following fitted well with each other, showing few similarities with the above two. Location of individual ranks for Withdrawing tended to be the opposite to that of Approaching and Following.Restraining and Genital display showed quasi-linear hierarchies, with males on top and females at the bottom of them. For Approaching, Following, Withdrawing, and Genital inspection the results varied from quasi-linear structure to circular or even unisexual arrangement. As a rule the animals behaved towards partners close in rank to themselves.Several individual roles could be isolated: An alpha male role, directing Restraining and Genital display to all other partners more frequently than any of them towards him, basing his ability more in adequate distribution of total performance among social partners than in high total frequency; an omega male role under the same criteria, whose function would be to connect with the hierarchy of females and a scapegoat role, a very passive female receiving all kinds of attention from most subjects.

Anagram solving as a function of bigram frequency

In three experiments on anagram solving, the variables were high vs. low total bigram frequency both of the anagrams and the solution words. In two of the experiments, spacing between letters of the anagrams was varied. Subjects were run in groups with all anagrams presented at once in two experiments and individually with one anagram at a time in the third experiment. The time allowed for solving was varied from experiment to experiment. With the exception that more anagrams were solved as more time was alowed, no main variable had any consistent effect across experiments. The consistent finding over all three experiments was a highly significant interaction between bigram frequency total of anagram and word. Anagrams with low totals were solved more easily for words with low than for words with high totals. Anagrams with high totals were solved more easily for words with high than with low totals. Certain interpretations of this interaction were discussed.

Anagram Solving as a Function of Letter Spacing

Frequencies of bigrams (two-letter combinations) in written language, e.g., Underwood and Schulz (1960), may be used to compute total bigram frequency of any set of letters by summing, left to right, frequencies of successive bigrams. Mayzner and Tresselt (1959) showed that, if the same word was rearranged into two anagrams, one with high, the other wich low, total bigram frequency, solution times were significantly slower for anagrams with high totals. They suggested that associative is greater between letters of high frequency bigrams, so it is more difficult to break up such pairs when actempting to rearrange letters of an anagram. It is also possible that cohesive strength between adjacent letters may in part depend on physical proximity of the letters. If so, anagrams with wide spacing between individual letters may be more easily solved than anagrams with letters close together; this hypothesis is tested here. The five, Very Frequent (Thorndike-Lorge count) words, chair, sugar, train, party, and labor, and the five Very Infrequent words, tango, groin, peony, ghozll, and triad, used by Mayzner and Tresselt in another study (1958), were employed. After rearrangement into anagrams, each anagram was typed in capital letters on two cards. On one card the space between successive letters was that produced normally by an elite-type typewriter (Nonspaced Condition). On the other card successive letters were separated by 10 typewriter spaces (Spaced Condition). In each condition 36 undergraduate Ss attempted to solve all 10 anagrams. Two letter orders were used for each anagram. The two orders selected were the one that yielded the highest, and the one that yielded the lowest, bigram frequency totals obtainable within the five hard letter orders developed by Mayzner and Tresselt (1958). Within each condition, half the Ss were given the version with high total bigram frequency, half the version wich low total frequency, of each of the 10 anagrams. E showed S a sample anagram, then presented each of the 10 anagrams one at a time, using a different random order of presentation for each S. S gave his solutions verbally. If S had not solved an anagram in 4 min., E told him the solution and presented the next anagram. The time of successful solutions was recorded in seconds. Since there were a number of failures to solve in 4 rnin., the data analyzed