High Technological Quality Research Articles

The benefits of experimental breeding research genotypes for the genetic resources of spring durum wheat

AbstractOur study aimed to incorporate 60 newly acquired spring durum wheat genotypes into the Prague Gene Bank collection, focusing on 54 experimental breeding research genotypes and their technological quality contributions for conservation and future use. We analyzed a total of 11 field and 6 technological parameters of grain quality. Additionally, we identified the composition of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) in 13 accessions with contrasting technological characteristics. Two different extraction procedures were employed to detect HMW-GSs: one based on total protein extraction and the other on gliadin pre-extraction. The tested parameters exhibited a significant range of variability, with the relative standard deviation ranging from 2.1% for starch content to 96.7% for the gluten index. Additionally, six breeding research genotypes exhibited high technological grain quality comparable to the two modern durum wheat cultivars. Two accessions: M90-99–2 and IG 142076 showed above-average Zeleny sedimentation values, probably positively influenced by the presence of HMW-GSs A1: (2*). Genotypes PI 675012 and IG 142039 displayed the highest grain stability in technological parameters. Both extraction methods also detected the specific subunit B1: (6 + 8*) in the genotype IG 142039. Preserving these genotypes thus represents a substantial expansion of genetic resources in the genebank.

The influence of traditional and alternative fertilization systems on the productivity of sugar beet

Purpose. To investigate the influence of mineral, traditional and alternative organic-mineral fertilization systems on productivity and technological quality of sugar beet roots. Меthods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. Research data on the effectiveness of traditional and alternative fertilization systems in increasing the productivity and technological quality of sugar beet roots are given. The perspective of using straw, green mass of white mustard and mineral fertilizers to obtain high yield and technological quality of sugar beet roots under conditions of sufficient moisture on leached chernozem has been established. Conclusions. The mineral fertilizer system was inferior to the organic-mineral fertilization in terms of efficiency. The maximum dose of mineral fertilizers N120P80K120 ensured roots yield – 67.5 t/ha, sugar content – 17.9 %, sugar yield – 12.1 t/ha. The highest productivity of sugar beet was achieved with the application of 40 t/ha of manure + N90P60K90: yield of roots – 79.6 t/ha, sugar content – 18.2 %, sugar yield – 14.5 t/ha with an increase in yield compared to the control without fertilizers – by 37.0 t/ha, sugar yield – by 6.7 t/ha. The application of straw + green manure + N90P60K90 was determined to be promising under sugar beet: roots yield – 70.3 t/ha, sugar content – 18.2 %, sugar yield – 12.8 t/ha. The specified fertilization system was inferior to the application of 40 t/ha of manure + N90P60K90 in yield by 9.3 t/ha, sugar collection – by 1.7 t/ha. The use of fertilizers insignificantly increased the loss of sugar in molasses compared to the control without fertilizers: with the application of mineral fertilizers - by 0.01–0.05 %, 40 t/ha of manure + N90P60K90 – by 0.07 %, straw + green manure + N90P60K90 – by 0.04 %.

Selection of Cotton Varieties in a Competitive Nursery in the South of Kazakhstan

The Turkestan region is a cotton-growing zone in the south of Kazakhstan, which is the northernmost cotton-growing zone in the world. 115-125 thousand hectares of medium-staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) are cultivated here annually, of which 80-85 thousand hectares are sown in the Maktaaral and Zhetysay districts. This region is highly susceptible to salinity, drought, invasion of dangerous pests (cotton budworm, beet borer, spider mites, aphids), and diseases (fusarium blight (wilt), gummosis). Considering the high salt content in the arable soil horizon, the aridity of the climate of the Turkestan region are the main limiting factor of the region, and selection and genetic methods is the most effective and economical way to reduce their negative impacts on cultivated vegetation, then research work on the study and creation of new resistant cotton varieties in these soil and climatic conditions are relevant. Considering all the above problems, scientists of the Agricultural Experimental Station of Cotton and Melon Growing LLP have set themselves the goal of creating heat- and drought-resistant, precocious cotton varieties with high productivity, resistance to salinization, diseases, pests, possessing high technological qualities as the yield and quality of fiber of types III-IV, based on previously obtained ones during hybridization of intraspecific and interspecific lines of families. For 30 years, scientist-breeders of Kazakhstan have created 13 varieties of medium-fiber cotton, of which 8 are approved for use in the Turkestan region in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research method is based on hybridization, multiple selection, and testing of offspring by the half method, according to the full diallel scheme (first Griffing model for F1). The created seven varieties PA-3031, PA-3044, M-4005, M-4007, M-4011, Bereke-07, Myrzashol-80, and M-4017 are zoned for more than 92% of the acreage in cotton-growing farms in the south of Kazakhstan, for the variety M-5027, which is resistant to pests, the patent has been issued 2021 and in 2022 it is planned to enter it into the register of approved varieties.

Ecological and technological efficiency of the innovative coal-watercoal cluster of housing and communal serviсes

The possibilities of increasing the ecological and technological efficiency of the innovative coal-watercoal cluster of housing and communal services, including the mechanics of coal destruction in a hydraulic shock installation, are considered. The creation of an experimental coal-watercoal cluster of housing and communal services involves the use of innovative coal-watercoal technology in boilers under construction or in operation, including the processing of solid coal fuels into innovative coal-water fuel suspension with subsequent combustion in specially equipped furnaces. The set tasks of managing environmental and technological qualities in the process of preparing an innovative coal-water fuel suspension based on statistical analysis of the granulometric composition correlate with the tasks of obtaining micro- and ultrafine coal-water suspensions in order to achieve high environmental and technological qualities. The control of an innovative coal-watercoal fuel technology based on automatic control of the granulometric composition using the natural fracturing of coal for the control action during the destruction of coal by the method of water hammer is proposed. Technological patterns of reducing the negative technogenic impact on the geospheres are revealed, including a method for managing the environmental and technological qualities of an innovative water-coal suspension based on automatic control of the granulometric composition during coal grinding by the hydraulic shock method.

Yield analysis of spring barley varieties under conditions of environmental variability

In conditions of increasing continentality of climate in recent decades, spring barley breeding should be aimed at creating drought-resistant, early-ripening, high-yielding varieties with sufficiently high technological qualities of grain. In addition to the economic and biological properties of the variety established by the breeders, external conditions in the region of cultivation also have a significant impact on the stabilization of the yields. The variability of productivity of spring barley varieties was assessed in terms of such traits as stability, ecological plasticity and adaptability in different ecological and geographical conditions. The research was conducted in 2020–2022 on 17 varieties of spring barley in ecological trial in Samara and Rostov regions. The experiment was laid in fourfold repetition with a plot area of 10 m². In the years of research, the "growing region" factor (98.7%) had the greatest influence. Evaluation of the index of environmental conditions (Ij) revealed that the best conditions for the vegetation of spring barley plants were formed in the experiment in the Rostov region (Zernogradsky district) (Ij = +0.99). The yield of the varieties depended not only on the location of the seed-trial ground but also on the year of cultivation. The linear regression coefficient ranged from 0.67 to 1.36, dividing the varieties into responsive, weakly responsive and adaptive to changes in the cultivation conditions. The varieties Zernogradsky 1717 and Zernogradsky 1724 formed the highest yield in the experimental plots and were classified as stable under cultivation under different soil and climatic conditions, with high breeding value, stress tolerance and level of variety stability.

Evaluation of source material for sweet maize by the main breeding characteristics

Topicality. The sweet maize grain differs from other maize subspecies in its high sugar content: the grain accumulates 2 times more mono- and disaccharides, 20 times more dextrins, and almost 2 times less starch, with a crude protein content of 10.4–14.9 %. The main direction of sweet maize breeding is to develop the high-yielding interline hybrids that are suitable for mechanized harvesting of cobs, and resistant to main diseases and pests, as well as characterized by high technological grain qualities. To effectively solve these challenges, it is necessary to know the morphological and biological characteristics and properly select the source material (self-pollinated lines). Purpose. To study of morphological and biological characteristics of sweet maize lines. Materials and methods. Visual phenological observations; laboratory-field method was used to determine morpho-biological characteristics of plants; measuring and weighing method – to determine yield and metric characteristics of plants; mathematical and statistical method - to determinate validity of results, variability of traits, correlational dependence of traits; analysis of variance; comprehensive assessment of morpho-biological and economically valuable characteristics of inbred lines. Results. According to analysis of sugar composition, the studied samples revealed a high content of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, etc.) in the lines HOL-1 1411111, HOL-1 1411211, DKS346 114, DINAR346 141, HOL-19 and disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) in HOL-1 1411211, SVAN1212 123, HOL-19. These indicators are important in the deep processing of sweet maize for the food industry an individual product and as one of the components in the culinary products. These mono- and disaccharides are used to produce sweets, sweet or alcoholic drinks and sauces. The following DINAR346 141, HOL-1 1411511 lines had a low level of sucrose content: 3.7 and 4.6 %, respectively. Conclusions. According to the results of research on the breeding material of sweet maize, it was identified the self-pollinated families with high taste qualities (7 points), such as HOL-1 1411111, HOL-1 1411211, DKS346 114, HOL-4 1411141 and HOL-19, which will be involved to develop competitive high-yielding hybrids with a high sugar content in grain, increased taste and technological qualities in the sweet maize breeding programs in the future. Key words: sweet corn, line, sugar content, seed productivity, grain taste

Gleditsia triacanthos Galactomannans in Gluten-Free Formulation: Batter Rheology and Bread Quality

Gluten-free batters, in general, require the incorporation of agents to control their rheology; this role is commonly played by hydrocolloids. New natural sources of hydrocolloids are under permanent research. In this regard, the functional properties of the galactomannan extracted from the seed of Gleditsia triacanthos (Gledi) have been studied. In this work, we evaluated the incorporation of this hydrocolloid, alone and in combination with Xanthan gum, in gluten-free batters and bread and compared it with Guar gum. The incorporation of hydrocolloids increased the viscoelastic profile of the batters. Gledi addition at 0.5% and 1.25% increased the elastic modulus (G') by 200% and 1500%, respectively, and similar trends were observed when Gledi-Xanthan was used. These increases were more pronounced when Guar and Guar-Xanthan were used. The batters became firmer and more elastically resistant because of the addition of hydrocolloids; batters containing Gledi had lower values of these parameters than batters containing Gledi-Xanthan. The addition of Gledi at both doses significantly increased the volume of the bread compared to the control by about 12%, while when Xanthan gum was included, a decrease was observed, especially at higher doses (by about 12%). The increase in specific volume was accompanied by a decrease in initial crumb firmness and chewiness, and during storage, they were significantly reduced. Bread prepared with Guar gum and Guar-Xanthan gum combinations was also evaluated, and the trends observed were comparable to that of bread with Gledi gum and Gledi-Xanthan gum. The results showed that Gledi addition favors the production of bread of high technological quality.

Ganho genético para caracteres tecnológicos de novas cultivares desenvolvidas pela rede sul brasileira de feijão

ABSTRACT Estimating the genetic gain obtained for technological quality traits over the years makes it possible to analyze whether the changes made meet consumer preferences, which represents an important innovation for common-bean breeding programs. The objectives of this study were to obtain genetic gain estimates for technological grain quality traits of common bean lines and investigate whether the modifications made were favorable in the context of sustainability and food and nutritional security for the coming generations. Twenty-four experiments were conducted between the years 2010 and 2022 and a total of 75 common bean lines were evaluated. Genetic gains of technological grain quality traits were determined by the Vencovsky’s (1988) method adapted for biennia. There was a significant effect of genotype for most traits evaluated, which shows the existence of genetic variability. Mass of 100 grains and water absorption had a negative genetic gain of -2.91% and -0.55% per year, respectively, indicating a reduction in these traits. Genetic gain was zero for L* value (lightness) and cooking time, denoting a plateau for these traits. Most of the common bean lines exhibit adequate L* values for carioca (L* ≥ 53) and black (L* ≤ 22) bean grains; a mass of 100 grains from 20 to 25 g; and fast cooking (≤ 25 min). The new common bean cultivars released for cultivation in the southern region of Brazil have high technological grain quality, being favorable in a context of sustainability and food and nutritional security for the coming generations.

КОМПЛЕКСНЕ ОСВОЄННЯ СУПУТНІХ КОРИСНИХ КОПАЛИН І КОМПОНЕНТІВ ВУГІЛЛЯ ЛЮБЕЛЬСЬКОГО РОДОВИЩА ЛЬВІВСЬКО-ВОЛИНСЬКОГО БАСЕЙНУ

The potential of coal deposits is determined not only by the establishment of coal bearing capacity, but also by a number of criteria determined by the complex extraction of associated minerals and coal components. One of the main reserves of replenishment of the mining mine fund of the Lviv-Volyn coal basin (LVB) is the South-Western coal-bearing area. The Lyubelya coal deposit is located in the south-western part of the Lviv-Volyn basin within the Kariv syncline. The Lyubelya deposit is the most submerged part of the LVB with the most complete stratigraphic section. The coal-bearing stratum is gas-bearing and germanium-bearing. Integrated use of the raw material base of LVB with the use of certain technologies of preliminary gas extraction will help to increase the profitability of the coal mining complex and prevent accidents. The deposit has significant reserves of high-quality coal that can be used for coking, which will be a significant contribution to the development of the Ukraine's energy base. Coal of grades Zh, KZh and K is widespread at the Lyubelya deposit. Coking coal makes up almost half of the field's reserves. The total explored coal reserves are 522884 thousand tons. Significant degassing of the coal seam in combination with high technological qualities of coal is the reason for the increased interest in the Lyubelya deposit. In its southern part, gas is almost absent in the fields of the Lyubelya mines No. 1 and 2, within the depths of the main working layers. But coal seams v6 , п06, п7 , п71 , п7в, п8 , п9 lie in the methane gas zone in the fields of Lyubelya mines No. 1–4 and are characterized by high natural gas content – from 9.60 to 30.70 m 3/t s.b. Methane gas zone is immersed in the direction of the bottom of the Kariv syncline. When designing coal mining in the deep horizons of the Lyubelya field, it is necessary to take into account their gas potential and the possibility of degassing of coal seams. Сoal gas can be considered as a stand-alone mineral that can be extracted in sufficient quantities and economically feasible. Coal from the Lyubelya deposit may also be suitable as a raw material for the extraction of germanium. Thus, the estimated reserves of germanium in terms of actual content in the coal of the Lyubelya No. 3 section in category C2 amounted to 248.41 tons. The Lyubelya deposit of LVB has significant reserves of high-quality coal that can be used for coking, which will be a significant contribution to the development of the Ukraine's energy base. When designing cost-effective technological schemes of coal mining, it is necessary to take into account the whole set of indicators for the development of related minerals and coal components.

Influence of planting period on the growth, development and productivity indicators of durum wheat

It is known that two varieties of wheat are grown in Uzbekistan. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) are cultivated in the main part of wheat fields. Durum wheat varieties included in the State Register in Uzbekistan are mainly spring and duvarak. Considering this feature and the high quality of the grain, the purchase price is 30-50% more expensive than that of common wheat, they fully meet the needs of the ever-growing macaroni-confectionery industry. Durum wheat grain is the main raw material used in the preparation of pasta and pasta products, as well as in the confectionery industry. In this case, high technological quality of durum wheat grain is required. In the next two years, the purchase price of durum and common wheat grain in the world increased significantly. Therefore, expansion of durum wheat cultivation areas in different soil and climate conditions, improvement of agrotechnology of care, obtaining high and quality grain harvest are urgent issues.

Стан і перспективи виробництва яблук у сировинних садах України

Canneries of Ukraine process 80-90 % of apples from the total volume of all fruit raw materials. Until recently, mainly fruits of the 3rd commercial grade, non-standard and unsuitable for storage, were used for processing. Today, in connection with the renewal and modernization of the canning industry, increasing requirements for the quality and safety of canned goods, raw materials with the specified quality parameters, which are indicated in the current DSTU 7075: 2009. Fresh apples for industrial processing, should be subject to industrial processing. The need for high-quality raw materials necessitates the creation of raw material gardens, which will be established in special raw material zones of specialized processing enterprises, using specially selected varieties for a certain assortment of canned goods. Scientists have substantiated that the best zones for locating such enterprises are Lisosteppe and Polissia, namely: Vinnytsia, Cherkasy, Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia regions, where large processing plants are located. According to the results of many years of research, domestic scientists have selected a number of apple varieties of intensive type with high technological qualities of fruits. Among them, for the production of raw materials that will satisfy the requirements of the canning industry, those that have a high level of manifestation of economic and valuable characteristics and in intensive gardens ensure the profitability of production are recommended. Until now, no models of raw apple orchards have been developed that could be recommended for farms that differ in size and form of ownership, the technology of growing such plantations that would ensure their rapid fertility, annual and high yield, high economic efficiency of production and processing has not been substantiated quality fruits. The solution of this urgent issue is timely, it will have theoretical significance and practical value for the field of horticulture and processing industry. Key words: apples, raw materials, quality, variety, production, processing, orchard, economic efficiency.

Study of tomato breeding forms based on a complex of biological and economic characteristics

In Dagestan, there are local varieties of tomatoes that have valuable economic and biological characteristics: good yield, excellent taste qualities of fruits, high technological qualities, etc. In this regard, the Apple variety is of interest. However, the Apple variety is uneven and represents a motley population. There are deviations – low-yielding, weak-leaved, strongly exposed to sunburn, with different fruit shapes from rounded to flat. Fruit ripening also occurs at different times. Some plants bear fruit early, others-late. The research was carried out in order to improve the local Apple variety by the method of intra-variety family selection. The forms that meet the set goals are highlighted. These include numbers 22.43 and 56 from the early–maturing group, mid–late - 1a, 3, 3a, and 6a. Early–ripening forms 22, 43 and 56 had an advantage over the control in yield by 4.0 - 12.4 t/ha, i.e. by 7.1 - 22.1%, yield of commercial fruits by 5.9 -14.4t/ha or by 11.6 -28.5%, early yield by 1.4 – 3.7 t/ha. Mid-late - 3a, 1a, 3, 6a, had a yield higher by 5.0 – 11.3 t/ha or 10 -11.3%, the yield of commercial fruits was 6.8 -12.8 t/ha or 13.4 – 25.3% more than the control. According to the early harvest, number 6a stood out. Its harvest for the first collections was obtained above the control by 7.8 t / ha.

Aspects of the application of precision agriculture in the conditions of intensification of grain production in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The results of three-year research during 2019-2021 on the study of the effectiveness of precision farming elements in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia are presented. The experiments were carried out on leached chernozem at the Irmen breeding farm, Ordynsky district, Novosibirsk region. Elements of precision farming were tested on grain crops: spring wheat: varieties Likamero, Novosibirskaya 31 and Omskaya 36; spring barley varieties: Paustian and Margret and oats varieties Rovestnik. Navigation and drones of varying degrees of complexity were used, as well as a complex of differentiated fertilization. The aim of the work was to improve the technology of precision farming in the production of grain crops in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The effectiveness of the use of precision farming elements has been established. Due to the introduction of differentiated doses of mineral fertilizers, the grain yield of wheat varieties increased by 27%, spring barley 33% and oats - 23%. Against the background of the use of geolocation technologies in combination with differentiated application of mineral fertilizers, the yield level reached 7 t/ha for spring soft wheat of the Licamero variety, 8 t/ha for spring barley Paustian, and 5.6 t/ha for oats. In order to obtain a high yield of grain crops, doses of mineral fertilizers were applied differentially according to elementary fields up to 25 Oct. per 1 hectare and liquid nitrogen fertilizers up to 200 l/ha UAN-32, which ensured not only a yield of up to 7 t/ha, but also high technological quality of grain with a gluten level in spring soft wheat of the Licamero variety - 36%.

Formation of winter rye productivity and grain quality under insufficient moisture

The purpose of the current work was to identify the features of the formation of productivity and grain quality indicators of modern winter rye varieties and hybrids, depending on the moisture content of the spring-summer vegetation period. The study was carried out at the TatRIA FRC KazSC RAS (Republic of Tatarstan) in contrasting weather years (2020–2021). The object of the study was the population of winter rye varieties ‘Estafeta Tatarstana’, ‘Radon’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Tantana’, ‘Podarok’, ‘Zilant’ and German heterotic hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’ and ‘KVS Prommo’. There has been established that for the studied rye varieties and hybrids, grain productivity decrease caused by drought was 44 %, number of heads per 1 m2 reduced on 19.4 %, and 1000-grain weight dropped on 27.7 %. The advantages of rye hybrids according to grain productivity with a good supply of spring-summer vegetation were 14 %, with a lack of moisture they were 10 %. Among the population varieties, the varieties ‘Zilant’, ‘Podarok’ and ‘Tantana’ had the least losses from drought. There has been identified that in terms of baking and technological qualities the situation was vice versa. In a dry year, there was an increase of such indicators as the amylogram height (in 2 times), protein (on 20.8 %), and falling number (on 14.2 %). There has been established that the biochemical parameters of grain (content of fiber, ash, oil) improved significantly. The obtained study results have indicated that in dry years it is necessary to prepare batches of rye with high technological qualities and biochemical properties for baking industry.

Hydrogelled emulsion from linseed oil and pea protein as a strategy to produce healthier pork burgers with high technological and sensory quality

Hydrogelled emulsions (HEs) produced with linseed oil and different levels of pea protein (PP) (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) were used to replace 50% of animal fat in burgers. The effect of this lipid reformulation on the nutritional, technological, oxidative, microbiological, and sensory quality of the burgers was evaluated during their refrigerated storage (4 °C for 12 days). The reformulated burgers displayed a reduction of >40% in fat and an increase of up to 10% in protein content. Lipid reformulation also increased the PUFA/SFA ratio and reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices of the lipid fraction of the burgers. Including 5 and 10% of PP in the HEs made it possible to obtain burgers of high technological quality and with a sensory profile similar to full-fat products. PP was also efficient in reducing the increase in the lipid oxidation caused by the enrichment with n-3 PUFAs.

Technological, Nutritional, and Sensory Characteristics of Gnocchi Enriched with Hemp Seed Flour

Hemp seed flour (HSF) is a by-product of the hemp oil production process and is a valuable source of protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. In line with sustainable food production and a circular economy, this research aimed to utilize HSF as fortifying ingredient in the production of gnocchi, a typical Italian potato-based fresh pasta, and to investigate the effects of the addition on the quality and consumers’ acceptability of the enriched products. Three formulations have been developed using 5–20% HSF in substitution of soft wheat flour. Nutritional value, cooking quality, color, texture and sensory profile, and the consumers’ acceptability of gnocchi samples were evaluated, as well as the functional properties of pure and composite flours and the HSF aroma compounds. HSF addition allowed to enhance the nutritional value of gnocchi, gaining the nutritional claim of “source of fiber” in case of formulations with ≥10% of HSF. Moreover, the fortified gnocchi had a high technological quality in terms of cooking loss, cooking resistance and textural properties, and average sensory quality; however, the vegetable and hemp odor and the bitter taste make them not well appreciated by consumers highlighting the need for improving the HSF sensory quality for consumers’ satisfaction.

Estimating technological quality parameters of bread wheat using sensor-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

This multi-environment study aimed to investigate the usability of the sensor-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for estimating bread wheat technological quality properties. The relationships between the technological quality properties and NDVI Zadoks (ZD) 31 stage readings were evaluated by grouping the trials as low and high-yielding environments (LYE and HYE). According to the results, the quality parameters and grain yield were higher in the HYE compared to the LYE group. Generally, the increase in the grain protein content (GPC), macro SDS sedimentation (MSDS) volume, and GlutoPeak aggregation energy (AGGEN) value differences became evident after 80 kg ha−1 nitrogen dose in the LYE, while, significant effects were observed after 40 kg ha−1 dose in the HYE. The equations developed in this study can be used for the estimation of GPC, and technological quality properties in the NDVI ZD31 stage. The R2s of the regression equations developed for the actual and predicted technological quality parameters of bread wheat were 0.216 for GPC, 0.295 for MSDS, and 0.226 for AGGEN values (p < 0.01; n = 240). As a result of this study, the reading value of 0.758 was found as a critical NDVI ZD31 threshold for the recommendation of nitrogen to obtain high technological quality.

Genetic improvement in grain yield and quality of Australian durum wheat over six decades of breeding

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDurum wheat breeding commenced in Australia in the 1930s by the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI), Australia. Dural was developed in 1956 from a cross between North African landraces. Since then, another 20 varieties have been released in the following six decades by NSW DPI and the University of Adelaide. These were evaluated for agronomic and detailed quality traits including pasta‐making quality over three seasons. This study aimed to quantify progress achieved in Australian durum breeding for yield, quality, and some agronomic traits since the release of Dural.FindingsA demonstrated grain yield improvement at the rate of 27.8 kg ha−1 year−1 up to 2017 has been achieved when generally maintaining low screenings and high thousand grain weight. The recent varieties are medium early in their maturity relative to Dural and possess improved lodging tolerance which has resulted in better adaptation to seasonal conditions under dryland cultivation, and also, adaptation to high input irrigated cropping. Breeding has also resulted in higher technological quality, specifically, improved semolina yellow color, higher dough strength, improved pasta brightness and yellowness but with slightly declining grain protein content. Strong genetic gain was observed in semolina color traits, namely, reduction in a* and increase in b*.ConclusionThe progress in Australian durum breeding over the last six decades compares well to the progress achieved in other countries for yield, agronomic, and quality traits. The improvements in yield and quality are expected to continue with future developments focussing on adaptation to meet the changing climate and improving tolerance to a major disease, crown rot, while maintaining high technological quality.Significance and NoveltyThis is the first study quantifying the progress made in Australian durum breeding efforts and the first study that includes pasta‐making quality traits from an historical breeding perspective.

Efficiency and Management of Nitrogen Fertilization in Sugar Beet as Spring Crop: A Review

Sugar beet fertilization is a very complex agrotechnical measure for farmers. The main reason is that technological quality is equally important as sugar beet yield, but the increment of the root yield does not follow the root quality. Technological quality implies the concentration of sucrose in the root and the possibility of its extraction in the production of white table sugar. The great variability of agroecological factors that directly affect root yield and quality are possible good agrotechnics, primarily by minimizing fertilization. It should be considered that for sugar beet, the status of a single plant available nutrient in the soil is more important than the total amounts of nutrients in the soil. Soil analysis will show us the amount of free nutrients, the degree of soil acidity and the status of individual elements in the soil so that farmers can make a compensation plan. An estimate of the mineralizing ability of the soil, the N min, is very important in determining the amount of mineral nitrogen that the plant can absorb for high root yield and good technological quality. The amount of N needed by the sugar beet crop to be grown is an important factor, and it will always will be in the focus for the producers, especially from the aspect of trying to reduce the N input in agricultural production to preserve soils and their biodiversity but also to establish high yields and quality.

Sourdough on quinoa and buckwheat gluten‐free breads: Evaluation of autochthonous starter fermentation on bread nutritional and technological properties

SUMMARYThe aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of two autochthonous strains of lactic acid bacteria as sourdough (SD) starters on gluten‐free bread technological quality and in vitro starch hydrolysis and antioxidant activity. Two strains of Limosilactobacillus fermentum isolated from buckwheat (BW) and quinoa flours were used. SDs were prepared from wholegrain quinoa or BW flours. Bread technological properties, total polyphenol content and in vitro antioxidant activity and starch hydrolysis and dialysability were assessed. Specific bread volumes were between 2.61 and 2.76 cm3 g−1. Breads with quinoa‐based SD had overall higher technological quality than breads made with BW SDs, shown by a softer, well‐aerated crumb, with an opener crumb structure and larger air area. Crumb firming during storage was reduced up to 29% when quinoa SD was used, and up to 42% when BW SD was added. Quinoa breads showed higher polyphenols and FRAP values, whereas BW breads had significantly higher ABTS values. Total starch hydrolysis and dialysability were significantly reduced when SD was used. Starch hydrolysis was reduced up to 42% and 25% when quinoa and BW SD were used, respectively. SD application produced breads with higher technological quality and modified in vitro starch hydrolysis and antioxidant capacity. Even though these effects seemed to be influenced by pH, a biological effect was also observed.