High Physicochemical Stability Research Articles

Role of Charge Density and Surface Area of Tailored Ionic Porous Organic Polymers for Adsorption and Antibacterial Actions.

The development of high-performance adsorbents for environmental remediation is a current need, and ionic porous organic polymers (iPOPs), due to their high physicochemical stability, high surface area, added electrostatic interaction, and easy reusability, have already established themselves as a better adsorbent. However, research on the structural design of high-performance iPOP-based adsorbents is still nascent. This study explored the building blocks' role in optimizing the polymers' charge density and surface area to develop better polymeric adsorbents. Among the three synthesized polymers, iPOP-ZN1, owing to its high surface area and high charge density in its active sites, proved to be the best adsorbent for adsorbing inorganic and organic pollutants in an aqueous medium. The polymers were efficient enough to capture and store iodine vapor in the solid state. Further, this study tried to address using iodine-loaded polymers in antibacterial action. Iodine-loaded iPOPs show impressive antibacterial behavior against E. coli, B. subtilis, and H. pylori.

“Grafting-from” and “Grafting-to” Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) Functionalization of Glass for DNA Biosensors with Improved Properties

Surface-based biosensors have proven to be of particular interest in the monitoring of human pathogens by means of their distinct nucleic acid sequences. Genosensors rely on targeted gene/DNA probe hybridization at the surface of a physical transducer and have been exploited for their high specificity and physicochemical stability. Unfortunately, these sensing materials still face limitations impeding their use in current diagnostic techniques. Most of their shortcomings arise from their suboptimal surface properties, including low hybridization density, inadequate probe orientation, and biofouling. Herein, we describe and compare two functionalization methodologies to immobilize DNA probes on a glass substrate via a thermoresponsive polymer in order to produce genosensors with improved properties. The first methodology relies on the use of a silanization step, followed by PET-RAFT of NIPAM monomers on the coated surface, while the second relies on vinyl sulfone modifications of the substrate, to which the pre-synthetized PNIPAM was grafted to. The functionalized substrates were fully characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for their surface atomic content, fluorescence assay for their DNA hybridization density, and water contact angle measurements for their thermoresponsive behavior. The antifouling properties were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Both immobilization methodologies hold the potential to be applied to the engineering of DNA biosensors with a variety of polymers and other metal oxide surfaces.

Natural Antioxidants from Acmella oleracea Extract as Dermatocosmetic Actives

Compounds from plant extracts make dermatocosmetic products more effective as they avoid the adaptation and resistance of the organism and achieve a synergistic effect of the molecular properties of interest. Acmella oleracea extract is considered to have great potential in preventing oxidative damage and improving the appearance of the skin. The purpose of this article is to support the product formulated by preliminary studies of two types of O/W emulsions with 3% and 5% concentrations of Acmella oleracea extract. Physico-chemical methods were performed to evaluate the stability, microbiological control, rheological behavior and diffusion through the membrane. Good homogeneity, structural strength and flexibility, adequate skin diffusion, and high physico-chemical and microbiological stability were confirmed. The conclusions lead to the idea that these results require further in vivo studies as well as studies of toxicity and cytotoxicity to obtain the necessary data to place this product on the market.

Well-designed chitosan-based cationic porous polymer: A robust material for effective adsorption of endocrine disrupting chemicals

There is an immediate need for meticulous design of easily accessible, cost-effective, chemically stable and eco-friendly materials for effectively removal of water contaminant. Herein, targeting typical water contaminants, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), three cationic hyper-cross-linked porous polymers (ciHCP-1, ciHCP-2, ciHCP-3) with multiple adsorption sites were designed with 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) as precursor. The ciHCP-3 with large surface area (806 m2 g−1) exhibited high sorption capacity (137–366 mg g−1), and fast adsorption kinetics (5 min) for the EDCs, which is superior to the reported sorbents. The adsorption mechanisms can be attributed to the synergistic effect of physisorption and chemisorption. The high preparation reproducibility, physicochemical stability, and reuse capability of ciHCP highlights its great potential in practical water remediation applications.

Modulation of π-Electron Density in Ultrathin 2D Layers of Graphite Carbon Nitride for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

The rational design and synthesis of novel semiconductor nano-/quantum materials have been ambitiously pursued in the field of photocatalysis as the technology is promising and critical for attaining future energy and environmental sustainability. Herein, the integrity of aromatic carbon into graphitic carbon nitride (CN) at the same molecular plane with a few 2D layers is achieved by using modulated precursors of CN, forming carbon regulated ultrathin CN (CUCN) with improved charge transfer kinetics and photocatalytic hydrogen production. The grafted graphite rings adjacent to carbon nitride frameworks induce a significant rearrangement and relocalization of the overall framework, and form conjugated sp2 hybridized interfaces and internal electric fields that drive the separation and directional transfer of photogenerated electrons from CN sheets towards intralayer graphite regions, where the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction occurs extensively, yielding largely increased HER rate of 2231.8 µmol g-1 h-1 by 8.2 times relative to CN, as well as a remarkable apparent quantum yield of 2.93% under monochromatic light at 420 nm. The high physicochemical stability and low synthesis cost of CUCN make it a potential benchmark photocatalyst that can be readily modified via element doping, heterojunction introduction, defect engineering, and so on, to further enhance its HER performance.

Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Ruthenium-Cultured Bacterial Biofilms

Most of the bacterial species form biofilms, in which microorganisms are attached to a surface and they are held together by extracellular polymeric substances that they produce. They tend to grow almost everywhere both on living or non-living surfaces. Biofilms are able to propagate charge within their structures and to transfer effectively electrons at interfaces, as well as they could exhibit electrocatalytic properties (e.g. in Microbial Fuels Cells). The application of microbes provides better flexibility: experiments with fuel cells can be operated at normal conditions (temperatures and pressures). Wide variety of microbial metabolic pathways gives the possibility to use aggregates of bacteria in diverse processes. Proposed electrochemical studies using bacterial biofilms (in the form of thin coatings on the glassy carbon electrodes) can be considered as an attempt to find efficient methods of using the energy produced by microorganisms and converting it to electricity.The ultimate goal of the present research has been to determine whether it is possible under laboratory conditions to perform electrocatalytic processes using the hybrid (composite) layers composed of aggregates of bacteria in pristine or modified forms. A biofilm formed by a strain of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is characterized by a high physicochemical stability over a wide pH range (4-10) and temperatures (0-40°C).The subject of interest is a fairly complex reaction, electroreduction of carbon dioxide. There has been growing interest in the search of electrocatalytic anf photoelectrochemical systems capable of efficient conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and utility chemicals. Our previously performed studies have clearly shown that the Y. enterocolitica biofilm itself has no activity with respect to reduction of CO2, however it acts as a good matrix for the catalytic (e.g. noble metal or metaloorganic) centers, because it affects the reaction mechanism and appears to decrease overpotential of the electroreduction processes. The conducted research shows that the composite materials containing bacterial biofilms can be successfully used to construct systems that have an electrocatalytic reactivity in the reduction of carbon dioxide. We will also address the possibility of dispersing the organometallic ruthenium (II) complex in the biological layer (biofilm). Indeed, the ruthenium (II) complex has been immobilized in the biofilm matrix by successive modification of the liquid medium (Luria-Bertani medium) for culturing bacteria with a solution of the complex compound. In addition, the biological matrix was used (along with the ruthenium (II) complex molecules dispersed in its layer) as a protective coating, stabilizing the unstable p-type semiconductor - copper (I) oxide. The proposed hybrid co-catalytic system showed activity during the photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and stability under semi-neutral experimental conditions. Finally, we are going to address the design of the above-mentioned catalytically active systems emphasizing the need to control the structure of the studied hybrid materials (in addition to their stability). Among important issues is the viability of bacteria in the biological membrane as well as elucidation of the role of the bacterial biofilm during the carbon dioxide reduction.

The synergistic effect of Cd-doped and S-vacancies in CdxZn1-xIn2S4 2D nanosheets for high-performance triethylamine sensing

Ternary metal sulfides with suitable band gaps, high physicochemical stability, and unique two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures are expected to be the next-generation high-performance gas sensors following the MOS type. Doping engineering is utilized as an effective strategy to improve the semiconductor surface activity and enhance its gas-sensitive properties. In this paper, the energy band structure and surface chemical oxygen of ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) materials was tuned by selectively introducing substitutional Cd to replace the Zn sites in ZIS crystals. Meanwhile, the introduction of Cd-ions brings more abundant S vacancy defects, enhances the acid-base interactions at the interface, and pushes the extent of surface redox reactions. In addition, by combining the strong adsorption of ZIS to triethylamine, the CdxZn1-xIn2S4 nanosheets achieved highly improved sensing properties, including better response (63.38–100 ppm), enhanced selectivity (STEA/sother = 12.9), and accelerated response/recovery (4 s/32 s). The results confirm the feasibility of developing low-cost, high-performance 2D metal sulfide gas sensing materials through rational structural design and optimization.

Aesthetic synthesis and comparative study of graphitic carbon nitride for energy storage applications

ABSTRACT Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) has emerged as a suitable 2D material for various applications, such as photocatalysis, energy storage, and conversion. Due to their abundance of active sites, their unique layered structure, metal-free characteristics, high physicochemical stability, generous in nature, being environmentally friendly and having unique electrical characteristics. In this study, we use a one-step pyrolysis procedure to address these limitations and propose robust, low-cost, and scalable ways to synthesise materials. The synthesised gCN material graphitic phase is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, the layered structure of the sp2 hybridised C-N bonding features is shown by FT-IR analysis. FESEM analyses provide insights into the morphology of gCN. Elemental identification and oxidation states were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical properties of gCN are performed using a two-electrode system with PVA/KOH electrolyte. The gCN nanostructure shows a specific capacitance of 183.20 F/g at a current density (CD) of 2 A/g, an energy density (ED) of 30.44 Wh/kg, and a power density (PD) of 2739.6 W/kg. Furthermore, the gCN nanostructure shows an excellent cycle life with 87.11% capacitance retention and 98.13% coulombic efficiency. These investigations clarify the electrochemical properties of gCN as an electrode material for supercapacitors.

Main Composition and Visual Appearance of Milk Kefir Beverages Obtained from Four Consecutive 24- and 48-h Batch Subcultures

Nowadays, there has been a significant rise in the consumption of kefir, a functional beverage touted for its perceived health benefits. To offer a high-quality beverage to consumers, it is imperative to scrutinize and fine-tune the fermentation process. This study seeks to investigate the impact of fermentation time and the number of subcultures on the physicochemical, microbiological, and volatile composition, as well as the visual appearance, of kefir beverages obtained from four consecutive 24- or 48-h batch subcultures. All fermented beverages exhibited low lactose, ethanol and acids levels, with counts of viable probiotic lactic acid bacteria and yeast exceeding 106 colony forming units/mL. The four kefir beverages from the 48-h batch subcultures notably showed the lowest total concentrations of volatile compounds, likely due to overfermentation and over-acidification of the beverages. This caused the separation of the whey and curd, along with the formation of large gas bubbles, negatively affecting the visual appearance of the products. These findings emphasize the importance of fine-tuning the fermentation process to ensure the production of high-quality kefir beverages that align with consumer preferences. The four beverages from the 24-h batch subcultures exhibited high microbiological and physicochemical stability during storage at 4 °C for 28 days.

Chitosan, gelatin and pectin based bionanocomposite films with rosemary essential oil as an active ingredient for future foods

Bionanocomposite films of three biopolymers including chitosan, gelatin, and pectin incorporated with rosemary essential oil (REO) were developed and characterized in terms of their physical, structural, mechanical, morphological, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Incorporation of REO showed an increased hydrophobic nature thus, improved water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), tensile strength (TS), elongation-at-break (EAB), and thermal stability significantly (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to the control films. The addition of REO leads to more opaque films with relatively increased microstructural heterogeneity, resulting in an increase in film opacity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size revealed that REO incorporation exhibits high physicochemical stability in chitosan, gelatin, and pectin bionanocomposite films. Incorporation of REO exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the tested pathogenic strains (Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli). Furthermore, the addition of REO increased the inhibitory activity of films against ABTS and DPPH free radicals. Therefore, chitosan, gelatin, and pectin-based bionanocomposite films containing REO as food packaging could act as a potential barrier to extending food shelf life.

Stability of an isotonic beverage based on sweet whey permeate added with cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

Carbohydrate and mineral content in whey permeate is similar to that of commercially available sports drinks, most of which are formulated without functional ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical stability of two formulations of isotonic beverage from whey permeate obtained by membrane separation (ultrafiltration), added with cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis peruviana L.). Physicochemical and microbiological stability, total polyphenol and carotenoid content, antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH) and sensory profile were evaluated during two-months of refrigerated storage at 4 °C. The results showed high physicochemical stability (pH, acidity, and total soluble solids) for the functional beverage. Important differences were observed in osmolality, which increased from 304.83 to 324.13 mOsm kg-1 for the non-hydrolyzed drink (BIUN) and from 330.1 to 350.53 mOsm kg-1 for the hydrolyzed drink (BIUH). The average content of total phenols was 9.64 and 9.72 mg-AG.100 g-1 for the BIUN and BIUH beverages, respectively. There was a reduction in the antioxidant activity of the drinks by both DPPH and ABTS analysis during storage time. Total carotenoid content decreased from 0.095 to 0.076 mg β-carotene.100 g-1 and from 0.115 to 0.076 mg β-carotene.100 g-1 for the BIUN and BIUH beverages, respectively. The sensory profile showed that both drinks had high overall quality.

Biaxila strain modulated high anisotropic gas-sensing performance of C5N-based two-dimensional devices: A first-principles study

Two-dimensional carbon nitride materials have been widely used in many applications such as device fabrication, gas adsorption and separation due to their abundant element resources, high physicochemical stability and excellent electronic properties. In this paper, density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function method are used to study the electronic structure, transport characteristics and gas sensitivity of C5N-based structures. The results show that the electron transport exhibits obvious anisotropy, in which the electron transport in the armchair direction is more conductive than that in the zigzag direction. It is worth noting that the negative differential resistance effect exists in both directions. Furthermore, the transport and sensing characteristics of inorganic molecules (NO, CO, NO2, SO2, and NH3) adsorbed on the C5N monolayer are studied. The results show that CO, SO2 and NH3 exist on the surface of C5N in the form of physical adsorption, while NO and NO2 adhere to the surface of C5N in the form of chemical adsorption. The designed C5N gas sensor exhibits high sensitivity to NO and NO2 molecules, reaching 81 % sensitivity to NO2 at a 0.1 V bias voltage. Finally, the effect of strain on the adsorption properties of gas sensing devices is studied. Studies have shown that the application of -4 % strain in the armchair direction significantly increases the current of NO and NO2, significantly improving the performance of the gas sensor. Whether strain is applied to the device or gas adsorption, C5N materials always maintain significant anisotropy. This study shows that C5N is a highly anisotropic and sensitive two-dimensional material, which has broad application potential in the field of electronic properties and gas sensing.

Noninvasive in vivo microscopy of single neutrophils in the mouse brain via NIR-II fluorescent nanomaterials.

In vivo microscopy of single cells enables following pathological changes in tissues, revealing signaling networks and cell interactions critical to disease progression. However, conventional intravital microscopy at visible and near-infrared wavelengths <900 nm (NIR-I) suffers from attenuation and is typically performed following the surgical creation of an imaging window. Such surgical procedures cause the alteration of the local vasculature and induce inflammation in skin, muscle and skull, inevitably altering the microenvironment in the imaging area. Here, we detail the use of near-infrared fluorescence (NIR-II, 1,000-1,700 nm) for in vivo microscopy to circumvent attenuation in living tissues. This approach enables the noninvasive visualization of cell migration in deep tissues by labeling specific cells with NIR-II lanthanide downshifting nanoparticles exhibiting high physicochemical stability and photostability. We further developed a NIR-II fluorescence microscopy setup for in vivo imaging through the intact skull with high spatiotemporal resolution, which we use for the real-time dynamic visualization of single-neutrophil behavior in the deep brain of a mouse model of ischemic stroke. The labeled downshifting nanoparticle synthesis takes 5-6 d, the imaging system setup takes 1-2 h, the in vivo cell labeling takes 1-3 h, the in vivo NIR-II microscopic imaging takes 3-5 h and the data analysis takes 3-8 h. The procedures can be performed by users with standard laboratory training in nanomaterials research and appropriate animal handling.

Fluorine-Containing Poly(Fluorene)-Based Anion Exchange Membrane with High Hydroxide Conductivity and Physicochemical Stability for Water Electrolysis.

Improving the hydroxide conductivity and dimensional stability of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) while retaining their high alkaline stability is necessary to realize the commercialization of AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE). A strategy for improving the hydroxide conductivity and dimensional stability of AEMs by inserting fluorine atoms in the core structure of the backbone is reported, which not only reduces the glass transition temperature of the polymer due to steric strain, but also induces distinct phase separation by inducing polarity discrimination to facilitate the formation of ion transport channels. The resulting PFPFTP-QA AEM with fluorine into the core structure shows high hydroxide conductivity (>159 mS cm-1 at 80°C), favorable dimensional stability (>25% at 80°C), and excellent alkaline stability for 1000h in 2m KOH solution at 80°C. Moreover, the PFPFTP-QA is used to construct an AEMWE cell with a platinum group metal (PGM)-free NiFe anode, which exhibits the current density of 6.86 A cm-2 at 1.9V at 80°C, the highest performance in Pt/C cathode and PGM-free anode reports so far and operates stably for over 100h at a constant current of 0.5 A cm-2.

Stochastic packaging of Cas proteins into exosomes

CRISPR/Cas systems are perspective molecular tools for targeted manipulation with genetic materials, including gene editing, regulation of gene transcription, modification of epigenome etc. While CRISPR/Cas systems proved to be highly effective for correcting genetic disorders and treating infectious diseases and cancers in experimental settings, the clinical translation of these results is hampered by the lack of efficient CRISPR/Cas delivery vehicles. Modern synthetic nanovehicles based on organic and inorganic polymers have many disadvantages, including toxicity issues, the lack of targeted delivery, complex and expensive production pipelines. In turn, exosomes are secreted biological nanoparticles exhibiting high biocompatibility, physico-chemical stability, and ability to cross biological barriers. Early clinical trials found no toxicity associated with exosome injections. In recent years, exosomes have been considered as perspective delivery vehicles for CRISPR/Cas systems in vivo. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas stochastic packaging into exosomes at several human cell lines. Here, we show that Cas9 protein is effectively localized into the compartment of intracellular exosome biogenesis, but stochastic packaging of Cas9 into exosomes turns to be very low (~1%). As such, stochastic packaging of Cas9 protein is very ineffective, and cannot be used for gene editing purposes. Developing novel tools and technologies for loading CRISPR/Cas systems into exosomes is required.

Influence of gadolinium doping on structural, optical, and electronic properties of polymeric graphitic carbon nitride.

Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) materials have received great attention in the fields of photo and electrocatalysis due to their distinct properties in metal-free systems with high physicochemical stability. Nevertheless, the activity of undoped gCN is limited due to its relatively low specific surface area, low conductivity, and poor dispersibility. Doping Gd atoms in a gCN matrix is an efficient strategy to fine-tune its catalytic activity and its electronic structure. Herein, the influence of various wt% of gadolinium (Gd) doped in melon-type carbon nitride was systematically investigated. Gadolinium-doped graphitic carbon nitride (GdgCN) was synthesized by adding gadolinium nitrate to dicyandiamide during polymerization. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed that the crystallinity and the morphological properties are influenced by the % of Gd doping. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies revealed that the gadolinium ions bonded with nitrogen atoms. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations illustrate possible bonding configurations of Gd ions both in bulk material and on ultrathin melon layers and provide evidence for the corresponding bandgap modifications induced by gadolinium doping.

Functional Evaluation of Niosomes Utilizing Surfactants in Nanomedicine Applications.

Niosomes are key nanocarriers composed of bilayer vesicles formed by non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol, offering advantages such as high physicochemical stability, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and low toxicity. This review discusses their significant role in drug delivery, including applications in anticancer therapy and vaccine delivery. It also highlights the impact of non-ionic surfactants on niosome formation, drug delivery pathways, and protein corona formation-a relatively underexplored topic. Furthermore, the application of artificial intelligence in optimizing niosome design and functionality is examined. Future research directions include enhancing formulation techniques, expanding application scopes, and integrating advanced technologies. This review provides comprehensive insights and practical guidance for advancing niosome-based drug delivery systems.

Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Silica-Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles from Lanthanide Oxides or Nitrates Using Co-Precipitation and Sol-Gel Methods.

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are under consideration for their use as bioimaging probes with enhanced optical performance for real time follow-up under non-invasive conditions. Photostable and core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+-SiO2 UCNPs obtained by a novel and simple co-precipitation method from lanthanide nitrates or oxides were herein synthesized for the first time. The sol-gel Stöber method followed by oven or supercritical gel drying was used to confer biocompatible surface properties to UCNPs by the formation of an ultrathin silica coating. Upconversion (UC) spectra were studied to evaluate the fluorescence of UCNPs upon red/near infrared (NIR) irradiation. ζ-potential measurements, TEM analyses, XRD patterns and long-term physicochemical stability were also assessed and confirmed that the UCNPs co-precipitation synthesis is a shape- and phase-controlling approach. The bio- and hemocompatibility of the UCNPs formulation with the highest fluorescence intensity was evaluated with murine fibroblasts and human blood, respectively, and provided excellent results that endorse the efficacy of the silica gel coating. The herein synthesized UCNPs can be regarded as efficient fluorescent probes for bioimaging purposes with the high luminescence, physicochemical stability and biocompatibility required for biomedical applications.

Different Approaches for Transdermal Nano-Carrier Delivery System

Transdermal drug delivery is a validated technology that makes a significant contribution to global pharmaceutical care. Since 1980, the sector has seen impressive growth with several commercial successes. The term transdermal drug delivery refers to the delivery of a drug across the layers of skin with the intention of allowing the drug to be absorbed through the skin in a predetermined and controlled rate manner. Skin is one of the largest organs that act as an efficient barrier for drug delivery. The present study focuses on the different approaches of nano-carrier system that delivers the nano-carrier drug across the skin barrier with the help of transdermal delivery system. Nano-carrier drug delivery systems are one of the biggest challenges to deliver drug into systemic circulation by crossing the skin barrier providing a passive drug delivery strategy that is known to be safer and faster than the conventional method. In this review, we describe the diverse types of nano-carriers approaches that have been synthesized for transdermal delivery system includes liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), polymeric nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers and nanosuspension/nanoemulsion. Several characterization methods of transdermal delivery system have been proposed to control the behavior of nano-carriers, along with in-vitro and in-vivo and other evaluation parameters. It was concluded that the compatibility of nano-carriers with the skin structure should be considered for transdermal nanocarrier delivery systems, which will be the most preferred route for drug delivery in the future as it offers high patient compliance, controlled dosing, low frequency of dosing, high physico-chemical stability and better dermal bioavailability, etc.

Polymeric amino-single-benzene nano-aggregates (PANA) as a Next-Generation glioblastoma photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been highlighted as a promising strategy for tumor treatment, using in situ reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which is achieved by irradiating a photosensitizer (PS) with a specific wavelength of light. The efficiency of PDT treatment is enhanced by the high intersystem crossing (ISC) process of PS, which promotes the generation of ROS. Herein, we disclosed a next-generation PS based on polymeric amino-single-benzene nano-aggregates (PANA) that show superior PDT efficacy by improving the ISC process. PANA demonstrates numerous advantageous features for practical applications, such as facile one-pot synthesis, high scalability (>10 g), a bright red emission, high physicochemical stability, high biosafety, and high PDT efficacy. In our study, PANA was applied for the glioblastoma (GBM) treatment using PDT, and it showed exceptional GBM homing properties and high therapeutic efficacy in the mouse animal model without any biological toxicity issues.