High Light Transmittance Research Articles

Recent progress in the flexible organic solar cells based on Ag micro/nano-structured transparent electrodes

<p indent="0mm">High-performance flexible transparent electrodes play a decisive role in achieving high-efficiency flexible organic solar cells. Silver micro/nano-structured transparent electrodes, such as Ag-grid and AgNWs, hold great promise as an effective flexible transparent electrode for flexible organic solar cells due to their advantages of high electrical conductivity, high light transmittance, excellent mechanical bending resistance and low cost. In the past ten years, flexible organic solar cells based on silver micro/nano-structured transparent electrodes have achieved significant breakthrough in power conversion efficiency. In this review, we first introduced several different preparation methods of silver micro/nano structures. Next, we summarized the optimization methods for the conductivity of AgNWs films. Then, we summarized the progress of flexible organic solar cells based on silver micro/nano-structured transparent electrodes. Finally, we provided a brief challenge analysis for the developments of flexible organic solar cells based on silver micro/nano-structured transparent electrodes.

All-aerosol-sprayed high-performance transparent triboelectric nanogenerator with embedded charge-storage layer for self-powered invisible security IoT system and raindrop-solar hybrid energy harvester

Practical utilization of the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which have unique advantageous aspects of a simple operation mechanism, material selection diversity, and high energy conversion efficiency, requires high functionality as well as a scalable fabrication to broaden the applicable fields. Here, we report the concept of all-aerosol-sprayed transparent TENG (ST-TENG) by sequentially spraying total three layers of a silver nanowire conductive layer, transparent polystyrene charge-storage layer, and fluoropolymer contact layer. All layers were achieved by aerosol spray process, thereby exhibiting high design flexibility enough to fabricate ST-TENGs on various pre-made commercial devices. The presence of the transparent polystyrene layer as a charge storing interlayer significantly enhances the power density of the ST-TENG up to 818 mW/m2. As proof-of-concept applications, a self-powered invisible security internet-of-things system, which could blend with the surroundings, exploited biomechanical energy from foot-step for energy harvesting and invasion sensing. Furthermore, by exploiting the all-aerosol-spray process and high light transmittance of the ST-TENG, a hybrid energy harvester to simultaneously generate electricity from solar and rain energy was directly fabricated on a commercial solar panel. This work provides the brand-new concept of TENG with a scalable in-situ fabrication process, enhanced performance, and outstanding light transmittance.

P‐15.3: An EIT Based Large Area Touch Interface

Nowadays, electronic devices are taking over the market and touch panel is a necessary part, among which capacitive touch panel has greater development potential and development space because of its high transparency, multitouch support and low cost. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a technology with the goal of reconstructing tissue image with impedance distribution, which can realize the goal of accurate measurement and maintaining the original characteristics of the medium to the greatest extent at the same time. In this paper, we use EIT‐based approach to achieve a large area touch perception imaging system with high light transmittance, which is to obtain the distribution of the permittivity of the touch penal by just detecting the impedance of the electrode scattered around the panel. We use Sensitivity theory to solve the mapping problem between the permittivity distribution and the signal collected by the electrode in the EIT problem. Besides, we innovatively combine LBP with Landweber algorithm to achieve high precision and fast imaging of touch area, which greatly reduces the discomfort caused by inverse problem in EIT method.

Femtosecond Laser Fabrication and Ultrafast Dynamics Study on FTO Film

Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) are widely used in optoelectronic devices due to their high visible light transmittance and high electrical conductivity. Fabricating micro-nano structures on TCO films with femtosecond lasers can further enhance their optoelectronic properties. However, most of the existing researches on femtosecond laser processing of TCO films focus on materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and ZnO, and the research on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is still insufficient. In this paper, the ablation rules of FTO film irradiated by femtosecond laser is studied in detail. When the fluence is reduced to 1/e2 of the peak value as the radius of the laser spot, the ablation threshold measured by epitaxy method is 1.27 J/cm2. The experiment explores the ablation morphology of FTO film irradiated by single femtosecond laser pulse. When the laser fluence is 2.8-8.3 J/cm2, a bowl-shaped micro-crater is ablated, and when the laser fluence is 9.6-23.4 J/cm2, a secondary crater with a vertical inner wall and a flat bottom generates in the center of the ablated bowl-shaped crater. The pump-probe technique was used to study the ultrafast dynamics of the femtosecond laser interaction with FTO film, and we found that the phase explosion was responsible for the bowl-shaped crater formation.

편광자 지지체를 위한 투명도가 높은 In situ 공중합 강화 PMMA 고분자

In this study, a series of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) copolymer films were prepared via solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with butyl acrylate (BA) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA) as monomers. Mechanical properties, hydrophobic properties, and optical properties of the films were intensively investigated. The rheological results showed that the fluidity of the copolymer was considerably enhanced. When the monomer ratio of MMA:BA:LMA was 100:30:10, the copolymer film S4 showed the best overall performance with perfect optical transparency maintained. The results of the dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis suggested that the glass transition temperature (TSUBg/SUB) moved towards lower temperature, with enhanced ductility of the PMMA films. A large number of yield folds and crazes appeared on the cross-sectional surface of copolymer films through morphological observations, displaying the obvious characteristics of toughness fracture and obeying the energy dissipation mechanism of cracks shear band. The present study provided a facile way of preparing PMMA films with high toughness and light transmittance by appropriate selection of the monomers, which will be of practical significance for further studies on the replacement of triacetyl cellulose as a support film of polarizers.

The effect of V2O5/MgO substitution on SiO2-Na2O-CaO-ZnO–MgO glass structure

V2O5 incorporated sodium calcium silicate glasses of composition 55SiO2 - 25 Na2O - 5CaO - 10ZnO - 5MgO(1-x): V2O5(x) (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1) have been prepared by melt-quench technique. In the determination of the glass network, a silicate glass structure was chosen for physical and chemical strength. It was preferred to use ZnO for high light transmittance and V2O5 to reduce the optical band gap. The structural and thermal properties of the samples were explored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis (DTA), respectively. The optical properties of the glasses were detected by UV–VIS spectroscopy between the wavelength ranges of 200–1100 nm. The indirect band gap (Eg) and Urbach energy (Eo) values have been evaluated with the help of absorption spectra. Also, the refractive index values have been determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. All data have been interpreted corresponding with V2O5 contributions.

Simultaneously realizing intelligent color change and high haze of κ-carrageenan film by incorporating black corn seed powder for visually monitoring pork freshness

Although intelligent films containing various anthocyanins have exhibited a good pH-response, high light-transmittance makes it difficult to accurately observe color changes in monitoring food freshness. In this study, black corn seed powder (BCSP) containing anthocyanins, starch, lipid and fibers, was used to provide κ-carrageenan film (κCF) with simultaneous intelligent color change and high haze. As the mass ratio of BCSP to κ-carrageenan increased from 1:4 to 1:1, the haze of composite films increased from 49.44 % to 79.25 %, the transmittance decreased from 43.62 % to 18.90 %, respectively. The composite films turned from red to green along with the increase of pH from 2 to 10. When the TVB-N of pork increased from 2.7 ± 0.15 mg/100 g to 14.03 ± 0.14 mg/100 g, the 50BC50κC changed from pink to greyish-green and the haze increased up to 91.83 %, which will make it more visible and effective to indicate food freshness and popular for use.

Strong Cellulose-Based Light-Management Film with Ultraviolet Blocking and Near-Infrared Shielding Performance.

Light-management materials play a great significant role in efficient-energy buildings because they reduce indoor energy consumption by adjusting to natural sunlight, enhancing heat insulation, and creating comfortable indoor lighting. Here, we fabricated an ecofriendly and sustainable lignocellulose-based light-management film via a facile homogenization and mechanical hot-pressing method without complicated treatment or toxic reagents. The resulting film exhibited a favorable ultraviolet (UV) blocking performance of 82.25% for UVA, high visible light transmittance, and high haze, with a desirable tensile strength of 197 MPa, which was significantly higher than those of most petroleum-based plastics. Accordingly, the film was further endowed with near-infrared absorption performance by spray-coating with lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) nanoparticles─there were almost no adverse effects on its light transmittance or mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the high haze of the film implied that it met the requirement for privacy protection in smart buildings. The MFC/lignin/LaB6 composite film has potential applications in energy-saving buildings and optoelectronic devices.

Synthesis and properties of photochromic polymer contain spiro-oxazine induced by ultraviolet light

ABSTRACT The special photochromic mechanism of spiro-oxazine (SO) refers to low thermostability and weak fatigue resistance. High light transmittance and biocompatibility are the two advantages of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), but it does not perform well in terms of tensile strength. Here, a new type of SO (1-(4'methacryloyloxybutyl)- 3,3-dimethyl-9'-hydroxy- 3H-spiro-naphthyl oxazine) was synthesized and introduced as a photochromic monomer into methyl methacrylate (MMA) system, which is an environment-friendly method. Compared with other photochromic polymers that have been reported, the advantages of this material mainly perform in the following areas: (1) The active group was introduced into the N-alkyl chain of SO and copolymerized with PMMA, and the fading rate of the photochromic polymer was dropped by 76.3% compared to SO. (2) Physical and chemical methods were used to improve the flexibility of PMMA-SO. The tensile strength of polymers has been reduced to 3.92 MPa. It also has a high elongation of 269.84% at a break. (3) PMMA-SO still has a significant fatigue resistance after 25 cycles of UV and visible light irradiation. In the future, it has potential applications in the fields of smart glass, data storage, biomimetic materials, and so on.

РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ ЩОДО ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СУЧАСНОГО ОПТИЧНОГО ПРИЦІЛУ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО СНАЙПЕРА

The article, taking into account the available world models and experience in the use of military snipers in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, defines the requirements for optical sights of a military sniper, in particular the characteristics of magnification of the sight, strength of its structure, diameter of the central tube and the object-glass, characteristics and locations of lenses, attachments, the aiming reticle, availability and ease of use of correction handwheels. The design of the sight must be strong to hold the point of impact. The magnification of the sight is variable and ranges from 5 to 25. The diameter of the central (axial) tube should be maximum - at least 30 mm, and preferably 34-35 mm. This allows to place more mechanical devices and provide the maximum number of corrections for input (horizontal and vertical). The diameter of the object-glass must be at least 50 mm. This should take into account the correspondence of the size of the object-glass with the possibility of mounting it on a particular weapon: the geometry of the rifle and the height of the bracket. Drums (handwheels) for the input of corrections must be able to be adjusted manually without accessories (screwdrivers) and by hand in a glove, which guarantees time savings and ease of use. The presence of parallax settings significantly affects the point of impact. It is desirable to use enlightened lenses with high light transmission. An integral part of the sight for high-precision shooting is a ballistic aiming reticle. The reticle should be located in the first focal plane. The presence of illumination of the reticle is very important. The anti-glare attachment is an indispensable accessory for a military sniper, as it eliminates the unmasking feature of the optical sight object-glass in sunny weather. Keywords: sniping, military sniping, optical sight, reticle.

Two-dimensional ultrathin Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets coated intraocular lens for synergistic photothermal and NIR-controllable rapamycin releasing therapy against posterior capsule opacification.

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is one of the most frequent late-onset complications after cataract surgery. Several kinds of drug-eluting intraocular lenses (IOL) were designed for sustainable drug release to suppress ocular inflammation, the proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) and the development of PCO after cataract surgery. Despite previous advances in this field, the drug-loaded IOLs were limited in ocular toxicity, insufficient drug-loading capacity, and short release time. To prevent PCO and to address these drawbacks, a novel drug-loaded IOL (Rapa@Ti3C2-IOL), prepared from two-dimensional ultrathin Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets and rapamycin (Rapa), was fabricated with a two-step spin coating method in this study. Rapa@Ti3C2 was prepared via electrostatic self-assembly of Ti3C2 and Rapa, with a loading capacity of Rapa at 92%. Ti3C2 was used as a drug delivery reservoir of Rapa. Rapa@Ti3C2-IOL was designed to have the synergistic photothermal and near infrared (NIR)-controllable drug release property. As a result, Rapa@Ti3C2-IOL exhibited the advantages of simple preparation, high light transmittance, excellent photothermal conversion capacity, and NIR-controllable drug release behavior. The Rapa@Ti3C2 coating effectively eliminated the LECs around Rapa@Ti3C2-IOL under a mild 808-nm NIR laser irradiation (1.0 W/cm−2). Moreover, NIR-controllable Rapa release inhibited the migration of LECs and suppressed the inflammatory response after photothermal therapy in vitro. Then, Rapa@Ti3C2-IOL was implanted into chinchilla rabbit eyes, and the effectiveness and biocompatibility to prevent PCO were evaluated for 4 weeks. The Rapa@Ti3C2-IOL implant exhibited excellent PCO prevention ability with the assistance of NIR irradiation and no obvious pathological damage was observed in surrounding healthy tissues. In summary, the present study offers a promising strategy for preventing PCO via ultrathin Ti3C2 MXene nanosheet-based IOLs with synergistic photothermal and NIR-controllable Rapa release properties.

Hierarchically porous and highly transparent polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogels with an ultrahigh specific surface area using an organic alkali as a catalyst, surfactant, and template

A hierarchically porous aerogel with an ultrahigh specific surface area, high visible light transmittance, excellent mechanical properties, and cubic shell-shaped pores was obtained using a supercritical drying process. Ethanol and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) were used as a solvent and silicon source, respectively, whereas tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) acted as a basic catalyst, surfactant, and template. The phase separation during gelation was finely adjusted by changing the ethanol-to-water ratio to control the gel skeleton structure, the number of crystallization templates, and the light transmittance of the aerogel. The hierarchical porous aerogels exhibited a uniform three-dimensional network. Notably, the specific surface area of the aerogels was 909 m2/g, the visible light transmittance was 58.1%, the hydrophobic angle was 166.5°, the thermal conductivity was 18.2 mW/(m·K), and the stress was 0.301 MPa at 50% compressive strain. The unique structure and excellent performance of the hierarchical porous aerogels make them promising for thermal and sound insulation applications. Moreover, the innovative use of TMAOH as a surfactant and template can be inspiring for the preparation of polymer-reinforced or highly crosslinked aerogels.

Bayesian optimization of nanophotonic electromagnetic shielding with very high visible transparency.

Transparent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is needed in many optoelectronic applications to protect electronic devices from surrounding radiation while allowing for high visible light transmission. However, very high transmission (over 92.5%), high EMI shielding efficiency (over 30 dB) structures have yet to be achieved in the literature. Bayesian optimization is used to optimize different nanophotonic structures for high EMI shielding efficiency (SE) and high visible light transmission (T¯ v i s ). Below 90% average visible light transmission, sandwich structures consisting of high index dielectric/silver/high index dielectric films are determined to be optimal, where they are able to achieve 43.1 dB SE and 90.0% T¯ v i s . The high index of refraction dielectric layers reduce absorption losses in the silver and can be engineered to provide for antireflection through destructive interference. However, for optimal EMI shielding with T¯ v i s above 90%, the reflection losses at the air/dielectric interfaces need to be further reduced. Optimized double sided nanocone sandwich structures are determined to be best where they can achieve 41.2 dB SE and 90.8% T¯ v i s as well as 35.6 dB SE and 95.1% T¯ v i s . K-means clustering is utilized to show the performance of characteristic near-Pareto optimal structures. Double sided nanocone structures are shown to exhibit omnidirectional visible transmission with SE = 35.6 dB and over 85% T¯ v i s at incidence angles of 70 ∘.

A P/Si-containing polyethylenimine curing agent towards transparent, durable fire-safe, mechanically-robust and tough epoxy resins

Epoxy resin (EP) features superior comprehensive performances, but inherent flammability seriously limits its industrial applications. Current flame-retardant strategies often bring about enhanced flame retardancy but deteriorated mechanical, thermal and optical properties and neglect flame retardant durability. Herein, a phosphorus/silicon-containing polyethylenimine (PES) is designed as a multifunctional curing agent for EP. Replacing polyethylenimine (PEI) with PES maintains high visible light transmittance of EPs and improves the UV-blocking properties. The EP cured by 30 wt% PES (EP/30PES) exhibits enhanced mechanical properties compared with the EP cured by 15 wt% PEI (EP/15PEI). EP/30PES achieves a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 35.0% and a UL-94 V-0 rating, and its peak smoke release rate (PSPR) reduces by 63.8% relative to that of EP/15PEI. Hence, the great flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical performances of EP/30PES enable it to outperform previous flame-retardant EP/aliphatic amine counterparts. Meanwhile, EP/30PES shows durable flame retardancy, which still achieves a UL-94 V-0 classification after acid/alkali/aging resistance tests. This work provides an advanced design of multifunctional curing agents to create durable fire-safe EPs with great UV-shielding and mechanical performances.

Learning to transmit images through optical speckle of a multimode fiber with high fidelity

Multimode fibers provide a unique opportunity for exploring the spatial degrees of freedom for high throughput light transmission. However, the modal dispersion prevents from the straightforward application of multimode fibers for space division multiplexing, such as image transmission. Herein, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a deep neural network termed multimode fiber inverse-scattering net for overcoming the modal dispersion induced scrambling in multimode fibers. Such a network is capable of transmitting grayscale image through the multimode fiber with high fidelity. 256-level grayscale images with 128 × 128 spatial channels encoded in the input wavefront can be retrieved from the output optical speckle patterns, where the average Pearson correlation coefficient and structural similarity index are as large as 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the proposed deep neural network has an excellent ability for learning the relationship between the input and output optical fields of a multimode fiber, which might facilitate the realization of high throughput space division multiplexing through multimode fibers.

Visible‐Blind Deep Ultraviolet Photomultiplication Organic Photodetectors with Ultrahigh Gain for UVB and UVC Light Detection

AbstractPhotomultiplication‐type organic photodetectors (PM‐OPDs) have developed rapidly in UVA, visible and near‐infrared ranges, but they face great challenges in the UVB and UVC ranges, mainly due to the difficulty of simultaneously realizing deep UV light‐transmittance electrode and high gain structure. Here, the copper and silver bilayer composite electrodes are developed to overcome the problem of silver island growth, thus ensuring high deep UV light transmittance and good matching with electrical gain mechanism. The fabricated device shows high external quantum efficiency as high as 195,665% at 255 nm in UVC region. Furthermore, the above electrodes are integrated with low‐cost UV filter glass ZWB1 by simple vacuum evaporation. Finally, low‐cost visible‐blind deep UV PM‐OPDs with a rejection ratio of up to 4788 is achieved through an additional strategy of adjusting the absorption spectrum of the active layer. Benefiting from its fast response speed, the device can be directly applied to faint flame monitoring in real‐time.

A Review on Novel Channel Materials for Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements-Usability of Hydrogels in Cardiovascular Applications.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical and contactless measurement method for analyzing fluid blood dynamics in cardiovascular research. The main challenge to visualization investigated in the current research was matching the channel material’s index of refraction (IOR) to that of the fluid. Silicone is typically used as a channel material for these applications, so optical matching cannot be proven. This review considers hydrogel as a new PIV channel material for IOR matching. The advantages of hydrogels are their optical and mechanical properties. Hydrogels swell more than 90 vol% when hydrated in an aqueous solution and have an elastic behavior. This paper aimed to review single, double, and triple networks and nanocomposite hydrogels with suitable optical and mechanical properties to be used as PIV channel material, with a focus on cardiovascular applications. The properties are summarized in seven hydrogel groups: PAMPS, PAA, PVA, PAAm, PEG and PEO, PSA, and PNIPA. The reliability of the optical properties is related to low IORs, which allow higher light transmission. On the other hand, elastic modulus, tensile/compressive stress, and nominal tensile/compressive strain are higher for multiple-cross-linked and nanocomposite hydrogels than single mono-cross-linked gels. This review describes methods for measuring optical and mechanical properties, e.g., refractometry and mechanical testing.

A Study on Reduced Graphene Oxide in Large-area Transparent Heaters for Defrosting

Transparent heaters are promising devices because of their versatile applications in vehicles, smart windows, and sensors, etc. Indium tin oxide is widely used for transparent heater materials due to its high electronic conductivity and visible light transmittance. However, the cost of indium is too high, and its fabrication needs sophisticated processes, so that many studies have focused on alternative materials which are inexpensive and easy-to-synthesize. Graphene is a two-dimensional material in which carbon atoms bond to form a hexagonal structure, and it can be an alternative material due to its superior electronic/ thermal conductivity and cost-effectiveness. Here, we chemically treated graphite to synthesize large-sized graphene oxide (LGO), and coated it on a glass substrate, followed by reduction using hydrogen iodide for large-sized reduced graphene oxide (LrGO) on glass. From surface characterizations, we confirmed that the lateral size of the LGO was over 50 μm and the LGO sheets were uniformly coated on the glass, which minimized intersheet contact resistance. Structural characterizations demonstrated that the LGO sheets were reduced to LrGO and the LrGO sheets coated on the glass showed a transmittance of 76.2 % at 550 nm with a sheet resistance of 0.98 kΩ. Finally, the temperature of the substrate increased up to 30 oC when 30 V of voltage was applied for 5 min, and the frost on the glass surface vanished within 1 min.

Recent Advances in Nanostructured Inorganic Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells.

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received particular attention in the last decade because of the high-power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), facile fabrication route and low cost. However, one of the most crucial obstacles to hindering the commercialization of PSCs is the instability issue, which is mainly caused by the inferior quality of the perovskite films and the poor tolerance of organic hole-transporting layer (HTL) against heat and moisture. Inorganic HTL materials are regarded as promising alternatives to replace organic counterparts for stable PSCs due to the high chemical stability, wide band gap, high light transmittance and low cost. In particular, nanostructure construction is reported to be an effective strategy to boost the hole transfer capability of inorganic HTLs and then enhance the PCEs of PSCs. Herein, the recent advances in the design and fabrication of nanostructured inorganic materials as HTLs for PSCs are reviewed by highlighting the superiority of nanostructured inorganic HTLs over organic counterparts in terms of moisture and heat tolerance, hole transfer capability and light transmittance. Furthermore, several strategies to boost the performance of inorganic HTLs are proposed, including fabrication route design, functional/selectively doping, morphology control, nanocomposite construction, etc. Finally, the challenges and future research directions about nanostructured inorganic HTL-based PSCs are provided and discussed. This review presents helpful guidelines for the design and fabrication of high-efficiency and durable inorganic HTL-based PSCs.

Fabrication of transparent wear-resistant superhydrophobic SiO2 film via phase separation and chemical vapor deposition methods

Glass with superhydrophobic, transparent, and wear-resistant properties are quite desirable for the applications in high building glass curtain, wind shield glass, and solar cell cover glass. How to fabricate a superhydrophobic surface with both high transparency and good wear resistance is still a great challenge because roughness and transparency are mutually exclusive. Here, transparent, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic inorganic coating on glass substrate has been successfully achieved by a two-step process combining phase separation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Firstly, a wear-resistant inorganic porous film with honeycomb-shaped pores is prepared on the glass surface by applying the phase separation method based on the epoxy resin-silica sol system. The prepared porous structure is used as the micron-level "armor" protective structure. Then nano-SiO2 particles have been deposited on the porous film via CVD method to construct a micro-nano hierarchical structure required for superhydrophobicity on the glass surface. Finally, a superhydrophobic film has been successfully achieved after being modified with fluoroalkylsilane (FAS). The water contact angle (WCA) and water sliding angle (WSA) of the obtained sample are 154.0 ± 0.9° and 3.2 ± 0.2°, respectively. At the same time, it has good transparency with high visible light transmittance and low haze. Its visible light transmittance is as high as 87.7% (only 1.7% less than blank glass) and haze is only 1.87%. Moreover, after 2000 cycles of abrasion under harsh conditions, the film still maintains good hydrophobic properties, and its water contact angle is still higher than 130°. In addition, the prepared functional film also has excellent self-cleaning performance, as well as acid and salt corrosion resistance. The preparation method used here has the advantages of low cost, easy operation, large area preparation, and broad application prospects.