High HDI Research Articles

Relation Between Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates with Human Development Index and Its Components: A Global Ecological Study

: This study aimed to identify the role of HDI in the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer (LC) worldwide. Data about the incidence and mortality rate of LC for the year 2012 was obtained from the global cancer project for 172 countries. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained for 169 countries from the United Nations development programme database. In 2012, LC was estimated to have affected a total of 1,824,701 individuals (crude rate: 25.9 per 100,000 individuals), and caused 1,589,925 deaths worldwide (crude rate: 22.5 per 100,000 individuals). LC accounts for 13% of total cancers incidence. There was a positive correlation between the HDI and LC incidence (R = 0.79, P < 0.05), and also with LC mortality rate (R = 0.77, P < 0.05) in the world in 2012. Linear regression model showed that increasing of HDI, mean of life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, GNI per capita, percent of urbanization, and age standardized obesity had a positive effect on increase in both incidence and mortality rates of LC. Our study showed that the burden of LC is enormous in high and very high HDI regions. Such actions include primary prevention strategies to effective control of the lifestyle behaviours prevalence including tobacco avoidance and cessation of smoking, a reduction in alcohol consumption and obesity, and the promotion of increased levels of physical activity, as well as the implementation of early detection programs. Moreover, further reductions in mortality could be brought about by increasing access to curative treatment for patients with LC.

Defense–Growth Causality: Considerations of Regime-Switching and Time- and Country-Varying Effects

This paper develops a panel smooth transition vector autoregressive model to investigate the economic growth–defense causality. This model simultaneously resolves the estimation problems of endogeneity, heterogeneity, and nonlinearity. Empirical results support that the causality is bidirectional, nonlinear, time- and country-varying. Economic growth has a negative impact on military spending and vice versa. The larger the HDI, the smaller the negative causality. Evidently, the increase in the level of country development can reduce the negative impact of military outlays on economic growth. Reducing the ratio of military spending to GDP is beneficial for countries with low HDI scores; however, moderately increasing the share of military expenditure is favorable for countries with extremely high HDI scores. Policy authority needs to set optimal education, health, and economic development shares of GDP for purchasing a maximum economic growth rate.

Economic Crises and Human Development: A Comparison of Developed versus Developing Countries

In this study, we examine the impact of the 2008 Global Crisis on the Human Development Index (i.e. HDI) values of Developed versus Developing Countries. We have a comprehensive sample of 174 countries. Over the 1980 to 2013 period, while there has been a gradual and consistent improvement in the index values, this improvement has slowed down sharply after the 2008 crisis. Our tests for the overall sample confirm that there is a significant slowdown in the rate of improvement in HDI values after 2008. When we divide our sample into “Very high HDI”, “High HDI”, “Medium HDI”, and “Low HDI” country groups, and run our tests, we are seeing that for all subgroups, there has been a significant slowdown in the improvement rate. Our findings show that while the slowdown is sharper for “Very high HDI”, “High HDI”, and “Medium HDI” groups, for “Low HDI” group the slowdown is relatively softer. We conclude that it is essential for both developed and less developed countries to take precautions regarding human development issues before a crisis hits.

Global Incidence and Mortality for Prostate Cancer: Analysis of Temporal Patterns and Trends in 36 Countries

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally, but its specific geographic patterns and temporal trends are under-researched. ObjectiveTo test the hypotheses that PCa incidence is higher and PCa mortality is lower in countries with higher socioeconomic development, and that temporal trends for PCa incidence have increased while mortality has decreased over time. Design, setting, and participantsData on age-standardized incidence and mortality rates in 2012 were retrieved from the GLOBOCAN database. Temporal patterns were assessed for 36 countries using data obtained from Cancer incidence in five continents volumes I–X and the World Health Organization mortality database. Correlations between incidence or mortality rates and socioeconomic indicators (human development index [HDI] and gross domestic product [GDP]) were evaluated. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisThe average annual percent change in PCa incidence and mortality in the most recent 10 yr according to join-point regression. Results and limitationsReported PCa incidence rates varied more than 25-fold worldwide in 2012, with the highest incidence rates observed in Micronesia/Polynesia, the USA, and European countries. Mortality rates paralleled the incidence rates except for Africa, where PCa mortality rates were the highest. Countries with higher HDI (r=0.58) and per capita GDP (r=0.62) reported greater incidence rates. According to the most recent 10-yr temporal data available, most countries experienced increases in incidence, with sharp rises in incidence rates in Asia and Northern and Western Europe. A substantial reduction in mortality rates was reported in most countries, except in some Asian countries and Eastern Europe, where mortality increased. Data in regional registries could be underestimated. ConclusionsPCa incidence has increased while PCa mortality has decreased in most countries. The reported incidence was higher in countries with higher socioeconomic development. Patient summaryThe incidence of prostate cancer has shown high variations geographically and over time, with smaller variations in mortality.

Is Mauritius ready to become the HRD leader in Africa?

Purpose This paper aims to explore the applicability of Strategic HRD in Mauritius. Additionally, it assesses if Mauritius, with a high HDI factor, can take the lead on Strategic HRD in Africa. Design/methodology/approach This paper used a mixed-approach questionnaire. A sample of 21 managers was contacted and received a response rate of 67 per cent. Findings Most organisations in Mauritius do not practice human capital development at a strategic level but rather at a tactical one. Strategic HRD is mostly practiced at the implementation level of the business strategy rather than at the formulation stage of the mission, vision and strategy itself. However, the practice of strategic human resource development stays a minority within some very few organisations, as they acknowledge the benefits that Strategic HRD brings along. Research limitations/implications The limitation of the sample considered for this research is a relatively small one to be representative of the Strategic HRD practices in Mauritius as a whole. It identifies implication for improving the current Strategic HRD state in the island. Practical implications The paper directly impacts on the Strategic HRD practices of organisations and reveals loopholes to be remedied within the present HRD systems. Originality/value This paper not only proposes a first research in terms of Strategic HRD in Mauritius but also assesses the island’s position as being an HRD leader in Africa. Simultaneously, it provides a tailor-made conceptual framework for Strategic HRD in Mauritius.

Prevalence Differentials Of Neural Tube Defects In Newborns And Addition Of Folic Acid To Processed Foods

Introduction: prevention of neural tube defects (NTD) in pregnancy was implemented in Brazil since June 2004, by enriching industrialized flour with folic acid. The irregularity in industry compliance and handicraft production of flour leave doubts to the legal rules effectiveness and their impact on the reduction of NTD. We analyzed the impact of this policy on development regions of the state of Pernambuco - Brazil, comparing some indicators of regional development and access to health services. Method: newborns registered in the system of live birth information - SINASC were evaluated in this study and those with NTD (anencephaly, spina bifida and encephalocele) where identified, considering the periods between the years 2000-2004 and 2008-2012. We calculated the prevalence of NTD in both periods and the prevalence ratio - PR for Pernambuco as a whole and for its 12 development regions. The results were discussed according to the Human Development Index - HDI, per capita income - PCR, pregnant women with seven or more prenatal consultations (%) - GPN and seasonal crop planted area (%) - AP. Results: there was no significant reduction in the prevalence of NTD in Pernambuco comparing the five-year periods 2000-2004 and 2008-2012: PR = 1.4 (95% CI: 0.91-1.20). Only the Metropolitan Area has shown decreased prevalence: PR = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71-0.94), which has the highest HDI (0.68) and PCR (R$ 512.00) and occupies the 1st and 3rd positions on GPN (66.0%) and AP (20.5%). Three regions showed increased PR of NTD and for the remnants, variations of PR were not significant. Conclusion: The Brazilian public policy of adding folic acid to flour to prevent NTD had a positive impact only in the Metropolitan Area of Recife, where the development of indicators and access to services are better.

ANALISIS TIPOLOGI DAN HUBUNGAN ANTARA INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

The aim of this research is to seen the dynamic of economic growth within two types of typology year of 2007-2012, and the connection patter of economic growth and Human Development Index in Province of South Sumatera. Analyzing methods which used in this research are qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis, research by Klassen typology analysis technique, and Rank Spearman Correlation. The result can be concluded if economic growth typology and HDI showed that (1) region which include in high level economic growth and HDI classification is Palembang. This also strengthen Palembang top position in region competing level; (2) regions which in the second quadrant with low level economic growth and HDI classification are District of Lahat, Ogan Komering Ilir, Banyuasin, East OKU, and also the city of Lubuk Linggau; (3) regions which in high level of HDI classification, but low level in economic growth are District of South OKU, Ogan Komering Ulu, the city of Pagar Alam, and also Prabumulih; (4) on the other hand District of Musi Banyuasin, Muara Enim, Ogan Ilir, and Musi Rawas included as low level of economic growth and HDI. The mathematical result showed that the role of district or city economic growth is not supported to push up the level of economic growth. It showed from the value of r = 0.600 or equal to 60 percent. The low role of human resource to economic growth indicated the low intention from the government to the human resource development. Keywords: Human Development Index, Economic Growth, Typology, Spearman Correlation.

Estrutura e processo de trabalho na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero na Atenção Básica à Saúde no Brasil: Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade – PMAQ

Resumo Objetivos: descrever e analisar a adequação da estrutura e processo das equipes do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ-AB) na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero na Atenção Básica no Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal conduzido em todas as unidades básicas de saúde (UBS), entre 2012 e 2013. Estimou-se a prevalência da adequação da estrutura (insumos/materiais) e do processo de trabalho para o exame de Papanicolau. A associação da adequação com características das unidades e equipes foi estimada pela razão de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: foram estudadas 38.812 UBS e 17.202 equipes de saúde. A prevalência de adequação da estrutura e do processo de trabalho foi 49% e 30%, respectivamente. A adequação da estrutura e o processo estiveram associados ao maior porte do município e IDH. A prevalência de adequação da estrutura foi maior nas unidades da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (RP=1,35; IC95%:1,33-1,38), cuja adequação do processo de trabalho esteve associada à população adscrita &lt;4.000 pessoas e equipe mínima completa. Conclusões: a estrutura e o processo de trabalho para o rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino necessitam ser aprimoradas. As equipes de saúde carecem de maior qualificação das ações relacionadas a esta ação programática.

Risk factors and adverse perinatal outcomes among term and preterm infants born small-for-gestational-age: secondary analyses of the WHO Multi-Country Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health.

BackgroundSmall for gestational age (SGA) is not only a major indicator of perinatal mortality and morbidity, but also the morbidity risks in later in life. We aim to estimate the association between the birth of SGA infants and the risk factors and adverse perinatal outcomes among twenty-nine countries in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East and Asia in 359 health facilities in 2010–11.MethodsWe analysed facility-based, cross-sectional data from the WHO Multi-country Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models with random effects for facilities and countries to estimate the risk factors for SGA infants using country-specific birthweight reference standards in preterm and term delivery, and SGA’s association with adverse perinatal outcomes. We compared the risks and adverse perinatal outcomes with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants categorized by preterm and term delivery.ResultsA total of 295,829 singleton infants delivered were analysed. The overall prevalence of SGA was highest in Cambodia (18.8%), Nepal (17.9%), the Occupied Palestinian Territory (16.1%), and Japan (16.0%), while the lowest was observed in Afghanistan (4.8%), Uganda (6.6%) and Thailand (9.7%). The risk of preterm SGA infants was significantly higher among nulliparous mothers and mothers with chronic hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia (aOR: 2.89; 95% CI: 2.55–3.28) compared with AGA infants. Higher risks of term SGA were observed among sociodemographic factors and women with preeclampsia/eclampsia, anaemia and other medical conditions. Multiparity (> = 3) (AOR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83–0.92) was a protective factor for term SGA. The risk of perinatal mortality was significantly higher in preterm SGA deliveries in low to high HDI countries.ConclusionPreterm SGA is associated with medical conditions related to preeclampsia, but not with sociodemographic status. Term SGA is associated with sociodemographic status and various medical conditions.

Maternal life course socio-economic position and offspring body composition at birth in a multi-ethnic population.

Size and body composition at birth may affect long-term health. Mean birthweight and body composition differ between ethnic groups living in Europe. We wanted to explore if this relates to differences in socio-economic conditions in country of origin and over the maternal life course. This is a population-based cohort study of healthy pregnant women living in Oslo, Norway. Data on maternal early life and present socio-economic position (SEP) were collected in early gestation, and SEP scores were extracted through two separate principal components analyses. The associations between maternal present SEP and four different offspring anthropometric measures at birth were assessed separately, stratified by maternal early life SEP (dichotomised score) and Human Development Index (HDI, a country-level socio-economic indicator) in the country of origin [high HDI (Reference), n = 287 and low HDI, n = 250]. A strong positive association between maternal present SEP and offspring birthweight was observed if maternal early life SEP was high, but not if maternal early life SEP was low (P < 0.001 for the interaction term). This interactional effect was observed in both HDI groups. Maternal life course SEP affected offspring birthweight mainly through an effect on length and sum of skin folds. Offspring of mothers with origin from low HDI countries had smaller abdominal circumference, possibly indicating less fat-free mass, regardless of maternal life course SEP. Our results suggest that there are transgenerational effects of maternal past socio-economic conditions on offspring size and body composition at birth that modify the associations with present socio-economic factors.

Aspects of Climate Change Induced by Human Activities: Impact on Global Natural Disaster Mortality

Some scientists believe that global warming and the consequent climate change are inevitable results of slight deviations of the earth’s movement around its axis, majority of scientists stipulate that a greater bulk of the reason for global warming and climate change is accounted for by human activities that destroy the natural environment. Present study looks into the chain of events that lead to natural disasters with specific focus on quantifying the human contribution to these catastrophes. The centroid regression approach identifies the categories of countries that contribute most to the world’s CO2 emissions and determines the relationship among natural resource depletion (% forest area) and CO2 emission and forest land area. The fitted curve states that the CO2 emissions increases as the square of the fossil fuel usage by the countries so that those nations, particularly those belonging to the high and very high HDI which are highly developed, contribute tremendously to the level of CO2 emissions across the globe. The impact of human exploitative activities on the accelerated CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere led to natural disasters spawned by rising global temperatures increasing natural disaster mortality.

All-cause 30-day postoperative mortality for older patients in developed countries presenting for elective colorectal surgery: a systematic review protocol

Review question/objective The objective of this review is to provide an estimate of the prevalence of all-cause 30-day postoperative mortality for older patients in developed countries presenting for elective colorectal surgery. Inclusion criteria As this review will report on the prevalence of mortality as an adverse outcome of a surgical intervention, the format does not conform to the standard PICO/PIO question. Types of participants This review will consider studies that include patients aged 65 years and over from developed countries, presenting for elective colorectal surgical resection. For the purposes of this review, developed countries will include only counties with a very high Human Development Index 25 . Studies including patients from countries without a very high HDI will be excluded. Patients having colorectal resection with or without anastomosis (joining of the ends of resected bowel) will be included. Patients having exploratory or diverting procedures (for example, patients who at surgery are found to have widespread disease which is unsuitable for operation) will be excluded from this review. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: rates of 30-day all-cause postoperative mortality (that is, patients dying from any cause within the first 30 days after surgery).

Social factors associated with centenarian rate (CR) in 32 OECD countries

BackgroundOver the last fifty years, the number of centenarians has dramatically increased. The centenarian rate (CR) is representative of the general longevity prevalent in a nation; it indicates the number of individuals aged 100 years or above at a given date divided by the size of the corresponding cohort of a given age. Two important attributes of the CR (50–54) are that it reflects both unchanged age-specific fertility and the absence of migration in populations. It can generally be used in longevity-based evaluations of the broader concept of successful ageing. As such, this retrospective analysis of the social factors that contribute to the CR (50–54) may help to identify the factors associated with successful ageing.This study estimates the CR (50–54) and elucidates the influence of social factors on successful ageing and the CR (50–54), examining 32 member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).MethodsThe social indicators for this study were obtained from the United Nations database. The data for the analysis of centenarians in the 32 OECD countries were obtained from the world population prospects conducted by the United Nations. Associations between social factors and CR (50–54) were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients and regression models.ResultsSignificant positive correlations were found between the CR (50–54) and the social factors of expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product (HEGDP: r = 0.411, p < 0.021), general government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure (GGEH: r = 0.474, p < 0.006), the proportion of fixed-telephone subscriptions in the population (FTS: r = 0.489, p < 0.005), and the human development index (HDI: r = 0.486, p < 0.005). Finally, these CR (50–54) predictors were used to form a model of successful ageing, with higher HEGDP and GGEH as health expenditure, higher FTS as standard of living, and higher HDI as social well-being (R2 = 0.573, P < 0.025).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that an increased CR (50–54) is affected by multiple social factors involved in successful ageing. Therefore, if they wish to improve their country’s CR (50–54), governments must strengthen their existing support services for the elderly through making improvements to standards of living, social well-being and through increased financing of the health sector.

Fertility knowledge and beliefs about fertility treatment: findings from the International Fertility Decision-making Study

How good is fertility knowledge and what are treatment beliefs in an international sample of men and women currently trying to conceive? The study population had a modest level of fertility knowledge and held positive and negative views of treatment. Few studies have examined general fertility treatment attitudes but studies of specific interventions show that attitudes are related to characteristics of the patient, doctor and context. Further, research shows that fertility knowledge is poor. However, the majority of these studies have examined the prevalence of infertility, the optimal fertile period and/or age-related infertility in women, in university students and/or people from high-resource countries making it difficult to generalize findings. A cross-sectional sample completed the International Fertility Decision-making Study (IFDMS) over a 9-month period, online or via social research panels and in fertility clinics. Participants were 10 045 people (8355 women, 1690 men) who were on average 31.8 years old, had been trying to conceive for 2.8 years with 53.9% university educated. From a total of 79 countries, sample size was >100 in 18 countries. All 79 countries were assigned to either a very high Human Development Index (VH HDI) or a not very high HDI (NVH HDI). The IFDMS was a 45-min, 64-item English survey translated into 12 languages. The inclusion criteria were the age between 18 and 50 years and currently trying to conceive for at least 6 months. Fertility knowledge was assessed using a 13-item correct/incorrect scale concerned with risk factors, misconceptions and basic fertility facts (range: 0-100% correct). Treatment beliefs were assessed with positive and negative statements about fertility treatment rated on a five-point agree/disagree response scale. Average correct score for Fertility Knowledge was 56.9%, with greater knowledge significantly related to female gender, university education, paid employment, VH HDI and prior medical consultation for infertility (all P < 0.001). The mean agreement scores for treatment beliefs showed that agreement for positive items (safety, efficacy) was correlated with agreement for negative items (short/long-term physical/emotional effects) (P > 0.001). People who had given birth/fathered a child, been trying to conceive for less than 12 months, who had never consulted for a fertility problem and who lived in a country with an NVH HDI agreed less with negative beliefs. HDI, duration of trying to conceive and help-seeking were also correlates of higher positive beliefs, alongside younger age, living in an urban area and having stepchildren. Greater fertility knowledge was associated with stronger agreement on negative treatment beliefs items (P < 0.001) but was unrelated to positive treatment beliefs items. There was volunteer bias insofar as more women, people of higher education and people with fertility problems (i.e. met criteria for infertility, had consulted a medical doctor, had conceived with fertility treatment) participated and this was true in VH and NVH HDI countries. The bias may mean that people in this sample had better fertility knowledge and less favourable treatment beliefs than is the case in the general population. Educational interventions should be directed at improving knowledge of fertility health. Future prospective research should be aimed at investigating how fertility knowledge and treatment beliefs affect childbearing and help-seeking decision-making.

Global burden of cancer: opportunities for prevention

In The Lancet, Isabelle Soerjomataram and colleagues 1 Soerjomataram I Lortet-Tieulent J Parkin DM et al. Global burden of cancer in 2008: a systematic analysis of disability-adjusted life-years in 12 world regions. Lancet. 2012; (published online Oct 16.)http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60919-2 Google Scholar report that about 169 million years of healthy life were lost due to cancer worldwide in 2008 alone, based on a summary measure (disability-adjusted life-years [DALY] lost) that combines years lived with disability and years of life lost because of premature death. By contrast with mortality rates and counts, which emphasise deaths occurring at old ages, DALY give more weight to deaths occurring at young ages at which people are more likely to be working, raising children, and supporting other family members. Worldwide, the highest DALY rates were noted in eastern African countries (eg, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and Zambia) in women and in several high-income and middle-income countries (eg, Hungary and Uruguay) in men. Despite the substantial limitations inherent in the modelling of sparse cancer registry data and various assumptions about the natural history of every disease and related variables, these findings emphasise the growing burden of cancer in economically developing countries. This burden is partly due to the ageing and growth of the population and marketing-driven adoption of unhealthy lifestyles such as tobacco use and consumption of high-calorie food, as well as limited progress in reduction of infection-related cancers. 2 Stuckler D McKee M Ebrahim S Basu S Manufacturing epidemics: the role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco. PLoS Med. 2012; 9: e1001235 Crossref PubMed Scopus (414) Google Scholar Global burden of cancer in 2008: a systematic analysis of disability-adjusted life-years in 12 world regionsAge-adjusted DALYs lost from cancer are substantial, irrespective of world region. The consistently larger proportions of YLLs in low HDI than in high HDI countries indicate substantial inequalities in prognosis after diagnosis, related to degree of human development. Therefore, radical improvement in cancer care is needed in low-resource countries. Full-Text PDF

Sobrevida de pacientes em diálise no SUS no Brasil

The aim of this study was to analyze the survival of patients who initiated renal replacement therapy (RRT) with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in the Brazilian Unified National Health System from 2002 to 2004. This was an observational, prospective, non-concurrent study. The study used the National Database for Renal Replacement Therapies resulting from probabilistic matching of Authorization of High-Complexity Procedures/Outpatient Information System and the Mortality Information System. The study included patients admitted in 2002 and 2003, with 3 months of treatment, and 18 years or older. Of the 31,298 patients, the majority: began RRT with hemodialysis, were male, with mean age 54 years, and living in the Southeast region and in municipalities with a mean HDI of 0.78. Increased risk of death was associated with: female gender, age greater than 55 years, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, peritoneal dialysis, and not residing in the Southeast region. Residing in cities with higher HDI was associated with lower risk. Adjusted risk was HR = 1.17 in favor of hemodialysis. The results suggest shorter survival for peritoneal dialysis and older patients. It is thus necessary to support policies to better evaluate the RRT modality with studies that further elucidate the findings.

The Role of Individual- and Macro-Level Social Determinants on Young Adolescents’ Psychosomatic Complaints

This study examines the social determinants of psychosomatic complaints in young adolescents. Using data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, psychosomatic complaints are studied in 98,773 adolescents (11- and 13-year-olds; 48% 11-year-olds, 52% 13-year-olds; 52% females, 48% males) from 34 European countries. Individual-level determinants, including family-, peer- and school-related factors as well as country-level determinants (Human Development Index [HDI]) are considered. In line with existing evidence, results revealed more psychosomatic complaints in young adolescents experiencing stress inducing familial-, peer- and school-related factors. Negative effects of poor friendships, negative class climate, school pressure, and high media use were more pronounced for girls. After controlling for these factors, a higher HDI was related to a lower risk for psychosomatic complaints. Gender-specific intervention programs should aim at improving the quality of relationships, especially among peers, to prevent psychosomatic complaints among young adolescents.

P1-227 Factors associated with renal transplantation and mortality in patients with terminal chronic renal disease in Brazil, 2000–2003

BackgroundInequalities have been reported in access to kidney transplantation in relation to demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and geographical. Patients waiting for kidney transplant face a number of competitive outcomes.ObjectiveTo investigate factors...

&lt;b&gt; Estratégias mercadológicas de empresas transnacionais em um mercado global marcado por diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento das nações: um estudo de caso da the coca-cola company &lt;/b&gt; 10.5102/uri.v9i1.1339

This work aimed to verify the degree of alignment of the strategy of composition of the mix of the products of transnational corporations with different levels of development of the consumer markets of countries where they act. For this objective, the research followed a descriptive-quantitative conception, and it is based in the method of single case study of The Coca-Cola Company. The methodology was based in the calculation of the index of Pearson's correlation between two variables: the Human Development Index and the number of categories of marketed products in each country in which the company studied operates. The results show a high positive correlation between the two variables considered. Thus, it is believed that the main contribution of this work is pointing to the strategy of local adaptation of the organization studied to meet the specific needs of the population in a profitable way in each country, as it is perceived that the new consumption trends are not necessarily occurring evenly among nations, especially among the high and low HDI.

Field Comparison of Air Sampling Methods for Monomeric and Polymeric 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate

This study was to critically compared 13 different air samplers for their ability to monitor air exposures to monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the automotive refinishing industry. Using both fast- and slow-drying clearcoat, we tested the following types of samplers: single- and dual-stage 37-mm polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) samplers (open- and closed-face), IOM (with plastic and stainless steel inserts), OSHA42, IsoChek, and WA-DOSH samplers. Midget impingers with frit were used as reference samplers. We observed the PP, PS, and IOM samplers to measure greater levels of HDI monomer and biuret when a fast-drying clearcoat was applied compared with a slow-drying clearcoat. When a slow-drying clearcoat was applied, the open-face PP and PS samplers measured significantly more monomeric and polymeric HDI (2-fold; p < 0.003) than the closed-face PP and PS samplers. We determined that significantly more monomeric and polymeric HDI were measured by impingers (1.3–1.9-fold) compared with single-stage PP/PS (N = 59), dual-stage PP/PS (N = 59), or IOM (N = 24) samplers. However, when stratified by cassette characteristics, the open-face single-stage PP and PS samplers performed equally to the impingers for HDI monomer when a fast-drying clearcoat was applied, and for all analytes when a slow-drying clearcoat was applied. Significantly higher HDI monomer concentrations (1.2–3.1-fold; p = 0.001) were measured with OSHA42 compared with the impinger. The IsoChek did not detect HDI monomer, and of the three samplers analyzed by laboratories other than UNC (i.e., OSHA42, IsoChek, and WA-DOSH), the WA-DOSH was in the best agreement with the impingers. The influence of clearcoat drying time on the sampler's ability to measure monomeric and polymeric HDI emphasizes the importance of the speciation of diisocyanates in chemical analysis and the careful consideration for the selection of the air sampler to be used when measuring exposures during automotive spray painting.