High Gain Values Research Articles

A broadband substrate integrated waveguide fed dielectric resonator antenna with U-slot for 5G-NR Band

Abstract In the proposed design, a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) feeding mechanism is utilized in conjunction with a higher-order mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA), which is excited by a U-slot aperture on the top side of the ground plane. This structure is aimed for 5G millimeter-wave bands, N257, and N258. Both sides of SIW are clad with 0.035mm copper with a permittivity of 2.2, Rogers 5880 is used as substrate. In contrast, DRA has a permittivity of 10. The design achieves a notable impedance bandwidth of 25-31.12 GHz (6.12 GHz or 21.8%) due to the excitation of multiple resonances of DRA modes. It delivers high gain values of 8.5 dBi at 25.8 GHz, 8.9 dBi at 27.5 GHz, and 7.2 dBi at 30 GHz, with radiation efficiency exceeding 98% within the resonance band. The radiation patterns demonstrate good co-polarized performance, validating the broadside transmission. All simulations were conducted using Ansys HFSS version 2023.

Fixation of Tripotassium Citrate Flame Retardant Using a Sorbitol and Citric Acid Wood-Modification Treatment.

Wood modification has been explored in various ways to enhance dimensional stability and reduce flammability, with a focus on environmentally friendly treatments to meet market demands. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of new, potential fire-retardant materials. Specifically, the study examined the combination of tripotassium citrate (TPC), a water-soluble and bio-based fire retardant, with sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA), an eco-friendly thermosetting resin previously studied. While TPC is known to control combustion, its application in wood modification has not been thoroughly researched. To assess the fixation and flammability of these fire retardants, tests were conducted on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), including chemical analysis, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and leaching tests. The combination of SorCA and TPC showed high weight percent gain (WPG) values; however, leaching and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) tests revealed challenges in fixation stability. The dynamic mechanical properties were reduced, whereas the static strength values were in the same range compared with untreated wood. While TPC exhibited high flame retardancy prior to leaching, its efficacy diminished post-leaching, underscoring challenges in fixation and the need for improved retention strategies. Bunsen burner tests conducted on leached specimens indicated enhanced performance even under severe leaching conditions as per the EN 84:2020 procedure. However, cone calorimetry measurements showed less favorable outcomes, emphasizing the necessity for further investigation into optimizing TPC retention and enhancing treatment efficacy.

A Wideband High Gain Differential Patch Antenna Featuring In-Phase Radiating Apertures.

Communication systems need antennas with wide bandwidths to provide large throughput, while imaging radars benefit from high gain for increased range and wide bandwidths for high-resolution imaging. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a wideband, high-gain antenna that achieves an average gain of 9.7 dBi over a bandwidth of 1.49 GHz to 3.92 GHz by using multiple in-phase radiating apertures. The antenna has a unique structure with a central rectangular short-circuited patch sandwiched between two back-to-back U-shaped radiating patches and two flanking H-shaped short-circuited patches. Each of the U-shaped patches employs a coplanar waveguide as feeding to achieve ultra-wideband impedance matching. Benefiting from design arrangement, in-phase electrical field distributions appear at the gaps between the patches that result in equivalent radiating magnetic currents in the same direction. Theory analysis shows that the close-spaced, same-direction magnetic currents created by the radiating apertures intensify the radiation and increase antenna gain within its impedance bandwidth. Simulated data show that the use of the coplanar waveguide feeding and short-circuited patches increase the bandwidth from 65 MHz to 2.43 GHz. Moreover, the short-circuited patches increase the gain by 3.45 dB at 2.4 GHz. Simulation and measurement results validate the design and show that the antenna features a maximum gain of 11.3 dBi and an average gain of 9.7 dBi in a fractional bandwidth of 89.8%. Because of the high gain values and the wide bandwidth, the antenna is particularly suited for long-range communication systems and high-resolution radar applications.

Forecasting the future of Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in India using ecological niche model.

The Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is the most notorious invasive pest species on maize, recently reported in India. The continuous spread of Fall armyworms to new ecological niches raises global concern. The current study is the first in India to forecast the suitability of a habitat for S. frugiperda using a maximum entropy algorithm. Predictions were made based on an analysis of the relationship between 109 occurrence records of S. frugiperda and pertinent historical, current, and predicted climatic data for the study area. The model indicated that S. frugiperda could thrive in different habitats under the current environmental circumstances, particularly in the west and south Indian states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. The model predicted that areas with higher latitudes, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, and some portions of Telangana, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh, as well as some tracts of northeastern states like Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, would have highly climate-suitable conditions for S. frugiperda to occur in the future. The average AUC value was 0.852, which indicates excellent accuracy of the prediction. A Jackknife test of variables indicated that isothermality with the highest gain value was determining the potential geographic distribution of S. frugiperda. Our results will be useful for serving as an early warning tool to guide decision-making and prevent further spread toward new areas in India.

Realization of MoTe2 CMOS inverter by contact doping and channel encapsulation

The Fermi level pinning effect significantly limits the application of electrical devices based on two-dimensional materials like transition metal dichalcogenide. Here, a CMOS inverter, which is comprised of an n- and a p-MoTe2 FET with optimized properties, has been successfully fabricated by using contact doping and channel encapsulation methods. Contact doping is to control the polarity of MoTe2-FET and improve contact properties, which is achieved by laser irradiation in different environmental conditions. The channel of two MoTe2-FETs was encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) to enhance carrier mobility and device stability. The fabricated CMOS inverter showed a very high gain value of 31 at V dd = 4 V at RT.

A Highly Isolated Tapered Triangular Dual‐Polarized Multiband MIMO Antenna for WLAN, C, X and Ku Bands

This research work presents the design of a multiband dual‐polarized eight‐element MIMO antenna having dimensions (0.51 λ × 0.66 λ × 0.009 λ). The antenna is observed to be radiating between 1.7 GHz and 2.4 GHz, 4.1 GHz and 10 GHz and 10.6 GHz and 19.8 GHz, featuring 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth between 9.7 and 10 GHz, 12.1 and 13.1 GHz, 14.4 and 14.5 GHz and 17.9 and 18.9 GHz. In the proposed MIMO antenna, the triangular‐shaped monopole antenna is tapered at its two sides. The isolation between the various elements of the proposed antenna is observed to be in range of −20 dB–−70 dB for the concerned frequency range. On the basis of comparison with similar existing structures, the proposed antenna demonstrates superior performance in terms of total active reflection coefficient (TARC < −5 dB), diversity gain (DG around 10 dB), channel capacity loss (CCL < 0.3 bits/s/Hz), mean effective gain (MEG) and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.024). The proposed antenna provides wide bandwidth (15.8 GHz) and high value of peak gain (6 dB). The proposed geometry is novel as it exhibits both linear as well as circular polarization with multiband response and it provides the least ECC and maximum isolation. The experimental results are found to be in agreement with the simulated results, so the proposed antenna can be useful for WLAN, C‐band, X band and Ku band applications.

Analisis Resiko Transformasi Mobil Berbahan Minyak ke Mobil Listrik Dengan Decision Tree

The development of the world of transportation has increased rapidly, this is marked by the emergence of electric cars. The changes experienced by society are so fast to switch from fuel cars to electric cars. Electric cars have various advantages of being environmentally friendly, not producing pollutant gas emissions, being faster, cost-effective and more comfortable. In addition to the advantages provided there are also several risks from the transformation of oil-fueled (bbm) cars into electric cars including expensive car prices, charging infrastructure, shorter mileage, electric car batteries have a limited lifespan. This study aims to analyze the risk mitigation of transforming oil-fueled cars into electric cars. In this case study, the researcher uses two kinds of attributes, namely the price of the car and the emissions it produces. The method used is to calculate each gain information from the attribute used by looking at the highest gain value, it will be known how big the risk is for the transformation of oil-fueled cars (bbm) to electric cars. and what factors (attributes) most determine the risk. . It is hoped that this research can help electric car developers and entrepreneurs to continue to improve the performance of existing electric cars.

Confidence and risky decision-making in gambling disorder.

People with Gambling Disorder (GD) often make risky decisions and experience cognitive distortions about gambling. Moreover, people with GD have been shown to be overly confident in their decisions, especially when money can be won. Here we investigated if and how the act of making a risky choice with varying monetary stakes impacts confidence differently in patients with GD (n = 27) relative to healthy controls (HCs) (n = 30). We used data from our previous mixed-gamble study, in which participants were given the choice of a certain option or a 50/50 gamble with potential gains or losses, after which they rated their confidence. While HCs were more confident when making certain than risky choices, GD patients were specifically more confident when making risky choices than certain choices. Notably, relative to HCs, confidence of patients with GD decreased more strongly with higher gain values when making a certain choice, suggesting a stronger fear of missing out or "anticipated regret" of missing out on potential gains when rejecting the risky choice. The current findings highlight the potential relevance of confidence and "regret" as cognitive mechanisms feeding into excessive risk-taking as seen in GD. Moreover, this study adds to the limited previous work investigating how confidence is affected in value-based risky contexts.

Effects of housing systems and feed additive on growth, carcass traits, liver function, oxidative status, thyroid function, and immune parameters of broilers

The effects of rearing Cobb500 broiler chickens under 3 different housing systems (floor litter, floor plastic, and batteries) without or with feed additive (Butinov) on broiler performance, blood parameters and carcass traits were evaluated. Three hundred 1-day-old chicks were distributed in a 3×2 factorial arrangement (6 treatments each of 5 replicates). The results showed that reared broilers on litter or plastic floors had high values (P ≤ 0.01) of bird's weight (BW), weight gain (WG), and feed intake (FI) throughout the entire study period (1-42 d of age) compared with rearing on batteries. Rearing broilers in the different housing systems and with or without feed additives did not affect (P ≥ 0.05) total feed conversion (FCR). Different rearing systems or feed additives did not influence broiler chicks' carcass traits and some serum blood parameters. The plastic floor system significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) blood serum corticosterone compared with litter and batteries. Feed additive (Butinov) decreased the level of T4 (P ≤ 0.05) in blood serum. Plastic floors or batteries significantly increased (P ≤ 0.01) the level of antibody titer against avian influenza virus (HIAV) compared to chicken reared on a litter floor. The results suggested that using housing systems of litter or plastic floors could improve broiler growth performance without adversely affecting carcass traits and blood characteristics compared with rearing in batteries. Also, broiler diets' feed additive (Butinov) and their interaction with rearing systems did not improve broiler growth performance.

Design of a compact sigma slotted dual-mode UWB antenna for wireless body area network applications

Abstract This article presents the design of a novel sigma slotted circular monopole antenna for wireless body area network applications. The design is proceeded with a sigma-shaped slot etched on the circular radiator with Rogers 4003C substrate. The size of the proposed antenna is 30 × 30 × 1 mm3. With partial ground plane, the bandwidth characteristics of the antenna have been enhanced. The designed antenna covers 2–10 GHz of the ultra wideband, thereby providing more than 106% bandwidth. The antenna exhibits high gain values of 1.95, 3.23, 3.46, and 5.95 dB at 2.45, 3.45, 5.8, and 9.5 GHz, respectively. The proposed design operates on off-body mode at 2.45 GHz and on-body mode at 5.8 GHz, thus acting as a dual-mode antenna. To ensure the health and safety measure, specific absorption rate analysis was done for both low and high values of input power and also with Cartesian and cylindrical human arm models. Bending analysis was also done. The time domain parameter group delay was also analyzed for the proposed antenna for on- and off-body scenarios. The prototype was fabricated, and validation of simulation results was done for free space and on-body scenarios.

A planar UWB-MIMO antenna with high isolation and reconfigurable single band-elimination characteristics

A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) triple mode frequency reconfigurable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with electronically controllable single band elimination properties is presented in this work. The reported antenna comprises of two rotationally symmetric identical modified circular radiators each having tapered microstrip feed lines and separate partial defected ground structures (DGS). The slotted radiating patches consist of C-shaped parasitic strips placed at their centers. Two PIN diode switches were utilized to join and detach the C-shaped strip and slotted circular radiator, and thus total four PIN diodes are employed in the dual-port MIMO configuration to achieve switchable operation between UWB and single band-notched UWB characteristics. The recommended antenna possesses ultrawide bandwidth with Snn ≤ −10 dB except at the rejected bands and attains isolation better than −21 dB in all reconfigurable modes. The proposed MIMO antenna shows good diversity behavior which has been proved through the study of various parameters, such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), CCL and diversity gain with values fulfilling the acceptable standard for practical usage. High diversity gain and ECC value below 0.0006 are obtained for all the modes. The suggested antenna structure is ideally suited for ultrawideband MIMO systems with on-demand suppression of WiMAX or WLAN signals.

Exploration of potential geothermal fields using MAXENT and AHP: A case study of the Büyük Menderes Graben

In today's world, geothermal energy is essential as one of the alternative energy sources because it is renewable and does not harm the environment or the atmosphere. Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG) has significant geothermal potential in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Method and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) were used in this study to define potential geothermal areas. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Based Maxent Method is the machine learning method. The decision analysis stage of the MCDA employed the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A geothermal favorability map was produced by combining weighted layers of standardized data according to the AHP. The Maxent Method created the other geothermal favorability map that self-estimates the weight of criteria. The Natural Breaks Jenks Method was used to categorize both maps. The findings of our study were compared with the locations of the geothermal resources in BMG. Both methods result in high accuracy, but the MaxEnt method has a high sensitivity to the geological parameters (cap rock geology and fault) of the geothermal system. So, the high gain values ensured the target was determined more precisely in the Maxent method. The MaxEnt method in our study is a guide for the exploration of new geothermal fields. Further geothermal explorations in the BMG will increase the potential of thermal tourism, housing heating, greenhouse, and balneological applications and contribute to renewable energy production in Turkey.

High-Performance Normal-Incidence Ge/Si Meta-Structure Avalanche Photodetector

A high-speed and high-sensitivity avalanche photodetector (APD) is a critical component of a high-data-rate and low-power optical-communication link. In this paper, we study a high-speed and high-efficiency Ge/Si heterostructure APD. First, we numerically study the speed performance of the APD by analyzing frequency response. An optimized epitaxial structure of the high-speed APD is designed. In the absence of RC time effects, the APD exhibits a fast pulse response (full-width at half-maximum) of 10 ps and a high 3 dB bandwidth of 33 GHz at a high-gain value of 10. Taking device size and the corresponding RC time effects into account, the APD still achieves a high 3 dB bandwidth of 29 GHz at a gain value of 10. Moreover, a novel subwavelength periodic hole array is designed on the normal-incidence APD for enhancing light absorption without sacrificing speed performance. Near-perfect absorption is almost achieved by an infinite-period hole array due to the coupling of dual-resonance modes. A high-absorption efficiency of 64% is obtained by a limited-sized hole array in the high-speed APD. This work provides a promising method to design high-speed and high-efficiency normal-incidence Ge/Si heterostructure APDs for optical interconnect systems.

Investigation of MDRZ and DPSK modulation schemes employed in DWDM systems for smart city 5G access networks

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is one of the emerging technologies for data transmission in 5G access network assembly between the antenna unit (AU) and the distribution unit (DU). Here, in this work, we evaluate and analyze a dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) — passive optical networks (PONs) employing erbium–ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier (EYDFA) [Formula: see text] Raman hybrid optical amplifier (HOA) using two modulation schemes — modified duobinary return to zero (MDRZ) and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) for alternate channels, where the channel count has been varied from 8 to 40. The system has been analyzed over the wavelength span of 1550–1558.8[Formula: see text]nm with a channel spacing, input power and data rate of 25[Formula: see text]GHz, 0[Formula: see text]dB and 40[Formula: see text]Gb/s, respectively. An average gain, gain ripple and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of 20.87, 0.95 and 30[Formula: see text]dB, respectively have been observed in the case of HOA along with the achievement of Q-factor of up to 9 at the receiving end of the system. The DPSK-modulated channels result in higher values of gain and OSNR along with lower gain ripple as compared to MDRZ channels making the proposed system a good option for 5G access network applications.

Controllable-doping ambipolar conjugated polymeric semiconductors towards simplified-constructed organic logic circuits with excellent comprehensive performance

Organic electronics aims to simplify the construction of high-performance basic logic circuits for various applications. Ambipolar organic semiconductors, particularly ambipolar conjugated polymers, offer distinct advantages of easy solution-printing-based fabrication and low-cost development of large-area organic circuits. However, the narrow bandgaps of intrinsic ambipolar polymers result in the low current on/off ratio (generally 102–103), impeding the generation of output signals with high accuracy and immunity, which are critical requirements for potential logic circuit applications. The quasi-unipolar transport properties for pristine well-balanced ambipolar polymers were obtained using a controllable-doping process, which resulted in a significant increase in current on/off ratios (105–107) for both p-channel and n-channel thin-film transistors. Furthermore, large-area organic logic circuits such as NOT, NOR, and NAND gates were constructed using a direct writing technique based on the same ambipolar conjugated polymer films with superior p- and n-conducting channels by the controllable-doping process, demonstrating excellent overall performance with a high gain value of ∼150, signal noise margins of 68% and fast response to input voltages. This study provides valuable guidelines for improving the on/off ratio of ambipolar materials by implementing the doping strategy, further promoting the possibility of practical applications in solution-printed integrated organic circuits.

An ultra‐wideband high gain antenna with embedded sleeves and hexagonal cavity

AbstractRadar detection and imaging systems need ultra‐wideband, high‐gain antennas to improve depth resolution and detection range. This paper proposes an ultra‐wideband high gain differential patch antenna having a peak gain of 12.9 dBi and an average gain of 11.3 dBi in the bandwidth from 7.2 and 26 GHz. Two sleeves are added around the feeding probes to attain ultra‐wideband impedance matching that is explained with an equivalent circuit. A hexagonal cavity with two M‐shaped cutouts improves the gain in the broadside direction by redistributing the current and reshaping the antenna's radiation patterns at different frequencies. The antenna's measured S‐parameter validates the design and confirms it has an ultra‐wide bandwidth. The ultra‐wide bandwidth along with the high gain values make the antenna a promising candidate for high‐resolution radar systems.

Fully solution-processed carbon nanotubes thin film transistors and PMOS inverters on glass substrate

We report fully solution-processed thin film transistors and PMOS inverters fabricated on glass substrates using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as active semiconducting material. All the electrodes (gate, source, and drain) were inkjet-printed using silver (Ag) as conductive ink. Spin coated poly-4-vinylphenol dielectric was optimized in terms of thickness and heating conditions for solution-processed SWCNTs thin film transistors to achieve a mobility equal to 0.81 cm2 V−1s−1. We will show that, hole traps at the dielectric-semiconductor interface are responsible for the hysteresis in the transfer curve, and controlled by the different sweep rate of the gate field. Drain-current transients under different bias conditions were studied and the increase in current occurs due to slow polarizations of residual dipolar groups in the dielectric. The adopted technology has been exploited to fabricate a PMOS inverter and studied for high gain and noise margin values at the supply voltage, V DD = −40 V.

A novel UWB flexible antenna with dual notch bands for wearable biomedical devices.

This study presents a novel UWB flexible antenna with dual band-notched design for wearable biomedical devices. The proposed antenna is designed on Kapton Polyimide-based flexible substrate. This includes a CPW fed circular and triangle structure. The dual notched bands are realized by using two triangular-shaped spiral slots defected ground structures. The first notched band (2.4-3.7GHz) is generated for rejecting WLAN and WiMAX, the second notch (5.15-5.725GHz) is generated for rejecting HyperLAN/2. The designed UWB antenna has approximately a bandwith of 159% (2.05-14GHz) in simulation. Thus, the designed UWB antenna meets FCC standards. The antenna has an omnidirectional radiation pattern with a maximum gain of 12.7dB in 8.4GHz. The proposed antenna is fabricated with the low-cost airbrush printed technique. In this technique, a higher gain value is obtained by controlling the thickness of the conductive layer. Effect of flexibility on the antenna performance is tested for different configurations in the simulation and anechoic chamber environments. According to the results obtained, the overall performance is not affected except for the shift in frequency. Since the antenna has a UWB structure, the frequency shift that occurs in bending is at a tolerable level. The proposed UWB antenna is suitable for wearable biomedical devices, with a high UWB performance.

An Ultra-Miniaturized Circular Polarized Implantable Antenna With Gain Enhancement by Using DGS and Holey Superstrate for Biomedical Applications

In this paper, a new approach is presented for achieving circular polarization (CP) characteristics and gain enhancement of an ultra-miniaturized antenna for biomedical applications. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency of the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands of 2.4 GHz. The integration of the defected ground structure (DGS), and the Holey supertrate produces a significant gain improvement with the CP characteristic at the desired frequency. As a result, the proposed antenna does not only have an ultra-compact dimension of 2.5 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times2.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times1.28$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm (8 mm3), but also has CP characteristic, high gain value, and an acceptable radiation efficiency of 0.25 %. The performance of the proposed antenna is tested via numerical and experimental measurement. The designed antenna is fabricated on a low loss, flexible, and biocompatible PCB material, Taconic CER-10 ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\varepsilon _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 10.2, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.0 035). The measurement results assembles a good impedance matching at 2.4 GHz with the bandwidth of 33% and a maximum peak gain of −14.3 dBi. Moreover, the antenna shows a low specific absorption rate (SAR) with the value compliance the IEEE standard safety guidelines. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed CP antenna is the compactest size with high performance and great gain enhancement (approximate 3.2 dBi) compared to previously reported works. Finally, the proposed antenna with the approach and its successful integration is a potential candidate and suitable for biomedical implant applications.

Structural design of dual carrier multiplication avalanche photodiodes on InP substrate

Avalanche photodiodes are widely used in various fields, such as optical communication and laser radar, because of their high multiplication. In order to adapt to very weak signal detection applications, devices are required to have higher gain values. The existing avalanche photodiodes generally use single carrier multiplication mode of operation, its multiplication effect is limited. In this paper is designed an InP/In&lt;sub&gt;0.53&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;0.47&lt;/sub&gt;As/In&lt;sub&gt;0.52&lt;/sub&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;0.48&lt;/sub&gt;As avalanche photodiode structure with electrons and holes jointly involved in multiplication. In this structure, In&lt;sub&gt;0.53&lt;/sub&gt;Ga&lt;sub&gt;0.47&lt;/sub&gt;As material is used for the absorption layer, InP material is used for the hole multiplication layer, In&lt;sub&gt;0.52&lt;/sub&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;0.48&lt;/sub&gt;As is used for the electron multiplication layer, and the two multiplication layers are distributed on the upper side and lower side of the absorber layer. Under the reverse bias, the photogenerated electrons and the absorber-layer generated holes can enter into the respective multiplier layers in different directions and create the avalanche multiplication effect, so that the carriers are fully utilized. This structure and the conventional single multiplication layer structure are simulated by Silvaco TCAD software. Comparing the single InP multiplication layer structure with the single In&lt;sub&gt;0.52&lt;/sub&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;0.48&lt;/sub&gt;As multiplication layer structure, the gain value of the double multiplication layer structure at 95% breakdown voltage is about 2.3 times and about 2 times of the former two, respectively, and the device has a larger gain value because both carriers are involved in multiplication in both multiplication layers at the same time. The structure has a dark current of 1.5 nA at 95% breakdown voltage, which does not increase in comparison with the single multiplication layer structure, owing to the effective control of the electric field inside the structure by multiple charge layers. Therefore, this structure is expected to improve the detection sensitivity of the system.