High Fertility Rates Research Articles

Determinants of implanon discontinuation among women in Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia: a case–control study

BackgroundThe main public health problem that has a significant impact on the high fertility rate, unintended pregnancies, and induced abortion is Implanon cessation. In addition to Implanon being underutilized in Ethiopia, the rate of cessation is higher among women who started using it. Nevertheless, little is known about the factors that lead to Implanon cessation.ObjectivesThe study was aimed to determine the factors that led women to discontinue Implanon in Gedeo Zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region, southern Ethiopia, 2019.MethodA community-based unmatched case–control study design was carried out. Cases and controls were selected by a multi-stage sampling with a 1:2 case-to-control ratio. Data was entered into EPi-data version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. A bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the factors affecting Implanon discontinuation. The adjusted odd ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used to determine the precision of estimates, and statistical significance was declared at a p-value of 0.05.ResultFrom 516 women included in to the study, 495 (cases = 166 and controls = 329) women have responded to the questionnaires making a response rate of 96%. Monthly income 500—1000 birr [AOR: 0.3; 95% CI (0.2–0.5)], above 1000 birr [AOR: 0.2; 95% CI (0.1–0.4)], history of abortion [AOR: 2.0; 95% CI (1.0–4.1)], birth spacing [AOR: 0.6; 95% CI (0.3–0.9)], partner objection [AOR: 2.4; 95% CI (1.4–4.2)] were significantly associated factors.ConclusionThis study identified that monthly income, having abortion history, birth spacing, partner objection were the factors that affect Implanon discontinuation. To reduce implanon discontinuation, reducing abortion, involving partner and increasing the birth spacing, appropriate counseling before the insertion and appropriate follow-up by a health care practitioner are highly recommended.

Active Soil Organic Carbon Pools Decrease with Increased Time since Land-Use Transition from Rice Paddy Cultivation to Areca Nut Plantations under the Long-Term Application of Inorganic Fertilizer

Many croplands in the tropics of China have been converted over the last decades into areca nut plantations due to their high economic returns. This land-use transition was accompanied by changes in agricultural practices such as soil moisture regimes and fertilizer inputs, which may affect soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions, especially in tropical soils with low fertility and high nitrogen loss. Yet, how the time since land-use transition from rice paddy cultivation to areca nut plantations affects soil carbon dynamics and their underlying mechanisms in the tropics of China remains elusive. Here, areca nut plantation soils with different ages (2, 5, 10, 14, and 17 years) and paddy fields in the tropical region of China were investigated. The study result indicates that the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), easily oxidized organic carbon (EOC), light organic carbon (LFOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased significantly with increased time since land-use transition from rice paddy cultivation to areca nut plantations. Similarly, the ratios of DOC/SOC, MBC/SOC, POC/SOC, LFOC/SOC, and EOC/SOC decreased significantly with increased time since land-use transition. Compared with the paddy soil, the carbon pool management index decreased by 36.6–76.7% under the areca nut plantations, concluding that increasing the time since land-use transition from rice paddy cultivation to areca nut plantations with high application rates of chemical fertilizers resulted in reduced soil active carbon fractions and SOC supply capacity. Therefore, agricultural practices such as the use of organic fertilizers should be applied to improve the soil’s ability to supply organic carbon in managed plantation ecosystems in the tropics of China.

공통요인 효과를 고려한 아태지역 국가의 합계출산율 결정요인 분석

Purpose - This study examines the impact on total fertility rate in 30 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, focusing on female labor market participation and labor market instability. Design/Methodology/Approach - There is a common factors effect of cross-sectional dependence on the total fertility rate, explanatory variables, and residuals. Therefore, it was estimated using the CS-ARDL (Cross-Sectionally augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lags) model that considers the dynamics of total fertility rate, common factors effect, and heterogeneity by country. Findings - Female labor market participation and labor market instability have a negative (-) effect on the total fertility rate, but the coefficient of the interaction term is estimated to have a positive (+) sign, so it should be considered in the impact of the labor force participation rate and unemployment rate. Research Implications - A low female labor force participation rate and unemployment rate drive a high total fertility rate, but countries with a high labor force participation rate should have a high unemployment rate, and countries with a high unemployment rate should have a high labor force participation rate. Therefore, policies are needed to enable women to balance work and family life, and facilitate entry into the labor market.

Fertility divergence across large and small areas

AbstractThis paper examines U.S. female fertility during 2005–2019. Small areas had higher fertility rates than large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during each year. Both experienced fertility declines between 2005 and 2019. However, decreased fertility was more pronounced for large MSAs, and the fertility gap between large and small areas widened considerably. Investigation by age group reveals that diverging fertility across large and small areas is driven by women ages 25–34. We also use multivariate regression analysis for ages 25–34 to consider relationships between individual‐level and area‐level characteristics and spatial divergence in fertility. Employment patterns, foreign‐born status, and local housing costs are notable factors.

Spatial analysis of modern contraceptive use among women who need it in Ethiopia: Using geo-referenced data from performance monitoring for action.

The challenge of achieving maternal and neonatal health-related goals in developing countries is significantly impacted by high fertility rates, which are partly attributed to limited access to family planning and access to the healthcare systems. The most widely used indicator to monitor family planning coverage is the proportion of women in reproductive age using contraception (CPR). However, this metric does not accurately reflect the true family planning coverage, as it fails to account for the diverse needs of women in reproductive age. Not all women in this category require contraception, including those who are pregnant, wish to become pregnant, sexually inactive, or infertile. To effectively address the contraceptive needs of those who require it, this study aims to estimate family planning coverage among this specific group. Further, we aimed to explore the geographical variation and factors influencing contraceptive uptake of contraceptive use among those who need. We used data from the Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA Ethiopia) survey of women of reproductive age and the service delivery point (SDP) survey conducted in 2019. A total of 4,390 women who need contraception were considered as the analytical sample. To account for the study design, sampling weights were considered to compute the coverage of modern contraceptive use disaggregated by socio-demographic factors. Bayesian geostatistical modeling was employed to identify potential factors associated with the uptake of modern contraception and produce spatial prediction to unsampled locations. The overall weighted prevalence of modern contraception use among women who need it was 44.2% (with 95% CI: 42.4%-45.9%). Across regions of Ethiopia, contraceptive use coverage varies from nearly 0% in Somali region to 52.3% in Addis Ababa. The average nearest distance from a woman's home to the nearest SDP was high in the Afar and Somali regions. The spatial mapping shows that contraceptive coverage was lower in the eastern part of the country. At zonal administrative level, relatively high (above 55%) proportion of modern contraception use coverage were observed in Adama Liyu Zone, Ilu Ababor, Misrak Shewa, and Kefa zone and the coverage were null in majority of Afar and Somali region zones. Among modern contraceptive users, use of the injectable dominated the method-mix. The modeling result reveals that, living closer to a SDP, having discussions about family planning with the partner, following a Christian religion, no pregnancy intention, being ever pregnant and being young increases the likelihood of using modern contraceptive methods. Areas with low contraceptive coverage and lower access to contraception because of distance should be prioritized by the government and other supporting agencies. Women who discussed family planning with their partner were more likely to use modern contraceptives unlike those without such discussion. Thus, to improve the coverage of contraceptive use, it is very important to encourage/advocate women to have discussions with their partner and establish movable health systems for the nomadic community.

Multivariate Analysis of Food Security and Its Driving Factors

The main objective of the presented paper was the analysis of the current state of food security in the world, segmentation of 100 selected countries and determination of its main driving factors. The analysis used 27 indicators covering 5 basic areas: agricultural production, poverty, demography, economic development, and environmental indicators. The analysis was based on data from the FAO and World Bank for the most recent available period, which was year 2020. The data dimension was reduced with the application of factor analysis, and the main driving factors of food sufficiency were determined. The result was 6 factors: technological development, economic development, agricultural production, environmental factor, and physical quality of life and environment. To group similar countries in terms of selected indicators, a cluster analysis was performed, whereby countries were grouped by similarity into three clusters. The 1st cluster consisted of the most economically developed countries, where only 2.54% of the population suffers from malnutrition. The countries in this cluster were characterized by high levels of economic development, high caloric intake of the population, and high, life expectancy. On the other hand, they recorded negative development in demographic indicators such as fertility and birth rates. The 2nd cluster included the poorest areas of the African continent, which were most endangered by direct food insufficiency (23.74% of the population). In contrast to the first cluster, these countries were characterized by low levels of economic development, high prices, and low-calorie intakes of the population, as well as low life expectancy, while on the other hand, these countries had high fertility and birth rates. The third largest cluster consisted of countries with a medium threat of food insufficiency, where 6.37% of the population suffers from malnutrition. The countries in the third cluster excelled in terms of crop and livestock production volumes, but in contrast to this, they achieved lower levels of fat, protein, and calorie intake of population.

The commodification of romance in relation to fertility rate in Japan: a case study in Tokunoshima

Japan’s low fertility rate has been a concern for over thirty years. Despite a vast literature on the topic, numerous policies and measures to boost the country’s fertility rate, and the will of Japanese people to have a family, Japan seems powerless to remedy the problem commonly called shôshika in Japanese. Yet, Southern parts of Japan show that it does not equally affect the archipelago. Remote islands in Japan have an exceptionally high fertility rate compared to other developed countries. The paper aims to understand the reasons for their high fertility rate by focusing on late and lifelong singlehood (bankonka and mikonka) as a critical factor of the shôshika. It will particularly pay attention to the perception of love and romance in one of those remote islands: Tokunoshima. It will argue that the absence of commodification in romantic intercourse facilitates matchmaking that would result in the creation of a family. People are more likely to meet someone with whom they will have a family when the dating process is not embedded with commodified gestures. On another note, although their view of dating is similar to individuals in other developed countries, the practice of dating takes alternative forms that force them not to rely on the commodification of romance, which increases their chances of matchmaking. As a result, inhabitants of Tokunoshima quickly find a marriage partner, which contributes to the absence of late and lifelong singlehood.

Lipidomic profiling of cervical mucus reveals the potential role of pro-inflammatory derived metabolites on sperm transport across the ovine cervix

Internationally, cervical artificial insemination (AI) in sheep yields low pregnancy rates when frozen-thawed semen is used. An exception to this is in Norway where vaginal AI of frozen-thawed semen to a natural oestrus yields non-return rates in excess of 60%, which has been attributed to the ewe breed used in Norway. This study used both metabolomics and an RNA-sequencing approach to assess the lipid production and composition from cervical mucus and tissue of four European ewe breeds (n = 28–30 ewes per breed) with previously reported differences in pregnancy rates following cervical AI with frozen-thawed semen. These breeds included Suffolk (exhibiting low fertility), Belclare (medium fertility) as well as Norwegian White Sheep and Fur (both with high fertility and pregnancy rates > 60%) at both a synchronised and natural oestrous cycle. The aim was to explore the differences between ewe breeds in the lipidomic profile and to identify candidate biomarkers associated with an optimal environment for cervical sperm transport. The results revealed the identification of 255 lipids, of which 170, 102 and 83 were different between ewe breeds, types of cycle and affected by their interaction, respectively (P < 0.05). Reduced levels of lipids involved in the resolution of inflammation (i.e. 14-HDoHE,17-HDoHE, 15-HETE) were identified in the low-fertility Suffolk breed compared to high-fertility ewe breeds. However, there was an up-regulation of the COX pathway accompanied by increased levels of prostaglandins in the Suffolk breed. These findings indicated a sub-optimal and pro-inflammatory environment that could have a negative effect on cervical sperm transport.

Understanding Multifaceted Determinants of Contraceptive Utilization among Adolescent Females: Insights from Wakiso District, Uganda

Despite global efforts to enhance contraceptive utilization, adolescent females in Uganda face persistent challenges accessing and utilizing modern contraceptive methods, resulting in high fertility rates and maternal mortality. This cross-sectional study investigated the intricate factors influencing contraceptive usage among adolescent females attending Kasangati Health Center IV in Wakiso District, Uganda. Employing questionnaire-based surveys, the study targeted adolescent females attending the health center, utilizing simple random sampling to select 220 participants, as determined by Fisher's formula. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 20, presenting comprehensive findings through tables, pie charts, bar graphs, and narratives. The study uncovered a concerning contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) of 19% among adolescent females, despite existing awareness of family planning methods. Key determinants of contraceptive usage included limited knowledge about contraception, constrained access to services, entrenched societal norms, and gender dynamics. The findings highlight the urgent need to address these multifaceted barriers to enhance contraceptive utilization and mitigate unmet needs among adolescent females. The study's recommendations encompass targeted educational campaigns, improved accessibility of family planning services, and fostering the engagement of both genders in reproductive health decision-making processes. Ethical considerations were meticulously observed, with informed consent obtained from participants and ethical approval secured from relevant authorities. This study contributes seminal insights into the complex landscape of contraceptive utilization among adolescent females in Uganda, offering critical guidance for policy formulation and programmatic interventions aimed at improving reproductive health outcomes and curtailing maternal mortality rates. Keywords: Contraceptive utilization, Adolescent females, Reproductive health, Family planning, Wakiso District and Uganda

Determining Breastfeeding Behaviors During Pregnancy and Opinions on Tandem Breastfeeding among Postpartum Women in a High Fertility Region of Turkey.

Particularly, in regions with high fertility rates, promoting breastfeeding during pregnancy and tandem breastfeeding can be important in increasing breastfeeding rates. This study aimed to understand how postpartum women in a high-fertility region in Turkey approach breastfeeding behaviors during pregnancy and opinions on tandem breastfeeding. We conducted a descriptive study involving 267 postpartum women hospitalized in a public hospital's postpartum clinic in Sanliurfa, Turkey. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a Data Collection Form. 15.7% of the women had prior experience with breastfeeding during pregnancy. 58.8% of women became pregnant again while breastfeeding their older baby, and 84.7% of these women continued breastfeeding for 1 to 20 weeks after learning that they were pregnant. The study revealed that women with highly educated partners and those who learned about their pregnancy early tended to breastfeed for a longer duration during pregnancy (P < 0.05). Overall, 9% of women were aware of tandem breastfeeding, but 84.3% of them held negative opinions about it, with the most common concern being a potential lack of breast milk (31.1%). 4.9% of women expressed their intention to engage in tandem breastfeeding if their older child wanted to suck again. This intention was more common among those who most commonly spoke Turkish at home (P < 0.05). The study's findings emphasize the importance of providing informed support and education to women who choose to breastfeed during pregnancy, addressing common misconceptions about tandem breastfeeding, and recognizing the impact of cultural and educational factors on breastfeeding practices.

Effect of Different Natural Extenders in Maintaining the Quality of Sperm Fish (Cyprinus carpio)

High demand on as consume fish nor as decorative fish, causes an increasing production. But, an obstacle occurs on production, due to reproductive characteristic of Common Carp fish. Different time on sperm and eggs production from male and female fish cause difficulties in breeding. Hence, it needed sperm preservation so the breeding could be done in whole year. Natural extenders are the solution to preserve fish sperm without side effect. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different types of extenders and different doses on the percentage of sperm motility and viability of carp (Cyprinus carpio) after storage This research was conducted at the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya and the Freshwater Cultivation Installation (IBAT Punten), Batu, East Java. The method in this study was Complete Random Design (CRD) with 6 treatments, K (100ml lactate ringer); A (1ml cider + 99ml lactate ringer); B (1ml coconut + 99ml lactate ringer); C (1ml date juice + 99ml lactate ringer); D (1ml honey + 99ml lactate ringer); E (1ml sugar cane + 99ml lactate ringer). The results showed that the highest motility was obtained in the treatment of using date extract extender with a motility percentage rate of 77.66%; highest viability was obtained in the honey extract with 80.71%; and the highest fertility rate was obtained in the honey extract treatment with 72.67 %.

Assessing the Impact of Population Dynamics in Kenya: A Need for Policy Implementation

Population dynamics significantly influence various aspects of a country’s development, including economic growth, social progress, and environmental sustainability. In Kenya, population dynamics have been a critical factor shaping the country’s development agenda. This abstract aims to assess the impact of population dynamics in Kenya and the need for policy implementation. The relationship between population growth and economic development is complex and multifaceted. While an increasing population may fuel economic growth through a larger workforce, it simultaneously exerts pressure on essential resources and services. This paper examines the trends and implications of population growth in Kenya, a country characterized by a high fertility rate, and assesses its impact on economic dynamics. By analyzing the challenges posed by this demographic trend, the study elucidates the significant influence of population on Kenya's economy. Furthermore, it delves into the strategies implemented by the Kenyan government to mitigate adverse effects and proposes additional measures for sustainable development. Through this investigation, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between population growth and economic stability in Kenya, highlighting the necessity for effective policy interventions.

Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum Group) with Application of Amino Acid Biostimulant Dosages

Intensive shallot cultivation needs high application rates of inorganic fertilizers that can cause environmental problems. Therefore, it is essential to lessen the rate of inorganic fertilizers by environmentally friendlier approaches, such as the application of biostimulants like amino acids. The present study determined the most effective dosage and application method of amino acid biostimulant to increase shallot yield and growth while using only half the amount of inorganic fertilizers. The research was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors and four blocks as replications. The first factor was the dose of amino acids biostimulant (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 L/ha), and the second factor was the application method (through leaves and soil). Data were observed on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), boron (B), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin, zeatin, kinetin, nitrate reductase activity (NRA), chlorophyll as well as the growth and yield of shallot. The results showed that the application of amino acids biostimulants increased IAA, gibberellin, and kinetin content in both application methods. Amino acids biostimulants increased N, P, K, B, Mn, and chlorophyll. Amino acids biostimulant 1 L/ha was the best dosage to increase leaf diameter, leaf dry weight, total dry weight, number of bulbs (5.63 per plant; 44%), and productivity (16.46 tons/ha; 33.77%). The application through the leaves improved NRA, leaf area, and crop growth rate. It was indicated that amino acid biostimulant through leaves provides a useful instrument for plant growth, allowing the reduction of inorganic fertilizer without compromising crop yields.

In-Vivo Effects of Canary (Serinus Canary) Semen Diluted with Different Semen Extenders on Eggs in Artificial Insemination

In this study, the effect of Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) extenders on artificial insemination was determined.. For this purpose, the number of fertile eggs, the total number of eggs, the number of hatched eggs, and the number of hatchlings from fertile eggs were determined in the study. From these values, the fertility rate (%), egg hatch rate (%) and fertile egg hatch rate (%) were calculated. Twelve male and female canaries (Gloster breed; 1-2 years old) were used in each group. In the study, three groups, one control (C) and the other two treatment groups (T-1, T-2) were formed. Female canaries in group C were directly inseminated without using any extenders. Females in the T-1 group were diluted 1:1 with DPBS; females in the T-2 group were inseminated with semen diluted 1:1 with DMEM. Although there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of fertility rate (P0.05). The highest fertility rate (61.81%) was in group C; the lowest was in the T-1 (29.17%) group. (P

Homoeopathy in Cervical Cancer

Population growth is related to high fertility rates, thus grading multiparous women in the risk zone of cervical cancer.Cervical cancer is a chronic phenomenon of cervical erosion. Following that the body goes through is the Human Papilloma Virusinfection, which becomes the main reason for cervical cancer. The review article deals with the status of cervical cancer at theglobal level, followed by the situation in India. Further, the article discusses the role and status of HPV vaccines globally andnationally. The role of homeopathy of the Ministry of AYUSH of India in cervical cancer is discussed in the later section of thearticle. Here, it is proposed that a multi-stage treatment protocol based on therapeutics in homoeopathic materia medica will bean effective tool. The article's focus on homeopathy as the therapeutic system which can cover masses through its properties likecost effectiveness, therapeutic effectiveness, and less side effects.

Heat stress during male meiosis impairs cytoskeletal organization, spindle assembly and tapetum degeneration in wheat.

The significance of heat stress in agriculture is ever-increasing with the progress of global climate changes. Due to a negative effect on the yield of staple crops, including wheat, the impairment of plant reproductive development triggered by high ambient temperature became a restraint in food production. Although the heat sensitivity of male meiosis and the following gamete development in wheat has long been recognized, a detailed structural characterization combined with a comprehensive gene expression analysis has not been done about this phenomenon. We demonstrate here that heat stress severely alters the cytoskeletal configuration, triggers the failure of meiotic division in wheat. Moreover, it changes the expression of genes related to gamete development in male meiocytes and the tapetum layer in a genotype-dependent manner. 'Ellvis', a heat-tolerant winter wheat cultivar, showed high spikelet fertility rate and only scarce structural aberrations upon exposure to high temperature. In addition, heat shock genes and genes involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species were significantly upregulated in 'Ellvis', and the expression of meiosis-specific and major developmental genes showed high stability in this cultivar. In the heat-sensitive 'Mv 17-09', however, genes participating in cytoskeletal fiber nucleation, the spindle assembly checkpoint genes, and tapetum-specific developmental regulators were downregulated. These alterations may be related to the decreased cytoskeleton content, frequent micronuclei formation, and the erroneous persistence of the tapetum layer observed in the sensitive genotype. Our results suggest that understanding the heat-sensitive regulation of these gene functions would be an essential contribution to the development of new, heat-tolerant cultivars.

DOES PRECONCEPTION TRAINING AFFECT THE AVOIDANCE OF PREGNANCY? THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT: THE CASE OF HOME VISIT

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of preconception training on the avoidance of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with pretest-posttest quasi- experimental design during home visits within the scope of the Butterfly Effect project. The population consisted of women who were aged 18–49 years and were living in villages with high fertility rates in a provincial centre in the Central Black Sea region. The sample was calculated by power analysis and included 100 women. The data were collected using a Personal Information Form and the Desire to Avoid Pregnancy (DAP) Scale. The women in houses selected through simple random method were visited. the personal information form and the DAP were applied to the women as pretest and then the preconception training was provided and the DAP was applied as posttest after this training Findings: The DAP total score was 29.17±13.28 before the training and 27.68±13.05 after the training. A significant difference was found between the DAP total mean scores before and after the training and age, age of the partner, duration of marriage, use of family planning, and previous pregnancy or birth. Moreover, while the presence of living children and the use of family planning were effective on the DAP before the training, the variables of the partner’s age, the use of family planning, and the number of years after which she would like to conceive a child were effective on the DAP after the preconception training. Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that the women’s desire to avoid pregnancy was moderate. The number of living children and the number of children planned for the family were significant predictors on the desire to avoid pregnancy.

Влияние сроков щенения на воспроизводительные качества лисиц породного типа «Савватьевский»

The article presents the results of the analysis of the dynamics of the timing of the pupping of silver-black foxes during the creation of the breed type "Savvatievsky". The optimal timing of female coverage has been identified. The timing of the pupping of females of different degrees of blood is analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of the effect of the timing of puppies on the fertility of females and the output of puppies to the main female was carried out. Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn: the puppies of domestic breeding females occur mainly in April (53.1 %). Breeders of the farm, in an effort to consolidate in a new breed type of foxes such economically useful signs as the large size and quality of the hair cover characteristic of foxes of the Norwegian type, annually selected males and females phenotypically satisfying the task, this led to an increase in the percentage of unfavorably giving birth, procreating and missing females by 2021. In order to change the situation and increase reproduction rates, it is necessary to select females for a tribe whose rutting period begins in the month of February, since this category of females revealed a minimum percentage of those who missed, got sick and gave birth unfavorably, and in addition, high fertility rates and the percentage of preservation of young.

A Reassessment of the Fertility Rate-Poverty Rate Nexus: Evidence from Nigeria

This research aimed to uncover the connection between two variables specifically within Nigeria. Using data from 1980 to 2016 and a modified Solow model, researchers identified a clear positive relationship between high fertility rates and poverty levels in the country. The study indicates that the causality primarily stems from fertility rates leading to poverty, emphasizing the necessity for interventions to address these challenges. The absence of social safety nets and support programs in Nigeria contributes to larger family sizes, resulting in inadequate healthcare, limited educational opportunities, and restricted economic prospects. These results highlight the critical need to revisit and strengthen the National Population Policy to effectively tackle these issues, emphasizing the essential role of government leadership in driving these much-needed reforms. The correlation between the main variables was established using the SVAR and innovation accounting method. The findings reveal a significant and strong positive correlation between poverty and fertility rate, with this correlation surpassing that of other variables examined. The study suggests that this may be attributed to the lack of social safety nets and family support programs in Nigeria, leading to the consequences of larger family sizes, including inadequate healthcare, limited access to education, lack of economic opportunities, and restricted social mobility. Based on these empirical findings, an immediate reassessment and revitalization of the National Population Policy (NPP) are warranted, with strong leadership from the Federal Government required from both the Executive and the National Assembly.

Assessment of Sterilization Operations among Eligible Couples in Two Districts with High Total Fertility Rate in Tribal Odisha: An Effort to Plan to Offer Respectful Contraceptive Operative Services.

A survey in two districts of Odisha with reportedly high total fertility rates, i.e., Boudh and Koraput (Annual Health Survey-2014), was performed under the aegis of the Indian Council of Medical Research, aiming to improve male participation in contraceptive acceptance and services. One hundred and forty-eight women out of 217 sterilization acceptors consented to the study. A semi-structured questionnaire with responses regarding the preoperative, operative, and postoperative experiences was used as the tool, and responses were analyzed in SPSS version 25. The outcome variable was a self-reported score of satisfaction on a scale of 1-10; wherein eight was reported by 42.7% of total women. The satisfaction score using linear regression was significant for the total times the woman was pregnant (β = -0.369; P = 0.002), with a unit increase in times, the woman was pregnant, and the satisfaction declined by 0.363 units. The study provides evidence of greater advocacy of a less heard mandate of "respectful contraception."