Higher Extract Concentrations Research Articles

Antioxidant Effect of Nanoparticles Composed of Zein and Orange (Citrus sinensis) Extract Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.

In the present research, an orange extract (OE) was obtained and encapsulated in a zein matrix for its subsequent physicochemical characterization and evaluation of its antioxidant capacity. The OE consists of phenolic compounds and flavonoids extracted from orange peel (Citrus sinensis) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The results obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that zein nanoparticles with orange extract (NpZOE) presented a nanometric size and spherical shape, presenting a hydrodynamic diameter of 159.26 ± 5.96 nm. Furthermore, ζ-potential evolution and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were used to evaluate the interaction between zein and OE. Regarding antioxidant activity, ABTS and DPPH assays indicated no significant differences at high concentrations of orange peel extract and NpZOE; however, NpZOE was more effective at low concentrations. Although this indicates that ultrasonication as an extraction method effectively obtains the phenolic compounds present in orange peels, the nanoprecipitation method under the conditions used allowed us to obtain particles in the nanometric range with positive ζ-potential. On the other hand, the antioxidant capacity analysis indicated a high antioxidant capacity of both OE and the NpZOE. This study presents the possibility of obtaining orange extracts by ultrasound and coupling them to zein-based nanoparticulate systems to be applied as biomedical materials functionalized with antioxidant substances of pharmaceutical utility.

The clinical cross-reactivity and immunological cross-antigenicity of wheat and barley

BackgroundSome patients with wheat allergy have been reported to show clinical cross-reactivity to barley. However, it is not clear whether the development of barley allergy in patients with wheat allergy is due to cross-antigenicity between wheat and barley. This study aimed to determine the clinical cross-reactivity and immunological cross-antigenicity of wheat and barley. MethodsThe results of barley oral food challenges (OFCs) were compared before and after oral immunotherapy (OIT) for wheat in nine patients with wheat allergy to estimate the clinical cross-reactivity of wheat and barley. Moreover, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition and immunoblotting inhibition using serum from seven patients allergic to wheat and barley. ResultsNine patients who had positive barley-OFC results performed before OIT for wheat were all negative on barley-OFC performed after OIT. In ELISA inhibition, preincubation of serum from patients allergic to wheat and barley with a high barley extract concentration inhibited binding of IgE to wheat extract by less than 10%. On the other hand, wheat and barley extracts equally inhibited binding to barley sIgE at high concentrations. In the immunoblotting inhibition test, the spots of wheat were inhibited but weakly by barley extracts, and most of the spots of barley were inhibited even by low concentrations of the wheat and barley extract. ConclusionsWe showed that barley allergy associated with wheat allergy is caused by cross-reactivity from wheat. The OIT for wheat is one of the promising options for barley allergy.

Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Properties of the Bulgarian Endemic Plant Betonica bulgarica Degen et Neič. (Lamiaceae).

Background: Extracts obtained from different Betonica species have been shown to possess important biological properties. The present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity, antitumor and immunomodulatory potential of the endemic plant Betonica bulgarica (Lamiaceae) and thus, reveal new aspects of its biological activity. Methods: Methanolic extract obtained from inflorescences was analyzed for cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines. The antitumor potential of the sample was determined using human cervical and lung adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa and A549). Programmed cell death-inducing effects against HeLa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as immunomodulatory properties of the extract were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Results: The research results demonstrated that the extract has significant inhibitory potential against HeLa cells (mean IC50 value 119.2 μg/mL). The sample selectively induced apoptotic death in tumor cells. Cytotoxic effects towards mouse cell lines were detected following treatment with high concentrations of Betonica bulgarica extract (200 and 250 μg/mL). Twenty-four-hour ex vivo incubation of peripheral blood leucocytes in growth medium containing plant extract induced prominent effects in distinct immune cell populations. They included elevated levels of CD25+ and CD56+ T cells’ lymphocytes, particularly CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD56+ cells. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that Betonica bulgarica inflorescence extract possesses potential beneficial antitumor and immunomodulatory activity and could serve as a source of bioactive compounds with biomedical application.

Dose-Dependent Variation in Anticancer Activity of Hexane and Chloroform Extracts of Field Horsetail Plant on Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells.

Horsetail fern plant is botanically known as Equisetum arvense L., and it is a good source of phenolic flavonoids, phenolic acids, and compounds. Anticancer properties of hexane and chloroform extracts of the horsetail fern plant and their mechanisms involved in the anticancer activity on human hepatocarcinoma (HuH-7) cells were examined. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and NRU (neutral red uptake) assays. Other parameters such as oxidative stress and apoptosis in pretreated hexane and chloroform extracts of the horsetail fern plant were examined in HuH-7 cells. The observation showed that hexane and chloroform extract of the horsetail fern plant exhibited cytotoxicity against HuH-7 cells. The value of IC50-24 h of hexane and chloroform extract of the horsetail fern plant was determined as 199.0 μg/ml and 161.90 0 μg/ml for HuH-7 cells, respectively, and on the basis of IC50 value, three acute concentrations, viz., 75% of IC50, 50% of IC50, and 25% of IC50, were determined for further study. The lower dose of extracts hexane and chloroform extract of the horsetail fern plant did not show significant toxicity. Higher concentrations of extract induced significant antioxidant effects as well as apoptosis effects. However, exposure to hexane and chloroform extract of the horsetail fern plant upregulated the expression of Bax and p53 in HuH-7 cells. These data suggest that hexane and chloroform extract of the horsetail fern plant plays a significant role in the induction of toxicity via the regulation of oxidative stress in HuH-7 cells. This work may be useful for cancer chemotherapy.

Evaluation of chitosan coatings enriched with turmeric and green tea extracts on postharvest preservation of strawberries

Strawberries are a widely consumed fruit that contains a variety of antioxidant metabolites. However, postharvest strawberries are highly perishable and susceptible to a variety of fungal pathogens. In this study, a chitosan-based coating containing turmeric (TU) and green tea (GT) extracts was developed and evaluated for the preservation of strawberries. Both TU and GT extracts contained high phenolic contents (>5.8 g kg−1 dry weight), but only TU extract showed strong antifungal activity. SEM observations revealed that high concentrations of extract (3–5% v/v) caused the formation of agglomerates within the films, reduced elongation at break and increased tensile strength. The postharvest treatment of strawberries with chitosan coating containing TU extract inhibited the proliferation of Botrytis cinerea during 7 d of storage at 20 °C, whereas the coating containing GT extract extended the antioxidant properties of postharvest strawberries from 4 to 8 d at 20 °C. Sensory analysis indicated that the coatings did not significantly affect flavor and taste. Overall, TU extract was used for the first time for food packaging purposes and proved to be a great complement to the antioxidant properties of GT to extend the shelf-life of postharvest strawberries.

SEASONAL VARIATION IN MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL POTENTIALITY OF Holoptelea integrifolia

Japanese encephalitis (JE) which was previously known as Japanese B encephalitis, is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus. Plant produced the photochemical mainly for their own defense mechanism is experimentally used to control varieties of insect pests or vectors. Crude extract (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%) of leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia when applied on third instars mosquito larvae in successive seasons i.e. Summer, Rainy and Winter, caused 100 percent mortality at 0.5% concentration in summer after 72 h of exposure. In Winter, also a 100 percent mortality of the third instars of Cx. vishnui group larvae were noticed after 48 h of exposure at 0.5% concentration. Out of three predominant seasons in West Bengal, variation in the mortality of Cx. vishnui group larvae by crude extract of H. integrifolia leaf are well established and mortality increases with higher extract concentration and time of exposure. Highest mortality was noted in Rainy season followed by Summer and Winter.

Allelopathic Effects of Arum cyreniacum on Germination and Growth of Two Varieties of Vicia faba

Two experiments were conducted (laboratory - pots) at the lab of Botany Department/ Faculty of Science/ Omar Al-Mukhtar University/ Al Bayda/ Libya, with the aim of determining the allopathic effects of aqueous extracts at concentrations of (10, 20, and 40%) and the crude powder added to the soil at concentrations of (1, 2, and 4%) of Arum cyreniacum (Tubers - Leaves) on the germination of seeds and the development of seedlings of two Vicia faba cultivars (local - Massa), with three replications according to a completely randomized design. The results of the laboratory experiment showed significant differences in the reduction of germination percentage, reduction of radicle and plumule lengths between the aqueous extracts, and concentrations of Vicia faba cultivars (local - Massa), compared with control. The results of a pot experiment also showed that the high concentrations significantly reduced the emergence percentage of seedlings, while all concentrations led to a clear and large reduction in root and shoot system lengths and a decrease in fresh and dry weights of seedlings of (local - Massa) cultivars. Most of the concentrations used caused an accumulation of chlorophyll (a) and carotenoids, and decreased the concentration of chlorophyll (b), it also led to an accumulation of potassium, iron, copper, and nickel, while they led to a decrease in the sodium concentration of two cultivars compared to the control, The tubers had the highest inhibition rates compared to the leaves, and the high concentrations of extracts and crude powder were the most toxic in inhibiting the growth of the studied traits of the two cultivars, Massa cultivar was more sensitive than the local cultivar.

The Apoptotic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Galium verum on HT29 Cell Line

Galium verum has been reported to have cytotoxic effects, however, the mechanism of Galium verum extract action on cancer cells is unclear in many cases. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic of the whole plant methanolic extract on colon cancer (HT29) cells. colon cancer cells were randomly divided into control group and groups treated with 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 1nd 400 μg/mL of the extract for 72h. Plant extract was obtained through maceration. MTT assay was applied to test viability of cells.Apoptosis and cell-cycle, and intracellular levels of ROS were determined by flow cytometry. Bax and Bcl-2 expression levels were evaluated using RT-PCR. Treatment of HT29 cells with 400 μg/mL of whole plant extract resulted in significant decreased viability and increased late apoptosis (P<0.0001), and a notable increase in cell number stoped in G0/G1 phase (P<0.05) and a notable decrease in cell number in S phase (P<0.05), and increased intracellular ROS levels (P<0.01). In conclusion, the high concentration of methanolic whole plant extract of Galium verum induces apoptosis through Bax-dependent pathway and increases intracellular levels of ROS in colon cancer (HT29) cells in vitro suggesting that the whole plant extract of Galium verum can play a role in treatment of colon cancer.

Study of the optical properties of ZnO semiconductor nanoparticles using Origanum vulgare and its effect in Rhodamine B degradation

In this work, the effects of different Oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract concentrations on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were studied and their effects on the Band gap values and photocatalytic application in Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. During the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, a zinc ion source is used as the metal precursor and another of natural extracts as stabilizing agents; with this regard, here in Origanum vulgare extracts were used at 0.1%, 0.5% and 4% (% weight-volume). In order to define the ZnO NPs properties, they were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, HR-TEM, XPS and photoluminescence. In the FTIR analysis, the Zn-O bond can be seen at 384 cm−1; by means of XRD, the hexagonal crystalline phase of ZnO is distinguished (Wurtzite). The extract concentration used influences the ZnO NPs crystallite size and Band gap values as well as the degradation percentage of RhB. The ZnO NPs hold irregular shapes, the majority of which are oval with certain spherical tendencies and they vary in size distribution, which ranges from 37 to 8 nm, the smallest sizes resulting from the highest extract concentrations. The Band gap values are 2.94, 2.77, and 2.29 eV for ZnO-OV-0.1%, ZnO-OV-0.5% and ZnO-OV-4%, respectively, rising as the extract concentrations increase. These materials present good photocatalytic activity, nonetheless, the ZnO NPs synthesized using 4% extract showed the best results, degrading 94.24% of RhB in 100 min in UV light and 93% in 180 min in solar light.

Production of alginate films containing Hypericum perforatum extract as an antibacterial and antioxidant wound dressing material

The incorporation of herbal extracts in wound dressing materials is an important concept that has been researched recently. In this study, alginate films incorporated in the various ratio (0.25–1% v/v) of Hypericum perforatum extract (HPE) for potential applications of wound dressing were successfully prepared by solvent-casting method. The obtained films were examined for cytotoxicity, in vitro wound healing potential, swelling behavior, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. When compared to the alginate film (Al) alone, HPE incorporated alginate films (HPE/Al) exhibit improved antioxidant properties according to the results of CUPRAC assay and antioxidant activity increases with the rate of HPE. Also, HPE/Al films exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, and addition with the HPE extract into films significantly increased the antibacterial activity against S. aureus. All film samples had no cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cell line and HPE/Al films showed a proliferative effect with high extract concentrations (1%) compared to extract free-films. Also, scratch assay results show that films containing 0.5% (v/v) HPE may have a positive effect on wound healing. The results have shown that the newly developed HPE incorporated alginate films are a candidate as antibacterial, and antioxidant wound dressing for use on burn or excision wounds.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Wound Healing Activity of Pluchea indica L. (Less) Branch Extract Nanoparticles.

Proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts play an important role in cutaneous wound healing, while oral mucosal squamous cell proliferation and migration are crucial for oral wound healing. In this study, the phytochemical profile of Pluchea indica branch ethanolic extract was characterized. The bioactive compound of Pluchea indica branch ethanolic extract was identified and analyzed by the validated HPLC method. The nanoparticles of P. indica branch extract were formulated by solvent displacement method to increase the solubility and the colloidal stability of the extract. The stability of the nanoparticles was investigated by using the dynamic light scattering technique. Effects of P. indica crude extract and nanoparticles on cell viability, proliferation and migration of primary epidermal keratinocytes, human dermal fibroblasts, and oral mucosal keratinocyte cells were investigated by MTT assay and scratch assay, respectively. The results showed that P. indica branch extract contained a high content of total phenolic and total flavonoids. The HPLC analysis revealed that the main compound in the extract was 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The cell viability of the extract and nanoparticles decreased when cells were exposed to a high concentration of extract and nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that P. indica branch extract and extract nanoparticles at specific concentrations possess in vitro wound healing activity and they may be possibly used to treat different types of wounds including dermal and oral mucosal wounds.

Allelopathic effects of Androstachys johnsonii Prain on germination and growth of Zea mays L. and Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.

Allelopathic effects of the donor plants are mostly regarded as harmful to target plants such as traditional crops. Traditional crops play pivotal role as staple food for rural communities and hence ensuring food security. Study of the allelopathic effects of Androstachys johnsonii Prain on the germination and growth of Zea mays L. and Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc was conducted. Different plant leachates concentrations of 0.675%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% were prepared through serial dilutions. Germination bioassays were arranged in a complete randomized setup of three replicates for each treatment for seven days. Germination rates were calculated, radicle and hypocotyl lengths were also measured. Germination rates of Z. mays L. and V. subterranea (L.) Verdc. ranged from 50 - 100% and 18 - 76%, respectively. Significant differences of P< 0.005 were noticed from the germination rates of V. subterranea (L.) Verdc subjected to high concentrations of different extracts used. Statistically there was no significant differences between germination rates of Z. mays L. treated with all concentrations of leaf leachates against germination rates of the seeds treated with distilled water. Outstandingly, the germination rate and early growth of Z. mays L. were promoted by less concentrated extracts of leaf, root, stem bark and soil which then suggest future use of allelochemicals from Androstachys johnsonii Prain for promotion of maize plant productions. Based on the beneficial attributes of allelochemicals from Androstachys johnsonii on the germination and growth of Z. mays L., planting of Androstachys johnsonii Prain in maize fields is highly recommended.

Phytochemical screening and phytocytotoxic effects of the tropical Myrcia vittoriana (Myrtaceae).

We investigated whether essential oil and aqueous and ethanolic extracts from M. vittoriana leaves have phytotoxic effects on the germination and initial development, and cytogenotoxic effects on the cell cycle, of model plants. The essential oil and extracts of M. vittoriana were characterized and used as treatments in phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests. The results indicated a reduction in germinative parameters and plant growth, with the higher concentrations of extracts and essential oil having the most evident effects. The cell cycle was also affected with a reduction of the mitotic index and the presence of chromosomal and nuclear alterations. All treatments showed clastogenic and aneugenic modes of action. The results can be associated with the synergistic effects of metabolites found in the extracts and essential oil, mainly the presence of the sesquiterpene germacrene D in the essential oil and of catechins, saponins, and tannins in the extracts. These substances inhibit plant germination and growth, confirming the phytotoxic effects of M. vittoriana in plant models, which should now be tested under field conditions.

Prospects of Coffee Leaf against SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

In the current climate, many countries are in dire need of effective preventive methods to curb the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. The purpose of this research is to screen and explore natural plant extracts that have the potential to against SARS-CoV-2 and provide alternative options for SARS-CoV-2 prevention and hand sanitizer or spray-like disinfectants. We first used Spike-ACE2 ELISA and TMPRSS2 fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays to screen extracts from agricultural by-products from Taiwan with the potential to impede SARS-CoV-2 infection. Next, the SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-particles (Vpp) infection assay was tested to validate the effectiveness. We identified an extract from coffee leaf (Coffea Arabica), a natural plant that effectively inhibited wild-type SARS-CoV-2, and five Variants of Concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron strain) from entering host cells. In an attempt to apply coffee leaf extract for hand sanitizer or spray-like disinfectants, we designed a skin-like gelatin membrane experiment. We showed that the high concentration of coffee leaf extract on the skin surface could block SARS-CoV-2 into cells more potently than 75% Ethanol, a standard disinfectant to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Finally, LC-HRMS analysis was used to identify compounds such as caffeine, chlorogenic acid (CGA), quinic acid, and mangiferin that are associated with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Our results demonstrated that coffee leaf extract, an agricultural by-product effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Vpp infection through an ACE2-dependent mechanism and may be utilized to develop products against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Chitinase Activity by Chitin Degrading Strain (Bacillus Salmalaya) in Shrimp Waste

Introduction: Chitin degradation by chitinase enzyme can be used on a large scale for bioremediation of seafood waste and is environmentally friendly. Objective: The main aim of this study was to screen the potential of the strain as a chitin degrading agent. Methods: In this present study, the cell-free supernatant of Bacillus salmalaya was determined for its protein concentration. Bacillus salmalaya139SI was isolated from agricultural soil and it was identified by staining technique and colony morphology. The production of chitinase by Bacillus salmalaya139SI was optimized under different concentrations of substrate, pH and temperature. Results: Strain 139SI exhibited strong hemolytic activity and the crude protein concentration of Bacillus salmalaya was 84.09mg/ mL with OD value 0.462. Strain 139SI were also screened on colloidal chitin agar medium supplemented with mineral salt. Chikinase production was determined by clear zones of hydrolysis produced after 7 days of incubation at 37°C. The maximum chitinase production was observed in Brain Heart Infusion broth supplemented with 1.0% colloidal chitin at pH 7 and temperature 35°C after four days of incubation. Chitinase activity was observed when high concentrations of crude extract of 139SI able to degrade shrimp shell by showing the degradation zone at day 4. Conclusion: From the results, we concluded that the Bacillus salmalayahas potential to be a biofunctional chitinase that could degrade complex polysaccharides present in the organic wastes and applicable in cleaning the environment.

Anti Depression Potential of Papaya Seed Extracts in Wistar Rat Models

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of papaya seed extract as an antidepressant based on body weight, glucose levels, Interleukin-6, and malondialdehyde levels in treated rats. Force swimming and tail suspension tests have been conducted to measure acute stress and evaluate response behavior. Results showed that the higher concentration of papaya seed extract correlates to higher effectivity on reducing body weight and lowering glucose levels. Dose-response relationships were also observed on the inhibition effect of interleukin-6 and malondialdehyde more effective at higher extract concentrations. The experimental force swimming test and tail suspension test showed the positive effect of extract administration indicated by the shorter immobilization time. Gas chromatography analysis has confirmed the bioactive content in the extract. The main compounds such as; 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-methyl ester, Benzyl nitrile, Hexadecanoic acid- methyl ester, and other saponins might be responsible for the antidepressant effects of papaya seed extract. This research encourages further studies on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and biomolecules analysis at cellular levels.

AKTIVITAS BIOINSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK DAUN MAJA (Crencentia cujete Linn.) TERHADAP Rhipicephalus sanguineus DARI ANJING LOKAL

Brown tick, Rhicephalus sanguineus generally known as a very adaptive tick, is widely spread on tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, and infested dogs living on not only rural but urban areas. Synthetic acaricides are the most widely control measures. However, with the development of tick resistance, plant-derived components are highly investigated. The present study aims to investigate the activity of Crecentia cujete Linn. leaves extract on R. sanguineus. Fifty adult R. sanguineus were collected from local dogs and used in this study. Ticks are divided into the control and treatment groups. Aquadest and deltamethrin were sprayed to ticks in the negative and positive control groups, respectively. The three treatment groups were given maja leaves extract of 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. The tick mortality was observed for 12 hours of exposure to the extracts. All extracts exhibited similar lethal effects on R. sanguineus with total mortality (100%) after 4 hours exposure, compared to the standard therapy. The highest extract concentration (10%) reduces ticks faster compare to other concentrations. Thus, this study suggests that strong acaricidal activity and mortality rate was dose-dependent. This finding needs further scientific investigation to prove.

Influence of Tannin Extracts on Hematological and Production Properties of Male Rabbits Fed Mycotoxin Diets

Tannins, as secondary metabolism of plant products, have several beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal capabilities. These features have been used by the industry to improve animal performance.Twenty-eight healthy local male rabbits were weighted (average 1382.7 g) the animals were divided regularly and equally into four groups, which contained control (fed basal diet), Mycotoxin group (fed contaminated diet), the third group was fed mycotoxinsdiets plus giving orally tannin extract (125 mg/ml), and the fourth treatment was given mycotoxinsdiets plus giving orally tannin extract (250 mg/ml).The results demonstrated that tannin extracts, both concentrations of either 125 or 250 mg/ml, caused considerable variations (p≤0.01) in weight growth when compared to the control or the mycotoxin group. The body weight of the groups, however, was unaffected by these concentrations. Furthermore, using these extracts on mycotoxin diets caused a change in the feed conversion ratio and feed intake among rabbit groups, with the tannin groups showing lower values than the others.On the other hand, when compared both groups, the mycotoxin and low dose of the tannin, with a high concentration of tannin extract, 250 mg/ml, revealed significant values in liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Additionally, the same treatment (250 mg/ml) significantly reduced creatinine and urea levels as compared to other groups.In conclusion, a high concentration of tannin extract, from black tea, showed beneficial effects on the productive trials, the biochemical properties in male rabbits that fed contaminated mycotoxin diets.

BIOACTIVITY ANALYSIS of Annona glabra L. SEED EXTRACTS FOR WOOD PROTECTION AGAINST Termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. AND Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.)

Pond apple (Annona glabra L.) belongs to the family of Annonaceae. The seed of A. glabra contains bioactive substance that is toxic to some organisms, however the effectiveness to control wood degrading termites has not yet been scientifically reported. This research analyzes the efficacy of A. glabra seed extract to wood degrading termites. Seed extraction was conducted using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The paper disc test showed that the extract of A. glabra is toxic to Cryptotermes cynocephalus (dry-wood termites) and Coptotermes curvignathus (subterranean termites). The higher extract concentration (up to 63%) resulted in a higher termite mortality (up to 100%) and lower weight loss of paper sample (less than 1%). Ethyl acetate extract of A. glabra seeds has a better toxicity effect than n-hexane extract against dry wood termites and subterranean termites.

BIOACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF Annona glabra L. SEED EXTRACTS FOR WOOD PROTECTION AGAINST TERMITES (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. AND Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.)

Pond apple (Annona glabra L.) belongs to the family of Annonaceae. The seed of A. glabra contains bioactive substance that is toxic to some organisms, however the effectiveness to control wood degrading termites has not yet been scientifically reported. This research analyzes the efficacy of A. glabra seed extract to wood degrading termites. Seed extraction was conducted using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The paper disc test showed that the extract of A. glabra is toxic to Cryptotermes cynocephalus (dry-wood termites) and Coptotermes curvignathus (subterranean termites). The higher extract concentration (up to 63%) resulted in a higher termite mortality (up to 100%) and lower weight loss of paper sample (less than 1%). Ethyl acetate extract of A. glabra seeds has a better toxicity effect than n-hexane extract against dry wood termites and subterranean termites.