High Charge Research Articles

Tuning the Transparency Window of SrVO3 Transparent Conducting Oxide.

Correlated transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have gained great attention, because of their unique combination of transparency and metallic character. SrVO3 (SVO) was identified as a high-performance TCO in the visible range. Few studies have investigated band structure engineering through chemical doping to enhance the optical properties of SVO. Here, we use two different strategies by exploiting the band-filling and width of the bands derived from Vanadium to tune the screened plasma frequency ωp* and the interband transition Ep-d energy, corresponding to the optical transparency window edges. For control of the band-filling strategy, it is found that Titanium doped SVO has a wide transparency window, but such a composition does not maintain the high electrical conductivity required for TCO applications. Concerning the bandwidth strategy, the doping of SrVO3 by Calcium shows that ωp* remains located in the IR range (1.12 eV), while Ep-d is blue-shifted into the UV region (3.43 eV) due to reinforced electronic correlations. By an appropriate choice of dopant, we successfully increased the size of the transparency window by around 11% from 1.94 eV (SVO) to 2.30 eV (Calcium-doped SVO), while retaining high conductivity of around 2.30 × 104 (S·cm-1) and high charge carrier density of 2.93 × 1022 cm-3.

The Relationship Between Diet Quality and 21-Year Cumulative Health Care Costs Among Australian Women: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

BackgroundThe relationships between diet quality and health care costs have not been explored beyond 15 years. ObjectiveTo investigate relationships between both baseline diet quality and change in diet quality over time with cumulative data on health care claims and costs over 21 years among Australian women. DesignThis is a secondary analysis of data from a cohort study, the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Participants/SettingData for women born 1946–51 included diet quality data at baseline (2001, n = 8228), change in diet quality (2001–2013, n = 6553), and cumulative administrative health care data (2001–2021). Main OutcomesDiet quality was assessed using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) and the Fruit and Vegetable Variety Score. Twenty-one-year cumulative Medicare Benefits Schedule data (number of claims; total charges [$USD]), Australia’s universal health care coverage, were reported by baseline ARFS quintile and category of diet quality change (“diet quality worsened” [ARFS decrease ≤ –4 points], “remained stable” [–3 ≤ change in ARFS ≤ 3 points] or “improved” [ARFS increase ≥ 4 points]). Statistical AnalysisLinear regression analyses were conducted and adjusted for socioeconomic, health, and lifestyle factors. ResultsHigher baseline vegetable ARFS were correlated with fewer 21-year cumulative Medicare claims (β = –4.9, 95% confidence interval [CI], –7.3, –2.4) and charges (β = –$214; 95% CI, –$341; –$88). Baseline higher dairy scores were correlated with higher Medicare claims (β = 17.2; 95% CI, 11.1, 23.3) and charges (β = $762; 95% CI, $448, $1076). Compared with women whose diet quality score remained stable, those whose diet quality worsened over time made significantly more claims and higher charges; median (Q1, Q3) 413 (277, 588) claims, $17 868 ($11 037, $27 808) cumulative charges, compared with 387 (259, 559) claims, and $16 953 ($10 033, $26 604) cumulative charges. Change in total ARFS and ARFS subscales were predictors of 21-year cumulative health care claims. For each 1-point increase in ARFS over time, 1.2 fewer health care claims were made (95% CI, 0.3–2.2). Increasing vegetable and dairy ARFS scores were correlated with significantly fewer claims. ConclusionsBaseline greater variety of vegetables was correlated with fewer 21-year health care claims and costs. Worsening diet quality over time was correlated with greater cumulative health care claims and costs. Consideration of dietary quality and variety in national policy is suggested to potentially reduce national health care claims and costs.

Size sieving and electrostatic exclusion synergetic strategy for high efficiency recovery of superbase-derived ionic liquids via nanofiltration from the spinning process

Superbase-derived ionic liquids (SILs) as the promising green solvents for cellulose spinning process should be urgently and deeply evaluated with respect to their recyclability. Herein, size sieving and electrostatic exclusion synergetic strategy was adopted for recycling four SILs ([DBUH][CH3CH2OCH2COO], [DBUH][CH3OCH2COO], [DBNH][CH3CH2OCH2COO], and [DBNH][CH3OCH2COO]) from aqueous solutions by the nanofiltration membranes (NF270 and NF90) at the first time. NF270 with larger pore and more negative charge was conducive to recycle SIL on account of a higher volume flux and the remarkably high IL rejection (＞95 %) compared to NF90. Rising the pressure and temperature played the positive role in the permeate flux of the membranes, whereas the elevated SIL concentration markedly decreased the electrostatic exclusion, leading to a decline in the recovery efficiency. Benefiting from the size sieving effect, the [DBNH][CH3OCH2COO] with small cation and anion structure could be recovered efficiently due to the high energy gap and big IL aggregates. Conversely, the strong electrostatic attraction was appeared between [DBUH][CH3CH2OCH2COO] (low energy gap and high positive charge density) and the membranes, leading to a decline in recovery efficiency. Furthermore, the combination of nanofiltration and evaporation to recover SIL from spinning wastewater effectively reduced the total recovery cost (1.51 $/Kg) in comparison with the evaporation only. Insight gained from this work suggested a high-efficiency and economical approach could be used in the recovery of SILs with small cations and anions size via large pore nanofiltration membranes during the industrialized cellulose spinning process.

Enhanced energy deposition of laser-produced proton beams in high-density plasmas due to beam density self-steepening

The energy deposition of laser-accelerated proton beams in solid-density plasmas with different ion charge numbers is studied with detailed one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. In the plasma with a high ion charge number, in which the plasma collision frequency approaches electron oscillation frequency, the beam protons are strongly decelerated by the electric field induced by the plasma return current. The energy deposition is further enhanced as the beam travel distance increases due to beam density self-steeping, which is also confirmed by multi-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. A simple analytical model is proposed to estimate the characteristic travel distance for significant density self-steeping, showing agreement with the simulation results. While in the plasma with a low ion charge number, in which the plasma collision frequency is much smaller than the electron oscillation frequency, the proton beam is modulated significantly by the excited two-stream instability.

Fullerene C60 functionalized Sm2O3@Eu2O3 bimetallic oxides core shell nanocomposites for zeta potential and energy storage applications

Nanocomposites of Fullerene C60 (FC60) with lanthanide oxides show better energy storage properties compared with any of them alone. In the present research, we have synthesized FC60 (2, 5 and 10 wt%) anchored on Sm2O3@Eu2O3 bimetallic oxides by simple chemical precipitation method. The FC60:Sm2O3@Eu2O3 core shell nanocomposites (NCs) were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray), UV–visible, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analytical methods. XRD studies revealed mixed phase of monoclinic and orthorhombic crystal structure with irregularly scattered small plate/flake like morphology agglomerated and formed as large grains. Electrochemical supercapacitive behaviour of Sm2O3@Eu2O3 bimetallic oxides showed specific capacitance (SCs) of 665.075F/g in 3 M KOH as electrolyte. The SCs of FC60 (5 wt% and 10 wt%):Sm2O3@Eu2O3 electrode material in 3 M KOH solution was found to be 795.92F/g and 1120F/g at a current density of 1 A/g (scan rate of 10 mV/s). FC60 (10 wt%):Sm2O3@Eu2O3 NCs showed excellent capacitive retention of 90.8 % after 10,000 cycles. The Zeta potential (ζ) studies of FC60:Sm2O3@Eu2O3 NCs showed decrease in the mean Zeta potential (ζ) from 34.23 mV to 11.97 mV with decrease in electrophoretic mobility (2.667 to 0.933 (μm cm/Vs)) attributed to the cationic nature of the FC60:Sm2O3@Eu2O3 NCs. The FC60:Sm2O3@Eu2O3 NCs with high cycle stability and charge density can be a better candidate for high energy storage devices, supercapacitor, dielectric related applications.

Near-Infrared Emissive Super Penetrating Conjugated Polymer Dots for Intratumoral Imaging in 3D Tumor Spheroid Models.

This study describes the formation of single-chain polymer dots (Pdots) via ultrasonic emulsification of nonionic donor-acceptor-donor type (D-A-D) alkoxy thiophene-benzobisthiadiazole-based conjugated polymers (Poly BT) with amphiphilic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The methodology yields Pdots with a high cationic surface charge (+56.5mV ± 9.5) and average hydrodynamic radius of 12nm. Optical characterization reveals that these Pdots emit near-infrared (NIR) light at a maximum wavelength of 860nm owing to their conjugated polymer backbone consisting of D-A-D monomers. Both colloidal and optical properties of these Pdots make them promising fluorescence emissive probes for bioimaging applications. The significant advantage of positively charged Pdots is demonstrated in diffusion-limited mediums such as tissues, utilizing human epithelial breast adenocarcinoma, ATCC HTB-22 (MCF-7), human bone marrow neuroblastoma, ATCC CRL-2266 (SH-SY5Y), and rat adrenal gland pheochromocytoma, CRL-1721 (PC-12)tumor spheroid models. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of tumor spheroids from MCF-7, SH-SY5Y, and PC-12 cell lines reveals the intensity profile of Pdots, confirming extensive penetration into the central regions of the models. Moreover, a comparison with mitochondria staining dye reveals an overlap between the regions stained by Pdots and the dye in all three tumor spheroid models. These results suggest that single-chain D-A-D type Pdots, cationized via CTAB, exhibit long-range mean free path of penetration (≈1µm) in dense mediums and tumors.

Delineation of the impact on temporal behaviors of off-axis photoemission in an ultrafast electron microscope

Efforts to push the spatiotemporal imaging-resolution limits of femtosecond laser-driven ultrafast electron microscopes (UEMs) to the combined angstrom–fs range will benefit from stable sources capable of generating high bunch charges. Recent demonstrations of unconventional off-axis photoemitting geometries are promising, but connections to the observed onset of structural dynamics are yet to be established. Here we use the in-situ photoexcitation of coherent phonons to quantify the relative time-of-flight (r-TOF) of photoelectron packets generated from the Ni Wehnelt aperture and from a Ta cathode set-back from the aperture plane. We further support the UEM experiments with particle-tracing simulations of the precise electron-gun architecture and photoemitting geometries. In this way, we measure discernible shifts in electron-packet TOF of tens of picoseconds for the two photoemitting surfaces. These shifts arise from the impact that the Wehnelt-aperture off-axis orientation has on the electron-momentum distribution, which modifies both the collection efficiency and the temporal-packet distribution relative to on-axis emission. Future needs are identified; we expect this and other developments in UEM electron-gun configuration to expand the range of material phenomena that can be directly imaged on scales commensurate with fundamental structural dynamics.

Passive battery thermal management and thermal safety protection based on hydrated salt composite phase change materials

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are progressing towards higher energy densities, extended lifespans, and improved safety. However, battery thermal management systems are facing increased demand owing to high-rate charging and discharging, dynamic operating conditions, and heightened thermal safety concerns. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) comprising Na2SO4-10H2O as the core phase change material (PCM) and expanded graphite as the thermal conductivity enhancer. The CPCM offers high latent heat, superior thermal conductivity, and a two-stage temperature control function for battery thermal management and safety. The optimal mass CPCM ratio, determined through comprehensive characterization and thermal property tests, resulted in a melting point of 29.05°C, latent heat of 183.7 J.g−1, and high thermal conductivity of 3.926 W.m−1.K−1. During normal LIB operations, the CPCM efficiently absorbs and transfers heat, reducing the peak LIB temperature from 66 to 34°C at 15°C ambient temperature during a 3.7C high-rate discharge. Under dynamic conditions, the peak temperatures across the three cycles were consistently controlled at 36.7, 36.4, and 35.8°C, respectively. In a thermal runaway state, the thermochemical heat storage of hydrated salt dehydration effectively slowed LIB temperature increase, delaying the time to reach 130°C by 187 s. Suppression of the temperature rise outside the CPCM, combined with an extended dehydration plateau of up to 320 s, prevented the occurrence and propagation of thermal runaway in the battery.

A comprehensive review on the usability of black phosphorus in energy and wastewater treatment

Increasing population and industrial development brings with it many problems that need to be solved, such as energy production, storage, saving, protection of limited reserves, and environmental pollution. Nanomaterials, which emerged with the introduction of nanotechnology into our lives, play an important role in many areas. The novel two-dimensional nanomaterial black phosphorus (BP) exhibits great potential in photocatalytic applications, energy technologies, and purification with properties such as broad light absorption spectrum, tunable direct band gap, and exceptionally high charge carrier mobility. This review gives a outline of the manufacturing techniques, structural, chemical, electrical and thermal properties of BP. Then, the success of BP derivatives with different dimensions and morphologies in environmental and energy applications is presented by comparing them with previous studies in these fields. The results show that heterojunction structures produced by combining BP with MoS2 and MOFs improve the electrochemical properties of BP, while carbonization processes increase its efficiency in battery and supercapacitor applications. Finally, in this review, a summary of BP’s potential future uses, awareness of easy production methods, and its activities in environmental and energy applications are discussed in a broad context.

A comparative study of broadband PbS quantum dots/graphene photodetectors with monolayer and bilayer graphene

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs)/graphene nanohybrids provide a unique platform to design photodetectors of high performance. These photodetectors are quantum sensors due to the strong quantum confinement in QDs for spectral tunability, and in graphene for high charge mobility. Quantitatively, the high carrier mobility of graphene plays a critical role to enable high photoconductive gain and understanding its impact on the photodetector performance is imperative. Herein, we report a comparative study of PbS QDs/graphene nanohybrids with monolayer and bilayer graphene for broadband photodetection ranging from ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared to short-wave infrared spectra (wavelength: 400 nm–1750 nm) to determine if a specific advantage exists for one over the other. This study has revealed that both the monolayer and bilayer graphene grown in chemical vapor deposition can provide a highly efficient charge transfer channel for photo-generated carriers for high broadband photoresponse.

Efficient laser wakefield accelerator in pump depletion dominated bubble regime.

With the usage of the postcompression technique, few-cycle joule-class laser pulses are nowadays available extending the state of the art of 100 TW-class laser working at 10Hz repetition. In this Letter, we explore the potential of wakefield acceleration when driven with such pulses. The numerical modeling predicts that 50% of the laser pulse energy can be transferred into electrons with energy above 15 MeV, and with charge exceeding several nanocoulombs for the electrons at hundreds of MeV energy. In such a regime, the laser pulse depletes its energy to plasma rapidly driving a strong cavitated wakefield. The self-steepening effect induces a continuous prolongation of a bubble resulting in a massive continuous self-injection that explains the extremely high charge of the beam rending this approach suitable for promoting Bremsstrahlung emitter and generator of tertiary particles, including neutrons released through photonuclear reactions.

Plasmonic perovskite photodetector with high photocurrent and low dark current mediated by Au NR/PEIE hybrid layer

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite photodetectors have gained significant attention due to their superior potential for optoelectronic applications, offering various advantages such as low-cost processing, high charge carrier mobility, and lightweight properties. However, these perovskite photodetectors exhibit relatively low absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) range, which limits their potential applications. Here, to address this challenge, the integration of gold nanorods (Au NR) utilizing localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects in the NIR range has been developed, leading to enhanced light absorption in the active region and higher photocurrent generation. Additionally, ∼7.9 nm of thin polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (PEIE) interlayers were incorporated into the Au NR photodetectors, suppressing dark current by blocking charge injection. As a result, the synergistic effect of the Au NR/PEIE hybrid layer has led to a high-performance photodetector with a responsivity of 0.360 A/W and a detectivity of 1.81 × 1010 Jones, demonstrating a noticeable enhancement compared to the control device. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, morphological characterizations, and photoluminescence studies further support the mechanism for enhancing the performance of the device. We believe that our plasmon-enhanced protocol holds strong potential as a promising platform for perovskite optoelectronic devices.

Revealing capacitive behaviors of graphene in ionic liquids using molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract This work reveals the capacitive behaviors of graphene nanomaterials in typical ionic liquids of [BMI+] [BF4 −] using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the charging process induces a structural transition from disordered to partially ordered and then ordered multilayer structures of [BMI+][BF4 −] electrolyte, yielding a multiple layer-by-layer packing structure of BMI+ cation and BF4 − anion. Especially, a counterion-adsorption-dominated Helmholtz layer is revealed at a high charge density of 16 μC/cm2, which is primarily responsible for the superior capacitance results. Besides, the differential capacitance of [BMI+][BF4 −] exhibits a symmetric convexity-shaped curve, showing a maximal capacitance value of 4.83 μF/cm2. The as-obtain simulation results help to understand the microscopic charge storage mechanisms of graphene in ionic liquids.

Study on the interface electronic structure, strain modulation and transport properties of composite heterojunction of 2D semimetal TiS2 and MX2 (M=Mo, W, Cr, Zr, Hf; X=S, Se, Te) semiconductor

Ohmic contacts play a crucial role in realizing high-performance electronic devices based on two-dimensional materials. The contact between semimetals and semiconductors can mitigate the formation of metal-induced gap states (MIGS), thereby reducing the SBH, enhancing the efficiency of high charge injection, and facilitating the establishment of ohmic contacts. This study involves a systematic exploration of the contact characteristics between the two-dimensional semimetal TiS2 and semiconductor MX2 (M = Mo, W, Cr, Zr, Hf; X = S, Se, Te) through first-principles calculations. It is found that the TiS2/MoSe2 and TiS2/WSe2 heterojunction achieve ohmic contact. Investigations into their transport properties reveal that significant currents can be observed at relatively low voltages, indicating excellent transport performance of these heterojunctions. The TiS2/CrSe2 and TiS2/HfSe2 contact heterojunctions also show low Schottky barrier height (SBH), with the barrier height being adjustable under strain. The SBH of TiS2/CrSe2 and TiS2/HfSe2 heterojunctions are very close to zero under stresses of 4 % and −4%, respectively. This also implies that our research can offer valuable guidance for the development of adjustable Schottky nano-devices and high-performance optoelectronic devices.

Ultra-high charge electron acceleration for nuclear applications

Ultra-intense laser-plasma wakefield accelerator possess several superior properties compared with the traditional radio-frequency accelerators. These characteristics include femtosecond duration, micro-source size, and ultra-dense beam density, result in highly advantageous for various important applications. In this paper, we reviewed the generation of ultra-intense and high charge electron beam based on laser-plasma acceleration and its nuclear applications in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, including the production of 10 s nC charge beams, the generation of ultra-high flux neutron source on the order of 1019 n/cm2/s, and the excitation of nuclear isomers with the peak efficiency on the order of 1015 particle/s. This laser driving ultra-dense electron source, in conjunction with the plasma environment, presents immense potential in addressing critical problems in astrophysics, and facilitating various nuclear applications. Based on above progress in nuclear astrophysics, a new research plateform about laboratory astrophysics with a 2.5 PW laser will be constructed in TDLI institute.

A design guideline of graphite/silicon composite electrode for extremely fast charging Li ion batteries

Achieving extremely fast charging (XFC) capabilities is critical for the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). However, conventional LIBs with graphite anodes face challenges with lithiation at high charging rates, often resulting in Li plating. Incorporating silicon (Si) with graphite to form graphite/Si composite electrodes presents a potential solution, but the detailed design rules for these composite electrodes are not yet well understood. Here, we systematically investigate the impact of varying Si content on the fast-charging behaviors of graphite/Si composite electrodes. Through electrochemical analysis, in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a newly developed reaction dynamics analysis cell, our research demonstrates that the lithiation reaction proceeds inhomogeneously and becomes increasingly concentrated on the Si component as the charging rate increases. Based on these findings, a physics-based model further explores the effects of Si properties and electrode design on XFC ability, proposing guidelines for designing advanced graphite/Si composite electrodes to achieve robust XFC abilities in LIBs.

Bio-functionalized conductive poly(acrylic acid):poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-Prussian blue hybrid transducer for biosensors and bioelectronics interfaces

This study presents an innovative organic-inorganic hybrid transducer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and Prussian blue (PB) nanocatalysts. The transducer demonstrated functionality conducive to enzyme conjugation and exhibited favorable electrochemical properties for biosensor signal transduction. Fabricated by a one-tube chemical redox method, the PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer showed long-term electrocatalytic and structural stability. The performance of the transducer was characterized by high transduction activity and low charge transfer resistance, particularly for H2O2 reduction. It achieves a linear detection range from 1.0 μM to 4.0 mM, with a sensitivity of 494 ± 10 μA mM−1 cm−1 and a LOD of 0.34 μM. The PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer featured a high density of carboxyl groups (DCOOH = 14.64 ± 0.05 μmol cm−2) that promoted the immobilization of the H2O2-dependent oxidase enzyme lactate oxidase (LOx) with an EDC/S–NHS coupling agent. The LOx-PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer was developed for lactate biosensing. The transducer provided high LOx-enzyme affinity (KMapp = 1.47 ± 0.05 mM), and a rapid response time (10 s) for lactate detection across a concentration range of 5.0 μM to 4.0 mM, showing a sensitivity of 223 ± 3 μA mM−1 cm−1 and an LOD of 1.45 μM. The LOx-PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer was integrated with a flexible screen-printed electrode, incorporating a wireless, battery-free near-field communication potentiostat module to measure lactate in artificial sweat on a skin model via smartphone. The PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer could enable connections with multiple bio-recognition molecules through polycarboxylic acid groups, providing potential avenues for the development of advanced biosensors.

Atmospheric modulation of apparent electrical conductivity in a metal−organic framework

Combining high surface area and efficient charge transport, electrically conductive metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) find wide applications in energy storage, sensing, and electrocatalysis. Reliable characterization of electrical conductivity, the key metric for assessing this class of materials, remains challenging due to its high sensitivity to the atmosphere. Herein, through electrical characterization of an exemplary MOF, Cd2(TTFTB) (TTFTB4− = tetrathiafulvalene tetrabenzoate), under various controlled atmospheres, we show that adsorption of water in humid air or N2 improves the apparent room-temperature electrical conductivity by one to two orders of magnitude compared to the values observed in dry atmospheres. This observation in conjunction with spectroscopic characterization, structural analysis, and band structure calculations indicates significant contribution of water-mediated proton conductivity and/or proton-electron coupling to the apparent electrical conductivity. Thus, controlling and reporting atmospheres in electrical conductivity measurements of MOFs is critical to improve their reproducibility and to gain insights into electrical conduction mechanisms.

High mobility charge transport in a multicarrier altermagnet CrSb

High mobility charge transport in a multicarrier altermagnet CrSb

Formation of self-assembled fibril aggregates of trypsin-controllably hydrolyzed soy protein and its regulation on stability of high internal phase Pickering emulsions

The mechanisms of trypsin hydrolysis time on the structure of soy protein hydrolysate fibril aggregates (SPHFAs) and the stability of SPHFAs-high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) were investigated. SPHFAs were prepared using soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) with different trypsin hydrolysis time (0 min–120 min) to stabilize SPHFAs-HIPPEs. The results showed that moderate trypsin hydrolysis (30 min, hydrolysis degree of 2.31 %) induced SPH unfolding and increased the surface hydrophobicity of SPH, thereby promoting the formation of flexible SPHFAs with maximal thioflavin T intensity and ζ-potential. Moreover, moderate trypsin hydrolysis improved the viscoelasticity of SPHFAs-HIPPEs, and SPHFAs-HIPPEs remained stable after storage at 25 °C for 80 d and heating at 100 °C for 1 h. Excessive trypsin hydrolysis (> 30 min) decreased the stability of SPHFAs-HIPPEs. In conclusion, moderate trypsin hydrolysis promoted the formation of flexible SPHFAs with high surface charge by inducing SPH unfolding, thereby promoting the stability of SPHFAs-HIPPEs.