Abstract
This study presents an innovative organic-inorganic hybrid transducer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and Prussian blue (PB) nanocatalysts. The transducer demonstrated functionality conducive to enzyme conjugation and exhibited favorable electrochemical properties for biosensor signal transduction. Fabricated by a one-tube chemical redox method, the PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer showed long-term electrocatalytic and structural stability. The performance of the transducer was characterized by high transduction activity and low charge transfer resistance, particularly for H2O2 reduction. It achieves a linear detection range from 1.0 μM to 4.0 mM, with a sensitivity of 494±10 μA mM−1 cm‒1 and an LOD of 0.34 μM. The PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer featured a high density of carboxyl groups (DCOOH = 14.64±0.05 μmol cm-2) that promoted the immobilization of the H2O2-dependent oxidase enzyme lactate oxidase (LOx) with an EDC/S–NHS coupling agent. The LOx-PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer was developed for lactate biosensing. The transducer provided high LOx-enzyme affinity (KMapp = 1.47±0.05 mM), and a rapid response time (10 s) for lactate detection across a concentration range of 5.0 μM to 4.0 mM, showing a sensitivity of 223±3 μA mM‒1 cm‒1 and an LOD of 1.45 μM. The LOx-PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer was integrated with a flexible screen-printed electrode, incorporating a wireless, battery-free near field communication potentiostat module to measure lactate in artificial sweat on a skin model via smartphone. The PAA:PEDOT-PB transducer could enable connections with multiple bio-recognition molecules through polycarboxylic acid groups, providing potential avenues for the development of advanced biosensors.
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