High-tech Exports Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВ УВЕЛИЧЕНИЯ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНОГО ЭКСПОРТА МАЛОГО ИННОВАЦИОННОГО БИЗНЕСА В РЕГИОНАХ РОССИИ И РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БАШКОРТОСТАН В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИЙ

Assessment of the prospects for increasing high-tech exports of small innovative businesses in the regions of Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan under sanctions is a significant indicator of the economy. The emergence of additional market niches, the possibility of developing internal and external demand for small innovative business products, is an opportunity for the development of the Russian economy. Western sanctions have both a deterrent and a stimulating effect on small innovative businesses. New market niches of non-Western countries of the world are being revealed. In these conditions, the development of high–tech exports to non-Western countries of innovative small businesses (hereinafter referred to as IMBS) from the regions of Russia becomes an urgent research goal. In pursuit of this goal, the method of comparative analysis and comparison of various groups of regions of Russia was used. This study has determined the relevance of the directions of development of high-tech exports of the IMB of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Goal. Assessment of the prospects for increasing high-tech exports of IMBS in the regions of Russia under the sanctions of Western countries. The objectives of the study are: – analysis of external challenges and conditions for the effective increase of high–tech exports of IMB in the regions of Russia; - development of directions and measures for the development of IMB in the regions of Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan. Methodology. The assessment of the prospects for increasing high-tech exports of the IMB made it possible to formulate approaches to the development of appropriate state policy in the regions of Russia. Results. Based on the assessment of the prospects for increasing high-tech exports, the presented and analyzed data, the state policy of catch-up development in supporting the export of the IMB of the Republic of Bashkortostan is justified. Conclusions. The scientific and technological state policy of Russia should be transformed into a catch-up type of development of high-tech exports of IMB, based on domestic research and development. Sustainable and dynamic growth of high-tech exports of IMBS is possible with the creation of innovation belts around scientific institutions and universities. Which implement their own highly original intellectual property objects (hereinafter referred to as IPOs) in intangible assets (hereinafter referred to as IA) and know-how.

Enhancing high-tech exports: harnessing logistics efficiency and sustainable development goals through a moderated mediation approach

Enhancing high-tech exports: harnessing logistics efficiency and sustainable development goals through a moderated mediation approach

The analysis of the Effect of COVID-19 on the Innovation Capability of the Countries to make High-tech Exports in Europe

The analysis of the Effect of COVID-19 on the Innovation Capability of the Countries to make High-tech Exports in Europe

The analysis of the effect of COVID-19 on the innovation capability of the countries to make high-tech exports in Europe

The analysis of the effect of COVID-19 on the innovation capability of the countries to make high-tech exports in Europe

Россия и новые страны БРИКС: перспективы технологической кооперации

The article analyzes economic, scientific and technological profiles of the countries that became new BRICS members in 2024. The goal is to access perspectives of mutually beneficial collaboration for Russia and these countries in scientific and technological area aimed at achieving technological sustainability. Technological sustainability is an important factor for building technological sovereignty, which is the strategic goal set by the Russian government. These new BRICS countries are comparatively weak in terms of their scientific and technological potential. However, they are rapidly increasing their scientific productivity and have clear areas of specialization. Some of the new BRICS countries already have strong scientific ties with each other. In terms of expanding scientific cooperation, the new BRICS countries are of strategic interest because they have been steadily increasing their level of cooperation with the traditional BRICS countries. This shows that these countries are highly interested in cooperation. Technological area is studied based on data of high-tech export and import. The trade balance shows that Russia has a balanced trade position within the group, but is not among the leaders. China together accounts for more than 90% of Russia’s imports from the BRICS countries. However, diversification of supplies is important for Russia to improve its technological sustainability. Among the new BRICS partners and Russia, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, electronics and computer technology are in high demand. In terms of country priorities, cooperation with the African Union, which includes two new BRICS countries – Egypt and Ethiopia – is becoming rather promising. These countries could become a growing market for Russian companies in the field of medicine and pharmaceuticals. In addition, Russia can participate in the scientific expertise and development of Ethiopia’s technological capabilities in this area.

Стимулювання високотехнологічного експорту як основа стратегії повоєнного відновлення української економіки

The aim of the article is to assess the export activity of Ukraine and determine its role in the conditions of the ongoing war and post-war recovery of the national economy. Economic growth rates are higher in countries that are deeply integrated into global value chains, have a more diversified export structure, and focus on the quality of their own exports. In the pre-war period, Ukrainian exporters had a number of internal (difficulties in accessing financing for the production and sale of export products, low level of production technologies, non-compliance of national products with the technical requirements and standards of the world market, burdensome border crossing procedures, corruption, etc.) and external problems (unstable conditions in foreign markets of raw materials), which negatively affected the results of export activity. A sharp decline in Ukrainian exports during the wartime is caused by restrictions on production, financial, technological, and human resources resulting from the physical destruction of enterprises and logistics infrastructure, the loss of part of the workforce due to an increase in mortality and its outflow abroad, a decrease in income due to an unprecedented decline in business activity and production efficiency, the inability to insure war risks, etc. According to the experience of South Asian countries, which are now leaders in terms of high-tech exports (Hong Kong, Vietnam, Singapore, South Korea), changes in the commodity structure of exports by reducing the volume of raw materials and increasing the share of high-tech goods, as well as IT services, can become the basis for preserving the Ukrainian economy during the war and the post-war recovery, which requires stimulating scientific and technical research and development by increasing investment in innovation areas, the State support for exporters of high value-added products.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The objective of the study is to justify the need to unlock the integration potential of the industrial complex of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. The industry of Ukraine is in a state of crisis. Since its independence the country has neither elaborated, nor implemented the necessary industrial strategy on the national level with the goal of intensifying capital investment in the diversification of production and promoting high-tech exports. During the transformation period a long-term trend of deindustrialization of the national economy has been observed in Ukraine, caused by the degradation of its industrial complex, as a result of which the state fell into the group of Third World countries and, finding itself in a raw material trap, secured for itself the role of a supplier of low-value-added goods. The experience of the post-war recovery of successful countries of the world (e.g. Germany, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, China) demonstrated that one of the main factors of economic growth is the timely introduction of an effective state industrial policy, where a key role is played by the export-oriented processing industry. In the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, when at the global level more than 80 countries, which account for 90% of the world GDP, are increasing attention to the improvement of state industrial strategies and state industrial policies, in which they recognize the growing need for state intervention and support of industries that are critical for the national economy, Ukraine must confront the problem of increasing the effectiveness of state regulation of industrial development in order to fulfill its integration potential. A long-term strategy for the development of industry in the form of a normative document with a focus on structural development, activation of the domestic market with stable domestic demand will contribute to reducing dependence on exports and will have a positive impact on the national economy, providing jobs for citizens, additional taxes to the budget, creating added value within the country. In such a strategy, fundamental and sectoral science should occupy a prominent place for the development of Industry 4.0 technologies, which will contribute to both the formation of the national value-added chains and balanced exports thanks to the revival of export-oriented processing industry. The analysis of experts’ research results allowed to come to the conclusion that Ukraine should focus on a wide variety of instruments, e.g. war risk insurance; access to “long and cheap” money; significant simplification of connection to networks; incentives to create recycling, such as offsetting a share of capital investment through taxes or industrial parks; stimulation of domestic demand for local goods through public procurement or through government programs; stimulating the export of finished products through the Export Credit Agency, trade diplomacy, exhibition activities, etc.; modification of the tariff and customs policy to reduce the price of import of raw materials, components and some types of equipment for production with a simultaneous restriction on the export of raw materials. At the same time the share of the processing industry in the structure of the GDP of Ukraine in 2021 was about 10%, which is a critically small indicator, while in neighboring countries, like Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, this indicator is twice as high - about 20%. It should be noted that the share of the processing industry in the structure of GDP is correlated with the level of poverty in the country. Ukraine’s GDP per capita at purchasing power parity is about 14000 USD, while in the neighboring countries, this indicator is about 35000 USD, and they have achieved this level of industrial development precisely as the result of using the stimulating tools: industrial parks, development banks, export credit agencies, institutional incentives for the processing industry. One more key tool for the promotion of Ukrainian exports of more complex technological products is the conclusion of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products (АААА, "industrial visa-free"), which provides for mutual recognition of product conformity assessment between the EU and Ukraine.

Promoting sustainable development: Evaluating the influence of natural resources, high-tech export and corruption on CO2 emissions in developing economies

Natural resources accelerate climate change resulting in exacerbating the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, ecosystem disruption, and rising sea levels, with significant consequences for both human and natural systems. The extraction and combustion of fossil fuels, such as oil, gas, and coal, release vast amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). The present article explores the impact of natural resource rents (NRR), export of high-technology (High-Tech), renewable energy (RE), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and corruption (CR) on CO2 emissions for a panel of 141 developing economies between 2000 and 2021. The Westerlund co-integration test confirmed a long-run co-integration connection among the study variables. Based on the Method of Moment Quantiles Regression (MMQREG), renewable energy (RE) and control of corruption (CR) are the two key factors that can effectively reduce CO2 emissions. Contrarily, the outcomes illustrate that High-Tech, GDP, and natural resource rents (NRR) increase CO2 emissions. Moreover, the robustness checks of Fully-Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS), Canonical Co-integration Regression (CCR), and the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) confirmed and supported the main outcomes of MMQREG. These findings have significant implications for sustainable environment. Consequently, most energy utilization required in developing economies is presently met by the use of fossil fuels, exploitation of natural resource rents (NRR) and industrialization policies will be at odds with a sustainable environment.

ASSESSMENT OF CYCLICAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE SHARE OF HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS IN THE U.K. FOREIGN TRADE

The paper presents an original approach to assessing cyclical fluctuations in the share of high-tech products in the foreign trade of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern Ireland. This approach can serve as a foundation for decision-making at a state level regarding issues of regulating Ukrainian development in innovation, science, and technology. It also reveals the economic content and distinguishes the influence of separate structural components (linear, accelerated, and cyclical growth) on the changes in the share of high-tech products in the foreign trade. Further, the analysis also determines two important relative indicators: share of high-tech exports in total U.K. manufactured exports and share of high-tech exports in the country’s GDP. The dynamics cycles of hightech exports in the United Kingdom with periods of 4.2 and 4.3 years are determined and the extent of the cyclical component’s influence on the overall trend is calculated. This paper is part of a research project that uses the same original approach to analyze various countries with significant high-tech exports on the global scale.

Assessing the dynamics of international competitiveness based on high-tech exports: insights from a heterogeneous panel of selected G20 countries

ABSTRACT Governments have shown increasing interest in maintaining their high-tech export competitiveness by using policies designed to encourage advances in science and technology and the adoption of new techniques by industry. This article assesses the dynamics of international competitiveness based on high-tech exports, with special reference to selected G20 countries. The analysis uses longitudinal data for sixteen G20 countries over the period 1992–2019. We use second-generation panel data techniques that reveal robust results under the presence of cross-sectional dependence and cross-country heterogeneity. In line with theoretical underpinnings, the empirical results suggest that technological capability and cost advantages/disadvantages play a vital role in high-tech export competitiveness. The overall picture demonstrates that the increasing stock of highly educated individuals has important implications for enhancing G20 countries’ high-tech export market share. On the flip side, the estimated negative linkage between patent applications and international competitiveness supports the general statements of the technology-based trade models. Therefore, while technology dissemination changes the direction of technological absolute advantages, innovative countries may lose their high-tech export market share to less developed countries (LDCs) as factor endowments create a competitive advantage for LCDs.

Knowledge creation, knowledge impact and knowledge diffusion: how do they connect with higher education?

Knowledge-based economy causes changes in the higher education system: university graduates must have the ability to constantly learn and improve their skills, generate and disseminate new knowledge, form and multiply the knowledge capital of business. This paper aims to investigate a pairwise interconnection between higher education indicators and sets of parameters characterizing knowledge creation, impact, and diffusion. The following higher education indicators are used: expenditure on education, tertiary enrollment, graduates in science and engineering, tertiary inbound mobility, researcher, gross expenditure on R&D, top 3 global corporate R&D investors, top 3QS university ranking. Knowledge creation indicators are patents by origin, PCT patents by origin, utility models by origin, scientific and technical articles, citable documents, H-index. Knowledge impact is characterized through labor productivity growth, new businesses, software spending, ISO 9001 quality certificates, high-tech manufacturing. Knowledge diffusion parameters include intellectual property receipts, production and export complexity, high-tech exports, ICT services exports. The information base of the study is the data of the Global Innovation Index Report from the World Intellectual Property Organization for 40 European countries (selected depending on the availability of statistics) for 2022, research method – Canonical Correlation Analysis. The strongest positive correlation was found between higher education indicators and knowledge creation parameters. The second position takes connection between higher education indicators and knowledge diffusion parameters, the third – between higher education indicators and knowledge impact indicators. Among the higher education indicators, the most significant were gross expenditure on R&D, top 3 global corporate R&D investors, top 3 QS university ranking.

İLERİ TEKNOLOJİ ÜRÜNLERDE İHRACAT ETKİNLİĞİ VE REKABET GÜCÜ: GELİŞMİŞ PİYASALAR ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

High-tech products, which have a dominant share in global markets, have significant value both for the countries that sell them and for the countries that buy them. The competitive advantage of the exporter countries in these products arouses a research curiosity. Moreover, since these countries are mostly in the developed markets group, the extent to which high-tech exports are realized efficiently draws attention as a second research question. In addition to all these, the relationship between export efficiency and global competitiveness in related products constitutes the third and final research question. In this study, the aforementioned three research questions are answered using three different methods and answers are presented for countries that want to export high-tech products. It has been observed that exporting effectively makes a significant difference on the global competitiveness of high-tech products. Countries should channel their economic power to high-tech export, and that the country's wealth should be used efficiently in the financing of foreign trade

Sino-Russian cooperation in science and technology: A benefit or a harm?

The issues of Sino-Russian cooperation in science and technology are the subject of the studies by both Russian and Chinese economists. However, there are still few works that systematise the main science and technology indicators (MSTI) of both countries and the impact of sanctions on the science and technology development. Filling this research gap is the goal of the present contribution. Methodologically, the paper is based on macroeconomic analysis. The methods include retrospective and comparative analysis, grouping, as well as SWOT analysis. The data were sourced from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the World Bank, and the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The paper identifies success factors behind China and Russia’s science and technology development and reveals that the common factor for both countries is high quality of human capital. The MSTI analysis of each country for the period of 2010–2021, such as the share of R&D expenditure in GDP, the ratio of patents issued on inventions to country’s workingage population, the share of high-tech exports and imports in GDP, international publication activity, etc. demonstrates national differences in their scale. The SWOT analysis of the Sino-Russian cooperation in science and technology shows that the main threat to the cooperation is the sanctions pressure. The authors conclude that such cooperation does not promote Russia’s science and technology development; moreover, it may itself put the country in jeopardy as it could turn into a resource appendage of the PRC. The findings can be useful in the development of road maps and strategies for the implementation of cooperation in science and technology between China and Russia.

Do preferential trade agreements stimulate high-tech exports for low-income countries?

Do preferential trade agreements stimulate high-tech exports for low-income countries?

Global value chains participation and trade-embodied net carbon exports in group of seven and emerging seven countries

A vast literature has examined the empirical link between gross exports and total carbon emissions for different country groups. However, countries’ increasing participation in global value chains (GVCs) challenges this traditional approach since the gross measures neglect trade-embodied carbon emissions and intermediates-driven value-added trade. Therefore, this study scrutinizes how backward participation (foreign contents in domestic exports) and forward participation (domestic contents in foreign exports) in GVCs affect per capita net exports of trade-embodied carbon dioxide emissions. The study adopts input-output accounting and value-added decomposition framework for Group of Seven (G7) and Emerging Seven (E7) countries over the 1995–2018 period. (i) Pre-estimation analyses reveal that the net carbon importer G7 group had a comparative advantage in high-tech exports and a lower export product concentration level, while the net carbon exporter E7 group had a comparative advantage in resource-intensive exports and a higher export product concentration level, albeit significant within-group heterogeneities. (ii) The augmented mean group estimates reveal that increasing backward participation raises net carbon exports for both G7 and E7. The forward participation-net carbon exports nexus is negative for G7 but positive for E7. (iii) While economic growth reduces net carbon exports in both groups, the effects of comparative advantages in resource-intensive and high-tech exports differ. Practitioners should be aware of the GVCs-driven carbon circle when assessing decarbonization performances and obligations of countries.

Understanding R&D transitions: From bottom to top?

Over the last five decades a growing number of governments in developed and developing countries have implemented targeted policies to increase the R&D to GDP ratio. However, there is little evidence regarding the feasibility of achieving large and permanent changes in R&D investment. We study the incidence and effects of episodes of substantial acceleration in R&D expenditure, using a sample of 62 countries with data from 1960 to 2007. Among other exercises, we use propensity score matching, synthetic cohorts, and panel VAR, in order to elucidate the determinants and effects of important increases in R&D intensity. We find that transitions to higher levels of R&D-intensity are a relatively infrequent phenomenon which occurs at relatively high levels of R&D intensity. Looking at long-run changes in R&D, we corroborate that few countries have been able to raise their R&D intensity from the bottom quintile to the top quintile of the global distribution. Our findings indicate that income, physical investment, education, and the size of the manufacturing sector increase the likelihood of transition, whereas country size and FDI decrease it. We find that transitions are positively correlated with subsequent greater income levels, and weakly to TFP growth. Finally, in our Granger tests with panel VAR estimates, we find that R&D acceleration Granger causes GDP growth, the level of patents, high-tech exports, and private and public R&D. In the case of private R&D, there is evidence of bidirectional causality with R&D acceleration.

The Economic Consequences of Sino-US Trade Conflict: Reasons, Growth and Finance

From 2018, as the US trade imbalance with China has grown, the US has slapped tariffs and high-tech export sanctions on China, and China has retaliated. This led to the beginning of a war between China and the United States over trade. This article will analyze the deeper reasons why the United States wants to use a war over trade to against China from the historical and current macro level and analyze the economic impact of the trade war on the two countries from three aspects: stock market, business, and currency. And compare the trade wars consequences with the goals that the United States hopes to achieve through the trade war to analyze whether this war has achieved good results for the United States. The research in this paper finds that the trade war has not brought the United States the results it sought to achieve. The trade war has influenced many industries, and it has caused the economies of the two countries to regress to varying degrees. This article hopes to give the reasons why the trade war is meaningless through research.

The effect of the national brand on high-tech exports in selected countries

High-tech exports play a crucial role in the growth and prosperity of the national economy due to higher added value and higher profitability. However, gaining a competitive advantage and increasing high-tech exports is arduous because of the highly competitive environment in global markets. In addition, increasing the value of the national brand through the improvement of foreign customers' mental image of products made in a specific country, can play an undeniable role in the improvement of customer’s loyalty and growth of high-tech exports. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the national brand on high-tech exports in 12 countries with the most valuable nation-brand, using panel data and a generalized method of moments (GMM), during the period 2015–2021. The results showed the positive and significant impact of the national brand in this group. It means that although improvement of the national brand stimulates the demand for high-tech products from foreign customers, countries that have had more capacity to increase the production and supply of these products have been more successful in meeting the created surplus demand. Therefore, developing countries should take action to improve the national brand, by moving towards a knowledge-based economy, and at the same time, they have to increase their capacity of production and supply of high-tech products to be able to meet the demands of these products in global markets.

Development of Science and Economic Growth: Statistical and Analytical Review <i>(Case Study: China)</i>

As long as the Chinese economy moves to the forefront in the world, it’s becoming increasingly important to improve the methodology for analyzing its development as well as to identify drivers of its growth. The paper provides a statistical analysis of dynamics of the main indicators characterizing the scientific sphere of the country in 2005–2019: number of R&D personnel; gross domestic expenditures on R&D; patent and publication activities of Chinese scientists. In addition, the relationship between the size of the country's GDP and its high-tech exports was analyzed. For the purpose of studying the indicators in their dynamics a regression analysis based on the Chinese official statistical data was carried out.The paper also presents a forecast of the scale and effectiveness of the China's scientific activity for the period 2022–2024 according to which, while maintaining the existing trends in the development of science and the economy, an increase in the volume of domestic expenditures on R&D is expected in 2024 (more than 3.284 trillion yuan) as well as in the number of issued patents (more than 537 thousand) and in the number of published scientific articles (more than 2.22 million). The carried-out analysis showed the existence of a close relationship between the country's economic growth and the dynamics of its exports of high-tech products. According to the forecast, while maintaining the existing trends in the development of the economy and high-tech exports, the projected values of Chinese GDP are in 2022 – 18.6 trillion US dollars, in 2023 – 20.3 trillion, and in 2024 – 21.7 trillion US dollars.The results of the study showed that China's rapid economic growth was driven by both large-scale capital investments, high rates of increase in labor productivity, and the successful development of science and innovation in all strategic sectors of the economy. The exponential and parabolic growth of almost all key indicators characterizing personnel and financial components of the research sphere, patent, and publication activities, makes it possible to draw a conclusion on strengthening the leadership in the economic position of the People's Republic of China in the world and increasing its scientific potential.

The effect of digitalism on the economic growth and foreign trade of creative, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and high-tech products in OECD countries

The use of digital technologies has come to the fore in every aspect of life due to closures, social distance and bans during the pandemic period. Today, digital technologies are used in many sectors and their importance is increasing day by day. While digitalism refers to the increased use and integration of digital technologies, ICT appears to have a profound effect on economic growth and foreign trade in the creative and high-tech industries.
 In 2022, it is seen that 5.3 billion people, which corresponds to 66.3 percent of the world's total population, have access to the internet. Active mobile-broadband subscriptions has reached 86.9 percent in 2022 in the world. Exports in ICT goods were 2.77 trillion USD and ICT services were 848.4 billion USD in 2021. The share of ICT goods as percentage of total trade in the world was 13.2 percent whereas it was 7 percent in OECD countries. Share of ICT services as percentage of total trade in the world was 14 percent whereas it was 13.3 percent in OECD.
 The study aims to investigate the relationship between the export performance in “Creative”, “ICT” and “High-tech” products with their digital infrastructure and economic growth in OECD countries.
 The results show that there is a positive correlation between overall index scores and GDP per capita in OECD countries. “The share of ITC employment in total employment” and “the share of information and communication (ISIC rev4) in GDP” have a high positive correlation coefficient as 0.693 so that the correlation is significant even at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). “GDP growth rate” and “GDP growth in information and communication (ISIC rev4)” ” have a high positive correlation coefficient as 0.585 so that the correlation is significant even at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). “High-tech export share in total merchandise export” and “share of ICT goods as percentage of total trade, annual” have a high positive correlation coefficient as 0.656 so that the correlation is significant even at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). “The share of ITC employment in total employment” and “share of ICT services as percentage of total trade, annual” have a high positive correlation coefficient as 0.501 so that the correlation is significant even at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).