High-speed Data Communication Research Articles

A Review of Ku-Band GaN HEMT Power Amplifiers Development.

This review article investigates the current status and advances in Ku-band gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) high-power amplifiers (HPAs), which are critical for satellite communications, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems, and military radar applications. The demand for high-frequency, high-power amplifiers is growing, driven by the global expansion of high-speed data communication and enhanced national security requirements. First, we compare the main GaN HEMT process technologies employed in Ku-band HPA development, categorizing the HPAs into monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) and internally matched power amplifier modules (IM-PAMs) and examining their respective characteristics. Then, by reviewing the literature, we explore design topologies, major issues like oscillation prevention and bias circuits, and heat sink technologies for thermal management. Our findings indicate that silicon carbide (SiC) substrates with gate lengths of 0.25 μm and 0.15 μm are predominantly used, with ongoing developments enabling MMICs and IM-PAMs to achieve up to 100 W output power and 30% power-added efficiency. Notably, the performance of MMIC power amplifiers is advancing more rapidly than that of IM-PAMs, highlighting MMICs as a promising direction for achieving higher efficiency and integration in future Ku-band applications. This paper can provide insights into the overall key technologies for Ku-band GaN HPA design and future development directions.

Coded communication study of Laguerre–Gaussian vortex beam and its superposition states in underwater turbulence

Using theoretical and experimental approaches, we have investigated coded communications for the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam and its superposition states in an oceanic turbulent environment. We established an ocean turbulence transmission model and constructed an underwater vortex beam-coded communication experiment, generating light-intensity images of the LG beam and its superposition states transmitted in different simulated ocean turbulence environments. These simulated and experimentally obtained light-intensity images were grayed out, detected and identified, symbol coded, and decoded by the Visual Geometry Group neural network to study the bit error rate (BER) of the LG beam and its superposition states for coded communication in the simulated ocean turbulence environment. The study results show that the BER increases with increasing transmission distance and simulated ocean turbulence intensity. This study provides an important reference for the further development of optical communication and network technology in high-speed data transmission and communication capability enhancement.

Streamlined line-defect taper design for broadband and efficient mode coupling: connecting a silicon strip with a planar valley photonic crystal zigzag interface.

The integration of planar valley photonic crystal (VPC) interfaces into high-speed data communication chips markedly improves data rates and system robustness. This Letter presents a novel, to the best of our knowledge, edge coupler, termed the line-defect taper, which is crucial for efficient and broadband light delivery to planar VPC interfaces via silicon strip waveguides. The coupling performance of the line-defect taper is evaluated through full-wave three-dimensional finite-element simulations. The results demonstrate a -3 dB transmission bandwidth of 65.5 nm, covering 41.2% of the topological bandgap, and a -1 dB transmission bandwidth of 16.3 nm, accounting for 10.3%. With its compact design (only 3.6 µm in length), simplicity, and scalability, the line-defect taper is a promising candidate for integration into densely packed chips, highlighting its potential in advancing on-chip devices.

Design and Performance Analysis of Strip Photonic Waveguide with Coating Layer for Multimode Propagation

Introduction: Photonic devices play a pivotal role in the realm of high-speed data communication due to their inherent capability to expedite the transfer of information. Historically, research efforts in this domain have predominantly concentrated on investigating the fundamental mode propagation within photonic waveguides. Methods: This study diverges from the conventional approach by delving into the untapped potential of higher-order modes in addition to the fundamental mode of propagation. The exploration of these higher-order modes opens up new possibilities for optimizing and enhancing the performance of photonic devices in high-speed data communication scenarios. As a distinctive aspect of this study, various coating materials were scrutinized for their impact on both fundamental and higher-order mode propagation. The materials under examination included AlN (aluminum nitride), Germanium, and Silicon. These materials were chosen based on their unique optical properties and suitability for influencing different modes of light propagation. The findings from the study reveal that applying a coating of germanium demonstrates advantageous characteristics, particularly in terms of reduced signal loss, even when considering higher-order modes of propagation within photonic devices. Results: In this context, the results indicate that germanium-coated waveguides exhibit notably low propagation losses, with measurements as minimal as 0.25 dB/cm. This low level of loss is particularly noteworthy, especially when the waveguide has a width of 550 nm and is coated with a thickness of 50 nm. The dimensions and coating specifications play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of light transmission within the waveguide. Conclusion: The fact that the propagation loss is substantially low under these conditions suggests that the germanium-coated waveguide, even when considering higher-order modes of light propagation, can effectively maintain the integrity of the optical signal.

Design and Implementation of Optimized PCI Express Physical Layer for High-Speed and Low-Latency Data Transfer

The PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) Protocol is crucial for establishing high-speed data communication between computer peripherals, such as graphics cards and network cards etc. This communication protocol is transmitting data in packet format, with each packet containing both data and destination address and other essential information for accurate data delivery. This paper focused on Physical Layer to achieve High-Speed Data Transmission by reducing delay parameter. To minimize disturbances and enhance reliability, the physical layer uses scrambling technique and an 8b – 10b encoding technique is used for synchronization and error detection. Additionally, SIPO and PISO converts data format to improve efficiency and accuracy. The design is implemented using the Cadence compiler targeting 45nm process technology. This design is delay efficient resulting in path delay of 5.0ns and the operating frequency of 200MHz, power consumption of 1.2mw and an area of 1999µm².

Thin film ferroelectric photonic-electronic memory

To reduce system complexity and bridge the interface between electronic and photonic circuits, there is a high demand for a non-volatile memory that can be accessed both electrically and optically. However, practical solutions are still lacking when considering the potential for large-scale complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible integration. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of a non-volatile photonic-electronic memory based on a 3-dimensional monolithic integrated ferroelectric-silicon ring resonator. We successfully demonstrate programming and erasing the memory using both electrical and optical methods, assisted by optical-to-electrical-to-optical conversion. The memory cell exhibits a high optical extinction ratio of 6.6 dB at a low working voltage of 5 V and an endurance of 4 × 104 cycles. Furthermore, the multi-level storage capability is analyzed in detail, revealing stable performance with a raw bit-error-rate smaller than 5.9 × 10−2. This ground-breaking work could be a key technology enabler for future hybrid electronic-photonic systems, targeting a wide range of applications such as photonic interconnect, high-speed data communication, and neuromorphic computing.

High-Speed Data Communication

High-Speed Data Communication

Bandwidth-voltage trade-off paradigm in low-loss LNOI electro-optic modulators, using equalizer configuration.

The ever-increasing demand for high-speed data communication has fueled the development of ultra-fast electro-optic modulators. Our proposed equalizer configuration in lithium niobate on insulator electro-optic (LNOI-EO) modulators offers a novel approach to the bandwidth-voltage trade-off. Using 3D simulations, we achieved an ultra-high bandwidth of 300 GHz, delivering more than three times enhancement compared to the conventional modulators with the same base modulator length and half-wave voltage of 4.4 V. The device design incorporates a crossing segment to ensure distortion-free modulated signals and a dual-layered electrode design to minimize interference. These modulators have excellent potential for future photonic integrated circuits, marking a new era of superior bandwidth-voltage trade-offs.

Dual-band hybrid fiber-wireless delivery system for high-speed data communications in CRAN based on polarization multiplexing with switching capabilities

This work presents a Radio-over-Fiber architecture for Cloud Radio Access Networks (CRAN) based on polarization division multiplexing for delivering up-converted high-speed data signals using a single laser-photodetector pair and free of polarization tracking devices. This system enables the allocation of data signals in two different bands defined as low-frequency (5–25 GHz) and high-frequency (55–65 GHz) millimeter waves (mmWave). Polarization multiplexing ensures minimal crosstalk when data signals are photonically up-converted while providing all-optical inter-band switching capabilities. Proof-of-concept experiments have been performed by simultaneously transmitting NRZ and multi-carrier modulated (Discrete Multitone - DMT) data signals over a radio-over-fiber link consisting of 1 km of standard optical fiber and radio transmission in the 7.5 GHz (wired) and 60 GHz (wireless) bands, respectively, with an estimated potential total throughput of at least 7.5 Gbps when considering the transmission of NRZ signals in these mmWave carriers. Results exhibit a BER below the FEC limit of 3.8 × 10−3 in all cases analyzed when the received optical power at the remote radio head (RRH) is above −4 dBm. The reduced number of components and versatility of this implementation provide a cost-effective solution for delivering and switching high-speed data signals in RF fronthaul for future 5G/6G communications.

DWT-OFDM forCompressed Image Transmission

All existing communications systems require high-speed data transmission rates, as all services today demand high transmission speeds and data transmission dependability, and communications are an essential aspect of daily life. One of the most important modulation techniques used in both wired and wireless communication networks is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It is a cutting-edge technology for achieving high-speed digital communication. In this work, compression Images by Discrete Wavelet Transform and transmission over DWT-OFDM, and used different baseband modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM), and (64QAM) has been considered.From numerical simulation results, it is observed that produced better quality images at the receiver when the Quarter Amplitude Modulation is 16QAM and 64QAM with high SNR

Blind channel evaluation using OFDM-FHSS technology

Pseudo-random tuning of the operating frequency (PRFC) is one of the effective methods of spectrum expansion, in which the signal occupies a frequency band significantly wider than the minimum required for transmitting information. Тhe operating frequency of the signal is hopped over a wide range of the frequency range allocated for communication in accordance with a pseudo-random code, known only on the receiving side and unknown to anyone trying to intercept a radio transmission or organize jamming. The main disadvantage of HFPR is the low data transfer rate. Therefore, recently there have been ideas of using the hopping method with broadband signals, for example OFDM-hopping where the frequency changes within a set of orthogonal carriers. This approach makes it possible to preserve the advantages of the frequency converter method, supplementing them with the ability to implement high-speed digital communications. The paper considers the situation when one OFDM symbol is transmitted in the time interval of one hop, formed without a prefix and postfix. In this case, the transmission signal in the time interval of one step was a set of sequentially transmitted complex samples of the OFDM symbol envelope. Samples of the OFDM symbol envelope, after they are generated during transmission in the OBPF block, must be sequentially transmitted over a communication channel whose properties are unknown. In the case when there is temporary dissipation of the energy of the transmitted signal in the channel (channel memory), during the sequential transmission of complex samples of the OFDM symbol envelope, due to temporary dissipation, each of the previous samples will have an interference effect on any transmitted sample at reception. Assuming that the channel parameters are constant over the analysis interval at the receiving location, it is necessary, with an unknown impulse response of the channel, to generate estimates of the OFDM symbol envelope samples, which, in order to solve the demodulation problem, must be subjected to the FFT calculation operation. The constancy of the channel parameters over the analysis interval allows us to solve the problem of estimating samples of the channel impulse response using blind identification based on the maximum likelihood method. In this case, it is necessary to use diversity reception and impose some non-burdensome restrictions on the statistical properties of the transmitted message. After solving the problem of identifying the impulse response of a channel with memory, the problem of estimating the components of the sample vector of the envelope of the received OFDM symbol is solved by the regularization method. Using the “reception “as a whole” with element-by-element assessment generation” (PCPFO) algorithm and using “assessment feedback” (EFE), minimization of the regularizing functional leads to the solution of a system of linear algebraic equations, the order of which is determined by the number of samples of the impulse response of the communication channel with memory. By modeling, the upper limit of noise immunity for receiving OFDM-QAM-4 signals was obtained with a Gaussian distribution of errors in estimating OFDM-symbol envelope samples. The proposed procedure for normalizing envelope samples after solving systems of linear equations eliminates the appearance of outliers characteristic of the generated noise sequence.

Eye Surgical Equipment Sensor Board Testing Kit

The Eye Surgical Equipment Sensor Board Testing Kit utilizes Microcontroller and Raspberry Pi to diagnose PCBs, focusing on detecting Eye Surgical Sensor Board defects impacting signal integrity. With Microcontroller’s advanced features like high-speed ADCs and flexible GPIOs, it generates and processes signals accurately. Raspberry Pi enables real-time visualization of test results. This portable and cost-effective solution is suitable for industrial applications, empowering engineers and technicians to efficiently address Eye Surgical Sensor Board defects. By leveraging the computational power of both platforms, it offers a scalable approach to Sensor Board testing, enhancing reliability and performance in high-speed digital communication systems.

High-Speed Data Communication With Advanced Networks in Large Language Model Training

High-Speed Data Communication With Advanced Networks in Large Language Model Training

Solder-less Fine Pitch Copper-to-Copper Bonding

The industry has been looking to increase pitch scaling through various methods. One of these methods is an alternative to solid-state solder bonding. However, very few processes can compete with solder bonding’s fast speed, low cost, and flexibility. The approach with the biggest potential for connecting fine pitch interconnects in high-density semiconductor packaging is solder-less copper-to-copper direct bonding. There are many benefits to using copper-to-copper direct bonding, including the ability to achieve ultra-fine-pitch (bump pitch 10 μm), higher reliability (both thermo-mechanically and better electromigration behavior), low resistance, as well as the lack of concern for solder hierarchy for multiple reflow. This copper-to-copper direct bonding technology enables a variety of 2.5D/3D advanced packaging architectures and is also suitable for multi-die stacking. In this study, we report the investigation of a direct copper-to-copper bonding methodology and reliability of the bonded components. Our process differs from common hybrid bonding copper-to-copper techniques, in that it is designed for low volume highly complex products. This technology allows a die-to-die and die-to-wafer process using thermocompression bonding under a deoxidizing vapor flow for direct copper-to-copper bonding. The process does not require high temperature oven annealing and can be done in a normal atmospheric environment. The investigated bonding process is ideal for high power, high thermal, high density 3D stacking and high-speed digital communication applications. We demonstrated the bonding procedure using a test vehicle with 40 μm diameter pillars and 80-μm bump pitch. We investigated the effects of bonding force and evaluated joint reliability. Interconnect/bond strength was determined through destructive shear testing and cross-sectional analysis. A scanning electron microscope was used to inspect and examine the bonded joint quality. Finally, completed assemblies were thermal cycled to evaluate degradation of joint strength under induced stress, and resistance measurements were performed to evaluate the electrical performance of the bonded copper joint.

Design and Implementation of a Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control-Based Position Servo Control System of an Electromotive Valve for Exhaust Gas Recirculation.

An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve is used to quickly and dynamically adjust the amount of recirculated exhaust gas, which is critical for improving engine fuel economy and reducing emissions. To address problems relating to the precise positioning of an electromotive (EM) valve under slowly varying plant dynamics and uncertain disturbances, we propose a servo control system design based on linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) for the EGR EM valve driven by a limited angle torque motor (LATM). By analyzing the structure of the LATM and the transmission, the dynamic model of the system is derived. In addition, to solve the problems caused by slowly varying plant dynamics and uncertain disturbances, we combine the effects of uncertain model parameters and external disturbances as the total disturbance, which is estimated in real time by an extended state observer (ESO) and then compensated. In addition, accurate angular information is obtained using a non-contact magnetic angle measurement method, and a high-speed digital communication channel is established to help implement a closed-loop position control system with improved responsiveness and accuracy. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed servo system design can effectively ensure the precision and real-time performance of the EM valve under slowly changing plant dynamics and uncertain disturbances. The proposed servo system design achieves a full-stroke valve control accuracy of better than 0.05 mm and a full-stroke response time of less than 100 ms. The controlled valve also has good robustness under shock-type external disturbances and excellent airflow control capability. The repeatability of the airflow control is generally within 5%, and the standard deviation is less than 0.2 m3/h.

Research on Measuring System of Sodium Hydroxide Concentration in Impregnation Solution Based on Ultrasonic Velocity Method

A sound velocity measurement system based on FPGA was designed. The time of flight was calculated by using the wave crest of ultrasonic signal to achieve high precision measurement of sound velocity. The high-speed data communication between field programmable gate array (FPGA) and host computer system is realized by using AN9238, DPRAM and 485 communication port. On the basis of FPGA hardware, high-speed AD chip is used for sampling to complete data storage and processing. The experimental results show that compared with the standard system, the time-of-flight measurement accuracy of the designed system is 0.1㎲, and the measurement accuracy of the solution sound velocity is better than 2 m/s, which verifies the reliability of the scheme.

Enhancing High-Speed Data Communications: Optimization of Route Controlling Network on Chip Implementation

Enhancing High-Speed Data Communications: Optimization of Route Controlling Network on Chip Implementation

Characterization and Validation of PAM4 Signaling in Modern Hardware Designs

To satisfy rising data capacity and bandwidth demands, Pulse Amplitude Modulation with 4 levels (PAM4) has become a popular signaling system in high-speed digital communication. As contemporary hardware designs restrict Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) signaling, PAM4 offers an appealing alternative by doubling data flow within the same bandwidth. Using PAM4 signaling provides distinct characterisation and validation problems that must be addressed to assure dependable performance in modern hardware systems. Modern hardware designs' PAM4 signaling characterisation and validation are covered in this research report. PAM4 signaling fundamentals, including modulation technique, signal integrity, and high-speed data transfer, are examined in the research. PAM4's higher data rates and spectrum efficiency are highlighted in the article, along with its implementation issues. Much of the study characterizes PAM4 signaling. This involves developing reliable signal measuring methods, analyzing signal loss owing to ISI and jitter, and assessing PAM4 performance based on hardware components. PAM4 signal behavior under diverse settings is characterized using advanced methods as eye diagram analysis, constellation diagram evaluation, and error vector magnitude (EVM) measurement. The paper tests and simulates PAM4 signaling to validate it. A thorough approach for testing PAM4 performance in lab and real-world conditions is provided. PAM4 signaling resilience in different hardware contexts is tested using specialist test equipment and simulation tools. The validation method includes BER, SNR, and industry standard compliance.The study also examines how new hardware design affects PAM4 signaling. Advanced circuit design, packaging, and material qualities affect signal integrity and performance. High-speed data interface designers and engineers may learn from the paper's ideas for reducing signal degradation and improving PAM4 signaling in complicated hardware systems.

Sparse kernel affine projection algorithm based post-distortion scheme using minimum symbol error rate criterion in visible light communication systems

Due to the capability of supporting high-speed data communication with low energy cost, visible light communication has emerged as a promising supplement to radio frequency communications. However, the inherent nonlinearity caused by the light emitting diode could distort the signal, and thus posing a challenging problem for the system performance. In order to mitigate the nonlinear effect, reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces based schemes are recently investigated, where the minimum symbol error rate (MSER) criterion is proposed as a more suitable criterion compared to the commonly used minimum mean square error (MMSE), since MSER directly optimizes the symbol error rate. In this paper, we present a new post-distortion scheme by exploiting the MSER criterion based kernel affine projection algorithm to combat the signal distortion. In addition, to avoid the linearly increased computational complexity, the surprise criterion is introduced for sparsification. Simulations are carried out to validate the performance, and the numerical results show that the proposed method can obtain remarkable performance improvement over the available algorithms.

An optimal channel coding scheme for high-speed data communication

This paper presents a novel channel-coding scheme called Binary to Gray Code Conversion based Error Detection and Correction (BGCC-EDAC) code to correct the maximum number of errors that occur at the receiving end during wireless transmission. The proposed method adds the parity bit using Binary to Gray Code Conversion (BGCC). The decoding algorithm proposed in this paper will not perform the regular Gray-to-Binary code conversion. Instead, a novel decoding algorithm is proposed to detect and correct most of the errors in the message bits. It will require retransmission only if any parity error occurs. The efficiency of the proposed channel code stems from its redundant bit calculation and decoding algorithm. The simulation results using Cadence 90 nm technology show that the proposed BGCC-EDAC code consumes low power, less area, and less propagation delay. Simulation analysis using MATLAB reveals that the proposed BGCC-EDAC outperforms the existing error-correcting codes in terms of BER performance. This makes the proposed BGCC-EDAC code, with a shorter code word length, highly suitable for high-speed, reliable data communications.