High-speed Data Communication Research Articles

A Reconfigurable 4th Order IIR Filter For The Low Frequency Applications

Huge numbers of advanced electrical engineering applications employ infinite impulse response (IIR) filters very frequently in order to meet market’s demands. Especially, some applications such as video processing, digital signal processing and high-speed digital communication necessitate computational efficiency and low latency. In this point of view, high-speed processing of digital data require a digital signal processor or an FPGA instead of a conventional microprocessor. In this respect, in the last decades, FPGAs are commonly used in order to bring new opportunities to the designers. This work gives a FPGA hardware design of a 4th order IIR reconfigurable filter structure. The proposed filter’s maximum clock frequency is around 32MHz which covers different low frequency applications from biomedical signal processing up to speech applications. To verify the performance of the filter, 4th order Butterworth and Chebyshev filters are realized in the basis of Matlab results and FPGA behavioral model. Also, consuming logic gates and blocks are given in order to evaluate chip area occupation. It should be considered that the proposed filter scheme presents promising results to meet low frequency applications.

All optical modulation in vertically coupled indium tin oxide ring resonator employing epsilon near zero state

We present an innovative approach to achieve all-optical modulation within an ITO-based vertically coupled ring resonator. This method leverages the material's enhanced nonlinear response in the near-infrared wavelengths, particularly within the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) state. To enhance the interaction between light and the material while minimizing scattering losses, our approach employs an ITO-based vertically connected ring resonator. The vertical arrangement eliminates the need for etching fine gaps to separate the ring and bus waveguide. The novel waveguide design addresses the necessity of high sensitivity, non-linear effects and compact size opening the possibilities for all-optical signal processing. This unique resonator structure effectively facilitates the coupling of a high-intensity pump wavelength into the ITO-based micro-ring resonator. Consequently, this optical pumping induces electron heating within the ITO material, leading to a significant increase in its nonlinear optical properties. This, in turn, results in a noteworthy alteration of ITO's refractive index, specifically in the unity order, thereby modifying the complex effective index of the optical beam propagating at 1550 nm. Our experimental findings demonstrate an impressive extinction ratio of 18 dB for a 30 µm long device, which highlights the efficiency of our approach in achieving all-optical modulation through the optical pumping of an ITO-based vertically coupled ring resonator. The proposed all-optical modulator has outperformed as compared to conventional waveguide-based modulators in terms of extinction ratio and footprint. This novel technique holds immense potential for advancing high-speed data communication systems in the future. As the demand for advanced processing capabilities, such as artificial intelligence, continues to grow, all-optical modulation emerges as a groundbreaking technology poised to revolutionize the next generation of computing and communication systems.

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Nano-ITLA Based on Thermo-Optically Tuned Multi-Channel Interference Widely Tunable Laser

A tunable light source with narrow linewidth, small size and low power consumption is necessary for high-speed digital coherent communication system. We have developed a monolithically integrated narrow linewidth widely tunable laser—multi-channel interference (MCI) laser, which realizes a quasi-continuous tuning range covering the C++ band. By packaging the laser chip, wavelength locker and thermoelectric cooler (TEC) into a transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA) box and designing a compact print circuit board (PCB), a nano-integrable tunable laser assembly (Nano-ITLA) based on the thermo-optically tuned MCI laser is demonstrated for the first time. The Nano-ITLA is 25.0 mm (L) × 15.6 mm (W) × 6.5 mm (H), and realizes 120 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)-grid switching over 48 nm and less than 3 W total power consumption. The side-mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) are higher than 46 dB, the fiber coupled output powers are greater than 16 dBm, and the Lorentzian linewidths are less than 150 kHz. High precision wavelength locking and temperature control system make the output frequency deviation of all channels from the ITU-grid less than ± 0.5 GHz and the wavelength drift less than ± 1 pm. The output power can be accurately controlled and stabilized at ± 0.1 dB through a closed-loop feedback. The no-light shutdown function realizes an extinction ratio higher than 40 dB during wavelength switching. The Nano-ITLA demonstrates excellent application potential in the coherent optical communications.

Future Smart City with Less Traffic Congestion Model Enabled by (IoT)

The advancement in wireless telecommunication network has increase the accessibility of more users to wireless connectivity. With the advent of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless network, a seamless connectivity is available for internet users globally. A future smart city is a metropolis that utilizes information and communication technologies (ICT) to grow its functionality effectively to disseminate information among the public and to develop the quality of government facilities and the welfare of the citizen. The Internet of Things (IoT) refer to the interconnection of several systems, devices or physical objects/things which are driven by sensors, software, and other equipment in order to interconnect and interchange data with other devices and systems through the internet. The Internet of things (IoT), is a revolutionary method that allows a diverse number of applications to be interconnected in order to create a single communication architecture. Future smart city has resulted in the increase in population, hence there is need to develop a smart traffic light system to help in managing the problem of future smart city; traffic congestion. The Internet of Things (IoT) a key features necessary for employing a large-scale in IoTS are low-cost sensors, high-speed and error-tolerant data communications, smart computations, and numerous applications which helps in solving these challenges associated with traffic congestion. It enables a smart environment, smart energy, and smart transportation system. In this paper, we shall discuss IoT technology, review some literatures on application area of Internet of Things (IoT), and challenges of IoT. And also discuss the applications of IoT, in smart city development, and traffic congestion management in smart city design, and how it proffers solution to future smart city problem.

A parallel decision-making design for highly speedy packet classification

Packet classification is crucial in computer networks to increase network security because of developments in high-speed data communication. To support different network services including Quality of Service (QoS), security, and resource reservation, network packet classification is a crucial network kernel function. It became extremely challenging to classify arriving packets using the traditional packet classification algorithms at a decent pace due to the rapidly increasing size of rulesets and rule fields in current networks. In addition to hardware-based solutions, numerous contemporary software-based classification techniques have been put out to speed up packet classification. In general, it's critical to manage low latency, fast throughput, and higher energy efficiency with minimal memory needs while designing a packet classification method. In this paper, proposed the architecture makes use of the parallelism provided by current hardware technologies to classify numerous packets at once to improve throughput, reduce energy consumption, and significantly decrease the latency. The suggested high-speed parallel classification procedure uses two DPRAMs (DPRAM1 and DPRAM2) to support multiple read of the data. DPRAMs(Dual Port Random Access Memories) are preferred for stage memory because of their low latency performance, which enables quick rate packet lookup. The packet scheduling module receives the data from the DPRAM. The four successive packet splitter modules receive the packets in parallel. As a result, the packet classification throughput increased. To optimize throughput, and latency while maintaining low energy consumption, facilitating parallel packet classification architecture on FPGA is discussed in this work. Several parameters, including throughput, latency, energy efficiency, and memory requirements, will be evaluated and compared to traditional methods to assess performance. The classifier offers less latency of 51 ns and the lowest energy efficiency of 5.2 nJ, and its throughput may approach 802 million packets per second at the rate of 420 MHz clock frequency.

Direct ink writing 3D-printed optical waveguides for multi-layer interconnect.

Low-cost, short-range optical interconnect technology plays an indispensable role in high-speed board-level data communications. In general, 3D printing technology can easily and quickly produce optical components with free-form shapes, while the traditional manufacturing process is complicated and time-consuming. Here, we present a direct ink writing 3D-printing technology to fabricate optical waveguides for optical interconnects. The waveguide core is 3D printed optical polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer, with propagation loss of 0.21 dB/cm at 980 nm, 0.42 dB/cm at 1310 nm, and 1.08 dB/cm at 1550 nm, respectively. Furthermore, a high-density multilayer waveguide arrays, including a four-layer waveguide arrays with a total of 144 waveguide channels, is demonstrated. Error-free data transmission at 30 Gb/s is achieved for each waveguide channel, indicating that the printing method can produce optical waveguides with excellent optical transmission performance. We believe this simple, low-cost, highly flexible, and environmentally friendly method has great potential for high-speed short-range optical interconnects.

Analysis of a Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Downlink Considering Antenna Radiation Patterns and Space Environment in Interference Situations

This paper investigates a low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite downlink for high-speed data communication in interference situations. A choke ring horn type antenna is used as the data transmitting antenna with an isoflux pattern in the LEO satellite, which has a beam coverage of ±51.6° and a bore-sight gain of 4.4 dBi at 8 GHz. The receiving antenna on the ground station is a parabolic type antenna with a diameter of 11.3 m, and it has a half-power beam width (HPBW) of 0.2° with a maximum gain of 59 dBi at 8 GHz. The jamming-to-signal ratio (J/S) is calculated assuming that the LEO satellite transmits signals to the ground station, and an elevation angle of the interference source varies from 0° to 90° at an altitude of 10 km. Applying antenna characteristics, such as HPBWs and side lobes, to the calculated space wave path loss makes it possible to predict the J/S results according to the location of the interference source and the satellite. The results show that it is necessary to consider the space environment to accurately analyze the LEO satellite downlink, especially at the low elevation angle of the satellite.

Highly Accurate Technique for CO-OFDM Channel Estimation Technique Using Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)

In wireless systems, channel estimation is considered a problematic technology, due to the fact of the difference in time between wireless channels and the noise effect. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising candidate for future optical communications and has received wide concern. The article proposed a Coherent Optical (CO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, which gives a scalable and flexible solution for increasing the transmission rate, being extremely robust to chromatic dispersion as well as polarization mode dispersion. Nevertheless, both coherent detection and OFDM are prone to phase noise due to the phase mismatch between the laser oscillators at the transmitter and receiver sides and the relatively long OFDM symbol duration compared to that of single carrier communications. An Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) with Pilot Assisted Equalization (PEM) is proposed for compensation of impairments caused by fibre nonlinearity in coherent optical communication systems. Channel estimation using ELM and the value of distortion is sent to the OSTBC receiving end based on the distortion information the data is decoded and pilot data is removed. FFT is applied to the data and QPSK demodulation is done in the data to get its original form. In addition, the article utilized a free-space optical communication system of multi-input multi-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) with a modified receiver structure. Simulation reveals that the proposed model exhibits significant BER (0.0112) performance and provides better spectral efficiency as compared with conventional systems and less computational complexity. This suggested that the proposed method shows better performance by using the CO-OFDM-FSO-MIMO-ELM-based channel estimation technique for high-speed data communication networks in real-time scenarios respectively.

Performance Enhancement of MANET based on Cross-layered Reconfigurable Hierarchical Routing Protocol

High speed data communication is the demanding factor in both commercial and defence applications. Several algorithms are proposed to support the high-speed data exchange while ensuring the quality, performance and reliability. However, there is still a gap, citing various compatibility issues with variety of transceiver technologies. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for enhancing the performance of mobile ad-hoc networks using Free-Space Optics (FSO). The FSO has the natural ability to the interference while capable of large bandwidth and excellent compatibility. Low power and adaptability are the features with which it has contributed to the latest technologies like storage area network, wireless area network etc. The proposed work uses optical spheres with a multi-transceiver system and a cross-layered reconfigurable routing mechanism. Parameters such as delay, residual energy, throughput, and drop are verified for the Crosslayered Reconfigurable Hierarchical Routing Optical Sphere (CRHROS) protocol for varying numbers of optical transceivers. The proposed work also compares the performance of two traffic sources, Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR), for the proposed algorithm.

When Internet of Things Meets Metaverse: Convergence of Physical and Cyber Worlds

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been studied in the context of the Metaverse to provide users with immersive cyber-virtual experiences in mixed-reality environments. This survey introduces six typical IoT applications in the Metaverse, including collaborative healthcare, education, smart city, entertainment, real estate, and socialization. In the IoT-inspired Metaverse, we also comprehensively survey four pillar technologies that enable augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), namely, responsible artificial intelligence (AI), high-speed data communications, cost-effective mobile edge computing (MEC), and digital twins. According to the physical-world demands, we outline the current industrial efforts and seven key requirements for building the IoT-inspired Metaverse: immersion, variety, economy, civility, interactivity, authenticity, and independence. In addition, this survey describes the open issues in the IoT-inspired Metaverse, which need to be addressed to eventually achieve the convergence of physical and cyber worlds.

Persistent Homology Approach for Human Presence Detection from 60 GHz OTFS Transmissions.

Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) is a new, promising modulation waveform candidate for the next-generation integrated sensing and communication (ISaC) systems, providing environment-awareness capabilities together with high-speed wireless data communications. This paper presents the original results of OTFS-based person monitoring measurements in the 60 GHz millimeter-wave frequency band under realistic conditions, without the assumption of an integer ratio between the actual delays and Doppler shifts of the reflected components and the corresponding resolution of the OTFS grid. As the main contribution of the paper, we propose the use of the persistent homology technique as a method for processing gathered delay-Doppler responses. We highlight the advantages of the persistent homology approach over the standard constant false alarm rate target detector for selected scenarios.

Machine Learning in Visible Light Communication System: A Survey

With the widespread adoption of high bandwidth utilisation, visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a potential solution to meet the demands for high-speed data communication due to its simultaneous illumination and transmission. However, numerous nonlinear distortions in VLC cause substantial signal processing challenges and diminish the system’s efficacy. VLC communication based on machine learning (ML) approaches provides a greater ability to offset the negative impacts of transceiver nonlinearity. ML is applicable to a variety of VLC challenges, including channel estimation, jitter compensation, position tracking, modulation detection, phase estimation, and security. This study provides a detailed review of several machine learning (ML) algorithms to reduce the design complexity of indoor VLC transmission, as well as ML applications in different design aspects to improve system performance. Furthermore, various applications, challenges, and future research directions based on machine learning algorithms in VLC are addressed.

Terahertz Wave Propagation Characteristics in Graded Teflon Based Solid-Core Photonic Crystal Fibre

In the past few years, photonic crystal fibre (PCF) in the Terahertz spectrum is drawing significant attention because of its multifaceted applications in high-speed data communication, spectroscopy, sensing, etc. The proposed PCF structure is based on a Teflon solid core surrounded by porous cladding. Teflon has been used as a background material because of its high flexibility and the possibility of making longer PCFs, which is capable of guiding waves in the THz region. The porous cladding consists of circular air-holes positioned hexagonally whose diameters increase with each subsequent layer keeping the pitch constant thus providing a graded-index profile. The diameters of air holes in each hexagonal layer are 1 mm, 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm respectively, maintaining a constant pitch of 2mm and a perfectly matched layer (PML) thickness of 3mm. We have examined the transmission characteristics of the proposed profile in the frequency range of 0.8 THz to 2.5 THz. The modal solution of the profile is solved using the Finite Element Method based on COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5. Using the graded-index profile, we have obtained a large effective modal area of around 5.6 mm2 at 1 THz and a low confinement loss of 2.25 × 10−4 dB/km at the same frequency. Due to this large effective modal area, we get higher damage threshold and weaker non-linear effects, making it suitable for high power applications.

A Unified Clock-Gated Error Correction Scheme with Three-Phase Latch-Based Pipeline for Energy-Efficient Wide Supply Voltage Range Router

Network-on-chip (NoC) has played a vital role in enabling high-speed and energy-efficient data communication among different cores in a multi-or many-core System-on-Chip (SoC). To mitigate the pessimistic timing margin reversed for severe process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations, we presented a wide supply voltage range router with a novel error detection and correction (EDAC) technique adopted in its latch-based pipeline for high energy efficiency. Especially, a unified clock-gated error correction scheme is presented to address dynamic timing errors under PVT variations and functional pipeline stalls when occurring allocation failure (packet fails to obtain an output port) or flow control (the next router stalls the current packet transmitting) in one cycle. Moreover, a latch-based pipeline structure with three non-overlapped clocks is adopted to further reduce the short-path padding overhead, which is significantly increased in the ultra-low voltage (ULV) regime. Consequently, we prototyped a 2 × 2 2D mesh NoC test chip with 28-nm CMOS technology. Compared with the margined baseline with a 10% VDD drop, measurement results show that the proposed router enables 1.4×, 32.4%, and 7.5% improvements in frequency, energy, and area, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed techniques can reduce packet loss by 200× and increase throughput by 19.9% for the NoC at 0.4 V, 25∘C.

92 Mb/s Fat-Intrabody Communication (Fat-IBC) With Low-Cost WLAN Hardware.

The human subcutaneous fat layer, skin and muscle together act as a waveguide for microwave transmissions and provide a low-loss communication medium for implantable and wearable body area networks (BAN). In this work, fat-intrabody communication (Fat-IBC) as a human body-centric wireless communication link is explored. To reach a target 64 Mb/s inbody communication, wireless LAN in the 2.4 GHz band was tested using low-cost Raspberry Pi single-board computers. The link was characterized using scattering parameters, bit error rate (BER) for different modulation schemes, and IEEE 802.11n wireless communication using inbody (implanted) and onbody (on the skin) antenna combinations. The human body was emulated by phantoms of different lengths. All measurements were done in a shielded chamber to isolate the phantoms from external interference and to suppress unwanted transmission paths. The BER measurements show that, except when using dual on-body antennas with longer phantoms, the Fat-IBC link is very linear and can handle modulations as complex as 512-QAM without any significant degradation of the BER. For all antenna combinations and phantoms lengths, link speeds of 92 Mb/s were achieved using 40 MHz bandwidth provided by the IEEE 802.11n standard in the 2.4 GHz band. This speed is most likely limited by the used radio circuits, not the Fat-IBC link. The results show that Fat-IBC, using low-cost off-the-shelf hardware and established IEEE 802.11 wireless communication, can achieve high-speed data communication within the body. The obtained data rate is among the fastest measured with intrabody communication.

Modified Polyimides for Use in Flexible Printed Circuit Boards for High-speed Data Communication

Modified Polyimides for Use in Flexible Printed Circuit Boards for High-speed Data Communication

Mach–Zehnder electro-optic modulators chirping management in high speed data communication lightwave systems

Abstract This work demonstrates Mach–Zehnder electro-optic modulators chirping management in high speed data communication lightwave systems. The link with applied voltage on the modulators arms is clarified. We have analyzed the chirp in MZ lithium niobate modulators output. The resulted signal passed on the channel that consists of the loop control that we used not to lose too much power because we use an amplifier after a period of fiber reach cable. The resulted signal distance depends on the number of loops multiplied by the fiber reach cable. The next step is to receive the signal by photodetector pin with a responsivity of 1 A/W. The signal after that passed on low pass Gaussian filter with a cut of bandwidth of 0.75 × Bit rate.

Comprehensive Review of Renewable Energy Communication Modeling for Smart Systems

Due to the rising trends in the adoption of smart systems such as smart grids, smart homes, and vehicle-to-grid, there has been a lot of research interest in these areas. To manage these complex systems effectively and intelligently, a reliable, high-speed, and secure data communication network is very essential. The key distinguishing feature between smart systems and traditional ones is that smart systems use a two-way communication system while traditional systems usually use one-way communication. The requirements and techniques needed to ensure safe, secure, and reliable communication in smart systems have been the focus of many researchers in recent times. This work is aimed at providing a comprehensive, all-encompassing, up-to-date review of smart systems communication to ascertain the research directions as well as challenges. This review will guide other researchers in delving into smart systems communication to identify potential research problems and future research directions or research gaps.

Quality aware path finding algorithm for mixed line rates WDM/DWDM networks

Abstract The optical network plays a vital role in the current technology for providing high-speed data communication, which the networks operate at Tb/s. In this case, different modulation techniques can be used for different line rates to achieve high-speed data transmission. The light paths and various data rates such as 10, 40, and 100 Gb/s are the important parameters for mixed line rate networks. The wavelengths and line rates are powerful tools for mixed line rates networks. It can exist on different optical fibers. In this paper, advanced modulation techniques achieve a relative performance with the required Q-factor. This paper analysis for different matrix computations to achieve a superior Q-factor. It can affect the data rates and quality of transmission. This paper also proposed an algorithm that can improve the Q-factor. Q-factor is analyzed and proposes routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) techniques based on the Q-factor obtained at different line rates. This paper is a brief overview of a quality-aware path-finding algorithm for mixed line rates WDM/DWDM networks are present and discussed.