High Level Of Readiness Research Articles

Quantum-Secured Data Centre Interconnect in a field environment

In the evolving landscape of quantum technology, the increasing prominence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of conventional public key infrastructure. Quantum key distribution (QKD), an established quantum technology at a high readiness level, emerges as a viable solution with commercial adoption potential. QKD facilitates the establishment of secure symmetric random bit strings between two geographically separated, trustworthy entities, safeguarding communications from potential eavesdropping. In particular, data centre interconnects can leverage the potential of QKD devices to ensure the secure transmission of critical and sensitive information in preserving the confidentiality, security, and integrity of their stored data. In this article, we present the successful implementation of a QKD field trial within a commercial data centre environment that utilises the existing fibre network infrastructure. The achieved average secret key rate of 2.392 kbps and an average quantum bit error rate of less than 2% demonstrate the commercial feasibility of QKD in real-world scenarios. As a use case study, we demonstrate the secure transfer of files between two data centres through the Quantum-Secured Virtual Private Network, utilising secret keys generated by the QKD devices. %This demonstration marks a significant milestone in the deployment of QKD across Singapore, establishing a foundation for widespread adoption and enhancing the infrastructure for practical, quantum-safe communication in commercial environments.

An Evaluation Readiness to be Semi-Autonomous Hospital of Luang Prabang Provincial Hospital

The purpose of the research is: 1) To evaluate the readiness of being semi-autonomous hospital of Luang Prabang Provincial Hospital. 2) To study the comparative analysis of the evaluation readiness of the semi-autonomous hospital of Luang Prabang Provincial Hospital. The sample group in the study was the director and medical staff of the Luang Prabang Provincial Hospital. In the actual data collection, a total of 70 people were returned, and the statistical program was used to analyze the data. Standard deviation and inferential statistics (independent-simples T-test and one-way ANOVA) hypothesis testing. The study found that the majority of respondents were female, aged 31–40, married, bachelor's degree holders, with 16 years of work experience, and had never attended a semi-autonomous hospital transformation meeting. The research results found that: the evaluation readiness to be Semi-Autonomous hospital of Luang Prabang Provincial Hospital as a whole has a level of readiness at a very high level = 3.88, SD = 0.89 which is the average value rating from large to small financial self-support has a level of readiness at a very high level = 3.99, SD = 0.95; followed by operational self-reliance with a high degree of readiness = 3.95, SD = 0.89; Administrative management self-esteem has a high readiness level = 3.84, SD = 1.01 and personal self-confidence has a high readiness level = 3.76, SD = 0.97. The results of the comparison by distinguishing by individual factors found that age, work experience, and participation in training in semi-autonomous hospitals have differences in evaluating readiness to transform Luang Prabang Hospital into a semi-autonomous hospital with statistical significance. 0.05. For other individual factors, there is no difference.

Baccalaureate nursing students’ readiness toward electronic learning at South Valley University

Technology is the language of the new era. Applying electronic learning (E-learning) is an efficient tool for many challenges faced by the education process, one of the most appropriate solutions to continue the learning process during the pandemic in 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019). Assess baccalaureate nursing students’ readiness toward E-learning at South Valley University. A descriptive cross-sectional, research design was used to carry out this study. A convenience sample of 703 students. The study was conducted at South Valley University. Two tools were used for data collection first tool a personal characteristic data questionnaire and second tool E-learning readiness questionnaire. The main findings indicated that half (50.2%) of baccalaureate nursing students had a high level of readiness. While 25.2% of them had a moderate readiness level and 24.6% had a low level of readiness. The highest mean percentages were given to the domains of use of technology, motivation for learning, and availability of technology, followed by the domains of time management, self-confidence in using technology, and training for using technology. The findings of the conducted study showed that half of the participant have a high readiness level toward E-learning while one-quarter of them have a moderate level, and the last quarter have a low level. Future studies can be carried out to explore factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of E-learning, provide computer laboratories with sufficient computers and reliable internet for students who do not own computers at home, and provide professional development to ensure that teachers can effectively use E-learning.

Perception of Student Readiness in Mastering Core Skills of the Malaysian Skills Certificate / Persepsi Kesediaan Penguasaan Pelajar Dalam Kemahiran Teras Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia

The Malaysian Skills Certification (SKM) is implemented as a formal certificate of recognition for individuals who demonstrate the ability acquired or practiced efficiently to perform a task. Among the aspects emphasized in Malaysian skills certification are core abilities. Therefore, this study aims to look at the perception of students' mastery readiness of core abilities among students of the Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education (FPTV), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey research design. Using a questionnaire instrument based on SKM level 3 core skills assessment module which consists of six elements namely effective communication, information technology awareness, leadership skills, workplace ethics, administrative skills and health, safety and environmental implementation awareness. The study sample consisted of 92 final year students from General Machining, Building Construction, Catering, Welding & Metal Fabrication, Electrical & Electronics, Creative Multimedia and Refrigeration & Air Conditioning courses. The study's results underwent analysis via the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. This analysis encompassed both descriptive techniques, such as percentages, means, and standard deviations, as well as inferential methods, including T-tests and ANOVA. The study's findings indicate that FPTV students' perception of their readiness to master the core abilities required for Malaysian skills certification is notably high. Therefore, students who will take the SKM verification will be at a high level of mastery readiness. These skills are essential to create a highly skilled workforce that has mastered technical skills as well as core skills.

Investigations and referral for suspected gastric cancer by primary care physicians: a cross-sectional study in Southeastern China

BackgroundEarly recognition and accurate diagnosis are particularly important in the context of gastric cancer. This study mainly aimed to investigate primary care physicians’ (PCPs’) clinical behaviour and their readiness to...

Some aspects of tactical medicine in service and combat activities of police officers under the conditions of the legal regime of martial state: problem issues in critical situations and combat conditions

The article highlights the problematic issues of tactical training of law enforcement officers in today’s conditions, considers the actual problems and challenges that law enforcement officers may face during the performance of official duties and the provision of first aid in combat conditions and emergency situations. The issue of the interaction of the National Police of Ukraine with other rescue services at the scene for the effective provision of first aid was considered. It is noted that the interaction of the police and other rescue services at the scene of the event in the conditions of martial law requires a special approach and careful planning. It is necessary to ensure a clear coordination of actions, an appropriate level of protection for the personnel of the rescue services, and to take into account the peculiarities of work in the conditions of hostilities. Effective interaction between different services will minimize the consequences of emergency situations and ensure the safety of the population in the conditions of martial law. The article highlights the algorithm of actions for providing assistance to injured persons by police officers under fire, considers the key issues of training law enforcement officers to provide effective first aid in conditions of martial law or extreme situations in general. The authors of the article emphasize the importance of unified training programs for police officers in tactical medicine, which should include both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Special attention is paid to ensuring a high level of readiness of police officers for quick and effective response to emergency situations and saving lives in the conditions of an aggravated conflict. Service situations in which police officers may find themselves are often accompanied by conflicts and their escalation, up to “fire contact” with the offender. Therefore, for the training of police officers, the section of tactical medicine is the most relevant, which teaches the basic skills of providing self- and mutual aid in combat conditions, which are primarily aimed at eliminating the preventive causes of death, taking into account the threat from combat operations or an active shooter. Unfortunately, there are infamous cases of the death of police officers while performing law enforcement tasks, which indicates the need for mandatory integration of first aid standards into their training and operations in various tactical situations. In addition, it is important to note that training police officers in tactical medicine will not only help them provide effective care to victims, but will also increase their level of safety while performing their duties. Therefore, unified training programs for police officers in tactical medicine should be an integral part of the training of law enforcement officers.

College Student Learning Preparedness: Do Time Management Skills and Sleep Quality Matter?

The success of the learning process is more probable when students demonstrate high levels of readiness to learn. However, evidence from previous studies suggests that not all students possess this readiness. This study aims to investigate the individual and combined effects of time management and sleep quality on students' preparedness for learning. Utilizing a quantitative survey design, the research engaged 178 students from the Kerinci State Islamic Institute. Sample size determination followed the Krejcie & Morgan formula, with sample selection executed through Simple Random Sampling. Data collection incorporated the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, Time Management Scale, and Sleep Quality Scale. Analysis of the research data involved simple and multiple linear regression. Results indicate that both time management and learning readiness significantly influence students' preparedness for learning, with time management exerting a stronger impact. This research carries substantial implications for addressing students' learning readiness challenges through the promotion of effective time management strategies and the assurance of adequate sleep quality. Such interventions can be efficiently implemented through higher education's guidance and counseling services, involving counselors and additional support structures.

Building and using chatbots in the process of self-studying physics to improve the quality of learners' knowledge

The adoption of chatbots in education is steadily increasing, offering a myriad of benefits to learners engaging in self-directed study. However, the reliability of information provided by chatbots poses certain obstacles, particularly in subjects with high academic content such as physics. This study proposes a five-step process for constructing chatbots, enabling educators to independently develop chatbots to support self-learning among students. This process focuses on enabling chatbots to autonomously respond to physics-related inquiries, a capability often lacking in pre-built chatbots. A new chatbot for physics lessons on the conservation of energy law was developed by applying this methodology. To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed chatbot, we conducted a pedagogical experimental study involving 100 tenth grade students divided into control and experimental groups. To ensure comparability between the groups, students were selected based on their physics grades and teacher feedback. Experimental data was collected through online feedback forms and a 45-minute physics test, processed using statistical techniques. The results indicate a high level of readiness among participants to utilize chatbots for self-learning and acknowledge their beneficial impact. Furthermore, students' knowledge quality improved with chatbot usage, affirming the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating chatbots into physics education. These findings also validate the proposed five-step chatbot development process as rational and applicable.

INNOVATIVE WAYS OF THE SYSTEM IMPROVING OF GRADUATED PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF OFFICERS OF THE SECURITY AND DEFENSE SECTOR OF UKRAINE THROUGH THE PRISM OF VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY

Modern realities place new demands on the transformation of the paradigm of military education in general, especially on the professional training of officers of the security and defense sector of Ukraine, which should result in professional competence and a high level of readiness to perform complex situational, including combat, tasks in various types of professional activities. Approaches amendments to the acquisition of innovative knowledge, skills and abilities by officers of the security and defense sector of Ukraine are laid down in a number of domestic legal acts and the adoption of international experience in training officers using innovative technologies. The results of the study made it possible to identify a number of statements, namely: the result of the graduated professional training of officers of the security and defense sector of Ukraine should not only be the higher military education obtained by officers, but also the formation of professional competence, a high level of readiness to perform complex situational, including combat, tasks in various types of professional activities; to ensure the quality of the results (acquisition of innovative knowledge, skills and abilities by officers while studying in higher education institutions with specific learning conditions) is possible through the introduction of an innovative set of actions aimed at creating a new educational environment, revision of approaches to improving the didactic support of curricula and the choice of modern methods and teaching technologies; a special role in the realization of the research objective is played by understanding the use of innovative educational technologies, including virtual and augmented reality. Such technologies can significantly improve not only the learning outcomes, which can be determined by a number of criteria (innovativeness of the formed competencies, timeliness of their updating, importance for a particular type of professional activity, etc.), but also significantly deepen the personal understanding of the development of critical thinking, communication skills, leadership qualities, the level of responsibility for ensuring the safety of all personnel, making certain leadership decisions on actions in the context of preparation and conduct of combat operations, officers’ understanding of their personality, purpose, aspirations and values in their professional and daily life.

Evaluation of readiness of the technical system using the semi-Markov model with selected sojourn time distributions

Mechanization of forestry work is crucial in forest management, and the specific nature of the tasks performed requires reliable machines with a high level of technical readiness. Therefore, models describing the exploitation process of multi-operational machines used to obtain wood raw materials, and especially assessing the level of their technical readiness, are extremely important. For multi-tasking objects performing random activities in given time intervals, calculating readiness measures is a complex issue. Forecasting subsequent operational states and their durations allows to predict the behavior of technical objects and schedule work. In addition to identifying the sequence of states, it is also important to identify the sojourn time in these states. This article presents a method for identifying the semi-Markov process and then assessing the technical readiness of a Harvester machine. This allowed for conclusions regarding the timely completion of assigned tasks, and also made it possible to adjust the activities carried out to the requirements of forest management.

LIBRARIANS’ TECHNOLOGICAL READINESS AS PREDICTOR OF THE CREATION OF INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY IN UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA

This study investigated librarians’ technological readiness as a predictor of the creation of institutional repository (IR) in universities in South-south, Nigeria. To achieve this, two research questions were raised and one research hypothesis was formulated and tested. The study employed the descriptive survey design of the correlational type and the population for the study consisted of 181 librarians drawn from public university libraries in South-south, Nigeria. Total enumeration sampling technique was employed for this study. The instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. The face and content validity was established by the two experts in the field of Library and Information Science. The spearman Brown Prophecy Formula correlation coefficient (r) employing the split half method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and this produced a reliability index of 0.81. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and mean to answer the research questions. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and multiple regression statistics was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that: (i) librarians demonstrated high level of technological readiness towards the creation of IR in the universities in South-south, Nigeria; (ii) librarians are highly willing to create IR in their respective institutions; and (iii) librarians’ technological readiness significantly influenced the creation of IR in South-south, Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that Management should encourage librarians to improve on their current state of technological readiness in order for them to be fully equipped to fit into the 21st century technology and the creation of IR. Also, technology manufacturers should take note of the insecurity challenges faced by users in order to proffer lasting solutions to such issues.

Availability and readiness of health facilities providing services for other infectious diseases to treat neglected tropical diseases in Ethiopia: implications for service integration in high burden areas

BackgroundThe burden of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria pose significant public health challenges in Ethiopia. This study aimed to the explore service availability and readiness for NTD care among Ethiopian health facilities treating tuberculosis (TB), HIV/AIDS, and/or malaria.MethodsThis study utilized secondary data from the Ethiopian Service Provision Assessment 2021–22 survey. The availability of services was calculated as the percentage of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or malaria facilities providing NTD services. Facilities were considered highly prepared to manage any type of NTD if they scored at least half (> 50%) of the tracer items listed in each of the three domains (staff training and guidelines, equipment, and essential medicines). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were employed to present the study findings and analyze factors influencing facility readiness, respectively.ResultsOut of 403 health facilities providing NTD care nationally, 179, 183, and 197 also offer TB, HIV/AIDS, and malaria services, respectively. The majority of TB (90.1%), HIV/AIDS (89.6%), and malaria (90.9%) facilities offer soil-transmitted helminth services, followed by trachoma (range 87–90%). The percentages of the aforementioned facilities with at least one trained staff member for any type of NTD were 87.2%, 88.4%, and 82.1%, respectively. The percentage of facilities with guidelines for any type of NTD was relatively low (range 3.7–4.1%). Mebendazole was the most widely available essential medicine, ranging from 69 to 70%. The overall readiness analysis indicated that none of the included facilities (TB = 11.9%; HIV/AIDS = 11.6%; and malaria = 10.6%) were ready to offer NTD care. Specifically, a higher level of readiness was observed only in the domain of medicines across these facilities. Hospitals had better readiness to offer NTD care than did health centers and clinics. Furthermore, a significant associations were observed between facility readiness and factors such as facility type, region, presence of routine management meetings, types of NTD services provided, and fixed costs for services.ConclusionsEthiopian health facilities treating TB, HIV/AIDS, and malaria had an unsatisfactory overall service availability and a lack of readiness to provide NTD care. Given the existing epidemiological risks and high burden of TB, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and NTDs in Ethiopia, there is an urgent need to consider preparing and implementing a collaborative infectious disease care plan to integrate NTD services in these facilities.

Readiness On Online Learning Modality Among Junior High School Teachers of a National High School

One of the modalities used to continue education here in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic is the online learning modality. Online learning will be considered successful if the teachers handling this modality are equipped with appropriate knowledge and the right attitudes and online practices for this kind of teaching. To be regarded as an influential online teacher, their readiness for the modality should be high. This research study describes the of preparedness of high school teacher-respondents of Locloc National High School regarding the use of online learning modality by assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the thirty-six teacher-respondents focusing on the use of online learning. An online questionnaire was developed and given to each respondent, following strict health guidelines and protocols. Constructed on the research outcomes, Locloc National High School teachers have high knowledge, proper attitudes, and sound practices when it comes to implementing and utilizing the online class modality in their school. Therefore, respondents have a high level of readiness about using online learning modalities for their students. For further improvement of teachers regarding the use of online learning modality, an Online Learning Modality Enhancement Program (Table 20) should be taken into consideration. Other divisions should adapt it for teacher readiness enhancement for online learning modality.

Clustering Junior Schools in Implementing Smart School Using The K-Means in Pekanbaru

The purpose of this research is to determine the readiness of schools in implementing the Smart School system through various stages. One of the concepts of a Smart City involves integrating information and communication technology into the learning process at every school to create Smart Schools. However, not all schools are ready to implement this technology because it requires suitable technology to support the quality of teaching and learning. Another issue is the absence of information systems that can facilitate administrative tasks and the teaching and learning process. The use of the K-Means method is beneficial for clustering schools based on their stages, characteristics, and readiness to implement the Smart School system. This helps identify schools with the highest level of readiness. This research demonstrates that the use of K-Means can identify school readiness based on the established stages related to the Smart School system. It also can pique students' interest in developing and boosting the school's reputation as the best technology-based school.

Examining the availability and readiness of health facilities to provide cervical cancer screening services in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using data from the Nepal Health Facility Survey

ObjectiveWe assessed the availability and readiness of health facilities to provide cervical cancer screening services in Nepal.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingWe used secondary data from a nationally representative 2021 Nepal Health Facility Survey,...

Hydrogen in Energy Transition: The Problem of Economic Efficiency, Environmental Safety, and Technological Readiness of Transportation and Storage

The circular economy and the clean-energy transition are inextricably linked and interdependent. One of the most important areas of the energy transition is the development of hydrogen energy. This study aims to review and systematize the data available in the literature on the environmental and economic parameters of hydrogen storage and transportation technologies (both mature and at high technological readiness levels). The study concluded that salt caverns and pipeline transportation are the most promising methods of hydrogen storage and transportation today in terms of a combination of all parameters. These methods are the most competitive in terms of price, especially when transporting hydrogen over short distances. Thus, the average price of storage will be 0.35 USD/kg, and transportation at a distance of up to 100 km is 0.3 USD/kg. Hydrogen storage underground in a gaseous state and its transportation by pipelines have the least consequences for the environment: emissions and leaks are insignificant, and there is no environmental pollution. The study identifies these methods as particularly viable given their lower environmental impact and potential for seamless integration into existing energy systems, therefore supporting the transition to a more sustainable and circular economy.

IT Management Shapes Marketing Using React Native at Gold Konveksi

Gold Konveksi is a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) engaged in the garment industry that has not yet fully utilized technology in its marketing and product promotion. As a result, Gold Konveksi's market reach has been limited. This study aims to analyze the responses from questionnaires completed by respondents, with a specific focus on respondent profiles to generate brief demographic information. The objective of this study is to assess the readiness of both employees and customers of Gold Konveksi towards the adoption of new technology. The methods used in this research include data collection through questionnaires filled out by 247 respondents. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire instruments were tested using SPSS data processing. The validity test involved applying the r-value formula, compared to the r-table value, to determine validity. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha value compared to the reliability threshold. Additionally, the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) was calculated to measure user readiness in adopting new technology. The results of the study indicated a high level of readiness among users. The program interface was evaluated, and system testing was conducted using black box testing to ensure its functionality. Overall, the findings of the research show a high level of readiness among users in adopting new technology, which is expected to enhance transactions and sales data recording at Gold Konveksi.

Readiness levels of intern nursing students during the transition to professional practice within the Al Jouf Region in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundThe transition of newly graduated nurses into the workforce is recognized as a complex undertaking and has been examined extensively in the literature.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the readiness levels of intern nursing students and investigate the factors affecting their transition to professional practice within the Al Jouf region in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThe study employed a combination of descriptive, correlational, and qualitative methodologies to conduct its investigation. Data were acquired via an online questionnaire that included demographic information, the Nursing Practice Readiness Scale (NPRS), and two open-ended questions. A total of 135 nursing intern students were recruited to participate in the study. Benner’s “novice-to-expert” theory of clinical competence was utilized to guide the theoretical underpinning of the study.ResultsFindings revealed that most intern nursing students (63.7%) exhibited a moderate level of readiness. Furthermore, 70.4% and 55.6% of the students showed moderate readiness in terms of their professional attitudes and patient-centeredness, respectively. More than one-third of the students demonstrated a high level of readiness in the self-regulation domain (36.3%), while a similar proportion indicated a high level of readiness in the domain of collaborative interpersonal relationships (33.3%). The students underscored their reliance on the education system as pivotal in enhancing their preparedness for clinical practice.ConclusionNursing internship programs contribute to a more comprehensive readiness of nurses for active participation in clinical practice as compared to traditional educational programs.

Perspectives of medical undergraduate students toward self-directed learning

Objectives: Self-directed learning (SDL) is a process in which individuals take the initiative with or without the help of others in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating goals, identifying human as well as material resources for learning, implementing appropriate strategies and evaluating learning outcomes. In SDL, the onus of learning is on the learner and learning control is slowly transferred from facilitator to learner. Hence, this study helped to understand the SDL readiness in undergraduate medical students and figure out whether it differed between students of 2nd and 3rd professional years. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on undergraduate medical students of 2nd and 3rd professional year of tertiary care medical college hospital in south India after receiving permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee. A total of 285 students were considered in this study from both years after informed consent. A pre-validated questionnaire of the self-rating scale for SDL (SRSSDL) tool was included, and it comprised five components, namely, awareness, learning strategy, learning activity, evaluation and interpersonal skills, with 12 questions in individual sections. Demographic data were expressed in percentages while the Chi-square test and independent sample Mann–Whitney U-test were applied to understand the differences between 2 professional years. Results: Out of 285 students, 56.8% had a moderate level of readiness, followed by a high level of readiness (42.9%). The majority of the students from both academic years had a moderate level of readiness toward SDL. Learning strategy had the highest mean response score of 3.7 ± 0.52, followed by awareness with 3.69 ± 0.49. This mean score reflects that the majority of participants’ responses recorded were either ‘sometimes’ or ‘often’ for various components of the SRSSDL tool. The distribution of awareness, learning strategy, learning activities, evaluation and interpersonal skills did not show any significant association across academic years and gender. Conclusion: The moderate level of readiness shows that areas of improvement must be identified and evaluated with teacher guidance when necessary. The SRSSDL tool can be used as a measure of evaluation, as it helps to classify student readiness toward SDL.

Employee Readiness for GHRM and Its Individual Antecedents: Instrumental and Change-Based Approach

The aim of this paper is to identify and assess the formation of employees’ readiness to implement the green human resources management (GHRM) concept according to two research approaches: an instrumental and change-based approach, as well as to demonstrate the influence of selected individual antecedents on the formation of this readiness in business practice. The aim of the study was achieved through empirical research conducted using a survey method on a sample of 214 employees and managers from Poland. The results obtained indicate a high level of readiness of the respondents to implement the GHRM concept in their companies, regardless of the measurement method used. Moreover, it was shown that personal environmental norms, following the new environmental paradigm as well as organizational citizenship behaviors towards the environment (OCBE), significantly and positively shape the level of readiness for GHRM in the surveyed group. In contrast, there was no significant effect of individual readiness for change on employees’ readiness levels. This study makes an original and novel contribution to the literature by proposing different approaches to measuring employees’ GHRM readiness. The conclusions formulated address the implementation factors of the GHRM, enabling a more effective implementation of this concept into business practice.