High-quality Oil Research Articles

Lake Level Controls on Oil Shale Distribution in the Lucaogou Formation, Wujiawan Area, Junggar Basin, Northwest China

In a thick section of the upper Permian, high-quality oil shale is present in the Lucaogou Formation on the northern flanks of Bogda Mountain, which is located in the southern Junggar Basin, northw...

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth and Seed Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is grown mainly in the tropics. It is typically grown by smallholders with nearly all of its production in developing countries. It is an important source of high-quality oil and protein. Inappropriate use of fertilizers and monocropping are among the major production constraints. The objective of this paper is therefore to review the effect of N fertilizers on sesame growth and productivity. Growth and yield of sesame are greatly influenced by the application of N fertilizer. In most of the sesame-producing countries, optimum seed yield of sesame was obtained from application of 46–100 kg·N/ha. Adequate nitrogen fertilization also improves uptakes of other nutrients, particularly P and K and some micronutrients. Preemergence application of mobile nitrogen (urea) is less efficient due to losses. Mobile form of N fertilizer became available within two days for the crop. Split N applications where the N fertilizer is applied at different growth stages of the crop increases productivity. Side-dress application is one of the easiest ways to maximize nitrogen use efficiency. N fertilizers should be placed 3–5 cm deeper than the seeds and 5–10 cm apart from the plant for side dress but not far than 20 cm. Under optimal environmental conditions, nitrogen fertilizer has no effect on phonological traits but on the growth parameters. In the potential areas, application of 46–100 kg·N/ha gives maximum yield and lowering the application of N to less than 46 kg·N/ha in marginal areas is economical.

Oil Extraction and Evaluation from Yellow Horn Using a Microwave-Assisted Aqueous Saline Process.

This study investigates an aqueous salt process (ASP) combined with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the seed oil extraction from yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge). The NaCl concentration in the oil extraction process affected the oil extraction yield. Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the extraction process. The optimal operating parameters were: 24 g/L NaCl, 300 W microwave power, 4:1 water to material ratio, an 80 min extraction time, and 45 °C extraction temperature. The chemical composition of the extracted seed oil was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This extraction technique for yellow horn seed oil provided high throughput and high-quality oil. The present research offers a kind of green extraction method for edible oil in the food industry.

Control function of Sedimentary Facies on Tight Oil Distribution—Taking Gaotaizi Oil Layer in Qijia Area as An Example

In order to find out the controlling factors of tight oil distribution in Gaotaizi oil layer, Qijia area, the authors consider that the sediment facies is shallow delta in G3-G4 oil layer through the fine study of sedimentary characteristics, and develops delta plain, delta front and prodelta subfacies from north to south. Multiple and small scale transgressions during with the base level falling cause the multistage superposition between delta outer front with prodelta mud, and the terminal of delta inner front with the mud of delta outer front, which provide the premise of source and storage match for inner source tight oil. Then, the authors analyze the control action of sediment facies on tight reservoir, high quality oil layers and the matching relationship between them, and point that there exist two kinds of tight oil reservoir in Qijia area, tight reservoir of distal bar in the rear of delta inner front, tight reservoir of sheet sand in delta outer front. By comparing the superiority of the three conditions, the former is better in reservoir condition, hydrocarbon source rock condition and source storage matching, which is the most important tight oil reservoir type. Finally, it is pointed out the tight reservoir of distal bar in rear of delta outer front is the most favorable microfacies in the next tight oil exploration in southern Qijia area.

Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction combined with experimental designs allow the obtaining of a high-quality and yield pecan nut oil

Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAE) is an alternative and sustainable process for obtaining edible oil that avoids unfavorable changes in compounds sensitive to high temperatures and extreme pH. In this study, pecan nut oil was obtained by EAE and mechanical pressing (MP), and its physicochemical properties and chemical composition were compared. The extraction conditions were selected applying the enzymes Alcalase® and/or Celluclast® used either singly or in combination. After using the Plackett-Burman design followed by a Central Composite Rotatable Design, the highest extraction yield (65.3%) was obtained using Alcalase® (1.50 g/100 g) after 4 h, in pH 8.00, at 52 °C, and substrate concentration of 0.40 g/mL. The peroxide values (1.99 and 1.90 mEq O2/kg of oil obtained by EAE and MP, respectively), acid values (0.13 g oleic acid/kg) and oxidative stability index (12 h) showed high quality for the oils in both extraction methods used. The samples obtained by EAE and MP showed high concentrations of oleic acid (72–73 g/100 g) and γ-tocopherol (25–27 mg/100 g). The results obtained are the first data in the literature reporting the obtaining of pecan nut oil of high quality and yield using the EAE.

Nitrogen nutrition diagnosis for olive trees grown in super-intensive cropping systems

The results of a 4-year experiment combining irrigation, N, and K showed that to maintain productivity and tree growth it is necessary to attain a higher leaf N status than current diagnosis standards. To sustain high oil yield and quality and to avoid excessive vigor, a critical N concentration was established for olive trees of 1.94% for leaves sampled in July. A negative relationship was obtained between N leaf concentration and some quality parameters. Above 1.94% N, total phenolic content and oxidative stability fell below 220 mg kg−1 and 10 hr, respectively. In addition, above this N leaf concentration other factors including the alternate bearing index (ABI) and vegetative growth distorted productive and qualitative responses. Moreover, the differential productive response of trees related to alternate fruit bearing status implies that the interpretation of leaf nitrogen content can be more accurate when ABI suggests an ON tree status.

Enzymatic esterification of rice bran oil and phytosterol in supercritical CO 2

In this paper, the esterification of phytosterol and free fatty acids (FFA) in rice bran oil (RBO) was studied using Novozym 435 in supercritical CO₂. It was found that with the increase in CO₂ filling pressure, the esterification reaction rate also increased. When the pressure exceeded the critical point, CO₂ fluid had a great effect on phytosterol conversion. Therefore, enzymatic esterification deacidification was studied when the CO₂ filling pressure was 8.0 MPa, the results showed that when the lipase dosage was 3.0%, the phytosterol concentration was 18.0%, the molecular sieve addition was 10.0%, and the esterification temperature was 78°C, after 41 hr the FFA content of RBO decreased to 1.1%, the phytosterol conversion rate reached 93.2%, and the vitamin E (VE) retention in the product was 80.0%. Therefore, the esterification by Novozymes 435 in supercritical CO₂ could have several applications in fats and oils industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Much research has been done on the interesterification of vegetable oil in order to produce edible fats and oils. The current study provides a reliable and simple method for the esterification of phytosterol and free fatty acids (FFA) in rice bran oil (RBO). The optimal operating conditions lead to high quality oil. The FFA content of RBO decreased to 1.1%, the phytosterol conversion rate reached 93.2%, and the VE content in the product was 80.0%. The esterification by Novozymes 435 in supercritical CO₂ could be applied in fats and oils industry.

Destabilization of fine solids suspended in oil media through wettability modification and water-assisted agglomeration

Removing fine solids suspended in aqueous or oil media is crucial in many chemical, petroleum and environmental engineering processes with ever-increasing demands on improving product quality and meeting waste management standard. In oil industry, the removal of fine mineral solids is required to achieve high-quality oil products but remains a great challenge. This difficulty is due to hydrophobic and oleophilic nature of the mineral matters and small dimension of fine particulates. Here we introduce a two-step agglomeration method to destabilize bitumen-coated silica particles in cyclohexane by simply modifying their surface wettability using the amphiphilic polymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG), and then adding a small amount of water to trigger the formation of large particle aggregates. By sedimentation tests, we demonstrate that the two-step method can significantly enhance settling rate of the particles and reduce content of residual solids in the supernatant simultaneously. The underlying physical interaction mechanisms have been investigated using atomic force microscope (AFM) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The results suggest that PEG-PPG-PEG can readily adsorb to the bitumen-coated silica surface, thereby altering the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic and tuning its interaction with added water drops from repulsion to attraction in cyclohexane. This work provides useful insights into the development of effective strategies of removing suspended fine solids from oil media in petroleum production processes.

High Quality Oil Extracted from Sardine By‐Products as an Alternative to Whole Sardines: Production and Refining

Sardine (S) and sardine by‐product (SBP) oils are produced and refined in the interest of grading the potential by‐products as raw materials for the production of fish oil high in both quality and nutritional value. The oils are compared throughout different stages of refining in terms of free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide (PV), p‐anisidine (pAV), total oxidation (TOTOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), tocopherol content, fatty acid profile, and volatile components. The results of quality parameters FFA, PV, pAV, TOTOX, and TBARS of crude S are determined as 3.13% oleic acid, 5.91 meq O2/kg, 18.46, 30.29 and 1.27 µm g−1 while for SBP they were 2.94% oleic acid, 4.81 meq O2/kg, 17.66, 27.28, and 2.86 µm g−1, respectively. The refining enhances the quality parameters without a loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are 39.5 and 40.46% in refined S and SBP oil, respectively. The nutritional n‐6/n‐3 is 0.09 in both oils. Volatile compounds of the oils are quantified (in mg kg−1) and the major components are 2,4‐heptadienal, pentadecane, 2,4‐decadienal, 2,4‐nonadienal, and docecane. The results clearly show that the sardine by‐products can be used as an alternative source of PUFAs, contributing to waste management and sustainable fisheries.Practical Application: The utilization of by‐products as a source of valuable compounds such as fish oil and omega‐3 will help improve waste management, allowing for fish the industry to benefit economically with isolated compounds having numerous applications in the food and feed production, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.Quality parameters, fatty acid composition and volatiles of oils produced from whole sardine and sardine canning industry by‐products are compared throughout production and chemical refining. A high potential of by‐products as raw materials for the production of fish oil high in both quality and nutritional value is demonstrated. Both oils have good quality characteristics which would ensure their competitiveness with commercial fish oils and could be used as a very good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

S-(E)-Elenolide: a new constituent of extra virgin olive oil.

Extra virgin olive oil is a food with a recognized health claim in the EU related to its phenolic content. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, we observed for the first time that most high-phenolic olive oils also contain significant quantities of another potential beneficial ingredient, S-(E)-elenolide, which is a non-phenolic compound related to oleuropein or ligstroside. Elenolide had only been found in olive leaves and fruits as the Z isomer or had been synthesized and had been recognized as an antihypertensive agent. (E)-Elenolide was isolated from olive oil and its structure was elucidated and completely characterized for the first time using 1D and 2D NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, we developed a method of quantitative measurement based on qNMR. Investigation of 2120 olive oil samples showed that elenolide was present in the majority of samples, in quantities ranging from 0 to 2821 mg kg-1 . Although elenolic acid, which is a hydrated derivative of elenolide, had been reported as an olive oil ingredient, this is the first time that elenolide has proved to be transformed to elenolic acid after reaction with water. Finally, it was found that the quantity of elenolide in olive oil depends on the quantity of water remaining in the olive oil during storage. S-(E)-Elenolide is a new important substance of olive oil and could be used as marker of high-quality oils with low water content. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Residual solvent or intrinsically formed during production: analysing volatile compounds in unrefined vegetable oils using headspace gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

ABSTRACTVegetable oils are an essential part of a healthy and balanced diet and have major economic significance. The type of production, whether performed by extraction with solvents, or by mechanical techniques, significantly influences the quality of the oil and its potential field of use. Occasionally, volatile organic substances, which are considered indicative for an oil that has been produced by solvent extraction, are detected in unrefined vegetable oils. This can have a negative impact on high-quality oil mills and their reputation. The goal of the study was to analyse unrefined oils of different raw materials for such compounds. A previously developed and validated method using headspace gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry was used for this task. Another aim was to determine the origin of any solvent residues in the vegetable oils and to find ways to avoid them. Complementary measurements by solid phase micro extraction gas chromatography were conducted to compare the results of the measurements to an orthogonal methodology. Multivariate data analysis was used to find correlations between the spectrum of substances in the oil and other parameters like the producer of the oil or the pattern of fatty acids.

To the issue of the destruction of persistent oil emulsions in order to ensure high-quality oil treatment

The article raises a question about the qualitative preparation of separator oil under the conditions of the formation of stable emulsion, which is stabilized by the products of the production of hydraulic fracturing and acid treatments. We present relations that make it possible to determine the flow parameters of produced gas-liquid mixture in an oil gathering pipeline. As a result, we propose a technological scheme for oil treatment, which provides the required quality of oil treatment. The scheme is based on the developed and justified method of dynamic combined oil treatment.

Effective use of aluminum-plastic laminate as a feedstock for catalytic pyrolysis over micro and mesoporous catalysts

Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of aluminum plastic laminate over zeolite catalysts were performed to produce high quality oil. Thermogravimetric analysis of aluminum plastic laminate indicated that the decomposition kinetics of aluminum plastic laminate were changed by interactions between the polymer components during the thermogravimetric analysis of aluminum plastic laminate. The effects of aluminum foil on the aluminum plastic laminate decomposition kinetics were negligible. The catalytic pyrolysis of aluminum plastic laminate over the acid catalysts using tandem-micro reactor-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry produced large amounts of aromatics due to the properties of the main polymers, polyethylene and poly (ethylene terephthalate), in aluminum plastic laminate. Among three catalysts, HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3, 23), HY(30), and Al-MCM-41 (20), HZSM-5 (23) had the highest efficiency on aromatics production followed by HY(30) and Al-MCM-41 (20). Co-feeding aluminum plastic laminate to the catalytic pyrolysis of paper over HZSM-5 (23) and HY(30) was also effective on aromatics production, highlighting the potential use of aluminum plastic laminate to enhance the synergistic aromatics formation during the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass.

Identifikasi Tingkat Kematangan Kelapa Sawit Berbasis Pencitraan Termal

Indonesia is the biggest producer of palm oil (Elaeis guineenis jacq). The palm tree is a primary commodity that posses a high economic value. Palm oil must be considered in terms of quality to produce optimal and high-quality oil. Previously, the stipulation of the palm tree characterization used manual and visual image utilization method; it may have weaknesses due to the dependency of individual sorting and coruscation factor. Therefore, this research is aimed to improve the performance of the previous method in identifying the ripeness of palm tree based on thermal imaging. The excess of thermal imaging was not related to the coruscation since the level of ripeness was both determined by the temperature and colour. The detection method of this research deployed the colour-based features that are Dominant Colour Descriptor and Color Moment. The DCD and Color Moment was the input to the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) method. The percentage of identification rate was 89%, and the identification of oil palm maturity level using thermal imaging is more efficient because it is done without human intervention and does not depend on lighting assistance compared to manual method and method of using RGB visual images.

Rapid identification and quantification of cheaper vegetable oil adulteration in camellia oil by using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

Camellia oil is a high quality oil mainly produced in southern China. It is common that unscrupulous merchants attempt to make huge profits by adulterating camellia oil with other cheaper or lower-quality vegetable oils. Therefore, this paper proposed excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods for the rapid identification and quantification of camellia oil adulteration with other cheaper vegetable oils. A five-component parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model roughly completed spectral characterization of oil samples, and obtained chemically meaningful information. Four advanced chemometrics methods were used for the classification of camellia oil and other vegetable oils (model 1) and the classification of camellia oil and adulterated camellia oil (models 2 and 3), respectively. Two-directional two-dimensional linear discriminant analysis ((2D)2LDA) was used for chemical data for the first time and showed huge potential. Furthermore, the developed N-PLS regression model used for the prediction of adulteration level in camellia oil showed satisfactory accuracy.

Branding influence on consumer behaviour regarding olive oil

Olive oil is a traditional agricultural product for Greece and holds a remarkable place in the food industry, as well as a great importance for the economic and social life of the country. However, although Greece produces olive oil of high quality, the small market share of branded products hampers the competitiveness of the olive oil sector. Therefore, branding in the olive oil market is emerging as a key factor in boosting the competitiveness of the industry. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the impact of branding on the behaviour of Greek consumers towards olive oil products. The survey involved 488 consumers in Thessaloniki city. According to the research results, based on correlation test and t-test, it has been established that the preference for an olive oil brand is associated with increased brand awareness and higher levels of loyalty. Finally, it was found that higher consumption of olive oil is associated with a higher degree of brand recognition and stronger perceptions of its superiority to competitors. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the enhancement of the competitiveness of the sector, both domestically and internationally, can contribute the adoption of integrated branding strategies aimed at diversifying Greek products from competition, promoting their qualities and attracting long-term loyal customers.

Optimal Ultrasound-Assisted Process Extraction, Characterization, and Functional Product Development from Flaxseed Meal Derived Polysaccharide Gum

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has several health-promoting applications as dietary food ingredient supplementation, owing to presence of high quality of oil, polyunsaturated fatty acids, high dietary fiber and protein contents. The presence of different anti-nutritional components, for example cyanogens (HCN) and tannins in meal, limits its application for food purposes. The study was conducted to observe the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction on polysaccharide gums (PSG) yield using response surface methodology. The selected variables were sonication temperature (°C), water to meal ratio, sonication amplitude level (%), sonication pH, and sonication time (min). Ultrasound-assisted extraction significantly reduced the anti-nutritional components like HCN and tannins. The extracted PSG yield from partially defatted flaxseed meal (PDFM) samples varied to a minimum of 7.24% to a maximum of 11.04% when extraction temperature (°C) and amplitude level (%) varied from −1 to +1 and keeping all other variables constant at mean value. Physiochemical and functional properties of extracted PSG were studied. Yoghurt with different treatment combinations were prepared by supplementing flaxseed-derived PSG as stabilizer ranging from 0.25% to 1.5%, keeping baseline samples without PSG as control. Functional properties of PSG-supplemented yoghurt such as pH, syneresis, and viscosity were determined to assess the influence of PSG supplementation on yoghurt quality. In the organoleptic behavior of PSG-supplemented yoghurt, no adverse effect on the flavor have been observed, but the textural properties vary significantly among different treatments. Overall, the acceptability of 1% PSG-supplemented yoghurt was significantly higher than other treatments.

Mobile genomic element diversity in world collection of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) panel using iPBS-retrotransposon markers.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop of dry land yielding very high quality of edible oil. Present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 131 safflower accessions originating from 28 different countries using 13 iPBS-retrotransposon markers. A total of 295 iPBS bands were observed among which 275 (93.22%) were found polymorphic. Mean Polymorphism information content (0.48) and diversity parameters including mean effective number of alleles (1.33), mean Shannon’s information index (0.33), overall gene diversity (0.19), Fstatistic (0.21), and inbreeding coefficient (1.00) reflected the presence of sufficient amount of genetic diversity in the studied plant materials. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that more than 40% of genetic variation was derived from populations. Model-based structure, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) algorithms clustered the 131 safflower accessions into four main populations A, B, C, D and an unclassified population, with no meaningful geographical origin. Most diverse accessions originated from Asian countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Turkey, and India. Four accessions, Turkey3, Afghanistan4, Afghanistan2, and Pakistan24 were found most genetically distant and might be recommended as a candidate parents for breeding purposes. The findings of this study are most probably supported by the seven similarity centers hypothesis of safflower. This is a first study to explore the genetic diversity and population structure in safflower accessions using the iPBS-retrotransposon markers. The information provided in this work will therefore be helpful for scientists interested in safflower breeding.

Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Cork Oak Pyrolysis Oil Over Ni/Al-MCM-41.

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of cork oak pyrolysis oil was performed using a high pressure batch type reactor. Cork oak pyrolysis oil, obtained from the fast pyrolysis of cork oak, was upgraded into high quality oil under HDO conditions (260 °C, 80 bar) over 20 wt.% Ni/Al-MCM-41. Compared to the cork oak pyrolysis oil, HDO oil had a smaller oxygen content, increased heating value, and improved viscosity and acidity due to the high contents of esters and hydrocarbons.

Profiling and quantification of lipids in cold-pressed rapeseed oils based on direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Microwave pretreatment of rapeseeds prior to cold-pressing is a simple and desirable method for producing high quality oils. In this study, a rapid and sensitive lipid profiling platform employing an accurate quantification strategy was established based on direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Using this developed platform, we further investigated the effect of microwave pretreatment of rapeseeds on the contents of important lipids such as triglycerides (TAGs), phospholipids (PLs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) in 15 different rapeseed oils. Our results demonstrated that no significant changes of total FAs and TAGs contents were observed after microwave pretreatment, while FFA contents increased and PLs contents significantly increased up to 40 folds. The potential mechanism of lipid changes was also discussed. The established lipidomics profiling platform can provide reliable lipids profiling data and help to better understand the potential mechanism of microwave pretreatment in oil processing.