High-quality Oil Research Articles

The The effect of purchase price of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) on fertilization frequency (case study: Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi)

The purchase price of oil palm has often experienced significant increases and decreases due to several factors including oil palm production, oil palm exports, and the oil palm price. Fertilization is one of the most important and complex technical culture activities in oil palm farming. Fertilization in oil palm plants should be able to guarantee normal vegetative and generative growth to provide optimal Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) production and produce high quality and quantity of crude palm oil. This study aims to evaluate how much influence the FFB purchase price has on the frequency of fertilization used by oil palm farmers. This research is a quantitative study with a descriptive analysis design to see the effect of the purchase price of fresh fruit bunches on the frequency of fertilization used by oil palm farmers in the Mamuju Regency. The results of regression analysis data showed that the purchase price of FFB influenced the frequency of oil palm fertilization by 11.3 percent.

The Extraction THE EXTRACTION OF SANDALWOOD OIL USING THE MICROWAVE HYDRODISTILLATION METHOD WITH VARIATION OF MASS AND MATERIAL TREATMENT

The extraction of sandalwood oil using the microwave hydrodistillation method can be another alternative in the process of extracting sandalwood to obtain and improve the quality of the sandalwood oil produced. This research aims to determine the appropriate formula from the mass variation of the material and the treatment of sandalwood powder in obtaining high yield and good oil quality. The method of making sandalwood oil used is the Microwave Hydrodistillation method. From the results of this reseacrh, the best yield calculation results in the variation of the mass of 200 grams of material with dry wind treatment. Based on the density test, the result is 0.98 and the acid number is 0.6732.

Extraction of lyophilized olive mill wastewater using supercritical CO2 processes

The olive growing in Tunisia has an economic dominance and agricultural importance. However, the huge extraction of olive oil generates a large quantity of olive mill wastewater (OMW), which is discharged to the surroundings. The highly polluting potential (organic load) of OMW threatens the environment and requires an urgent solution. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a green extraction method that can be applied to purify OMW and, at the same time, to isolate a high quality oil from this wastewater.In order to explore and to valorize the compositions of Olive mill wastewater (OMW), extraction in different solvents (supercritical CO2, hexane) was carried out and chemical composition of the extracted oils were established by GC-FID. The Tunisia OMW were collected from two different zones namely Sousse and Sfax.In this work, we have investigated the effects pressure (P) and temperature (T) on the yield and the quality of oil. The suitable conditions for the extraction of oil from lyophilized OMW by Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) were found to be the pressure of 30 MPa and the temperature of 60 °C. In order to simulate the process, the model of broken and intact cells (Sovova’s model) was applied. The model well represented the experimental data.Oil yields ranged from 21.3 % to 33.87 % depending on the extraction solvent used. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the major compounds of the oils, based on the fatty acid analysis. Chromatographic analysis revealed that the chemical compositions vary from one region to another, extraction solvent as well as the conditions of pressure and temperature.

A semi-confined turbidite system in the eocene lacustrine: An example from Niuzhuang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China

This paper establishes the sedimentary facies distribution model in the middle of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es3z), deep-lacustrine and turbidite fans in the Niuzhuang Sag. Lacustrine turbidite systems can form high-quality oil and gas reservoirs and the understanding of these systems is of great significance for lacustrine basins exploration. We identified a series of turbidite fans by comprehensive analyzing core, well log, 3-D seismic data and grain size variations. These fans can be further divided into lobe axis, lobe fringe, and lobe distal fringe settings. The lobes developed in both directions: the vertical fault strike (east-west) direction and parallel fault strike (northeast-southwest) direction. Porosity and permeability data showed that massive sandstone was mainly developed in the middle lobe axis that has better reservoir physical properties. The paleoclimate was determined using geochemical data. The paleoclimate was warm and humid in the highstand system tract (HST), contributing to the development of the turbidite system.

Lithofacies characteristics and sedimentary model of a gravelly braided river-dominated fan: a case study of modern Poplar River alluvial fan (northwest Junggar Basin, China)

Conglomerate reservoirs in alluvial fans commonly contain economic crude oil, but it is challenging to depict the distribution of conglomerate reservoirs or to summarise the sedimentary model in alluvial fans deposits owing to their complex lithofacies changes and variable hydrodynamic conditions. This paper focuses on the Poplar River alluvial fan in the northwest Junggar Basin, China, as a special case to analyse its sedimentary processes and to build a sedimentary model through detailed outcrop mapping and grainsize analysis. The Poplar River alluvial fan is a braided river-dominated fan with the characteristics of a large fan size (approximate 327.6 km2), gentle slope (∼<0.04–0.07°), coarse sediments (mainly cobbles or finer pebbles) and rare fine-mud sediments deposited from floods. In this alluvial fan, 15 lithofacies are identified that mainly formed in five hydrodynamic environments: (i) debris-flow deposits; (ii) high-flow traction current deposits; (iii) low-flow traction current deposits; (iv) still-water deposits; and (v) eolian deposits. Moreover, the sedimentary processes on the Poplar River alluvial fan can be divided into flood and interflood periods. During flood periods, sediment deposition plays a major role on the alluvial fan. From the proximal to distal parts, six lithofacies associations can be identified: feeder-channel and sheet-flow deposits in the proximal part, sheet flood and braided-stream deposits in the intermediate part, and channel deposits and wetland deposits in the distal fan areas. During the interflood periods, sediment reworking is the most important function, and three lithofacies associations are identified: main-channel deposits in the proximal fan, braided-trench deposits in the intermediate fan and wetland deposits in the distal area. The braided-stream deposits, braided-trench deposits and sheet-flood deposits have the best potential for high-quality aquifers or oil reservoirs based on their moderately well-sorted grains and high primary permeable intervals. KEY POINTS Fifteen lithofacies and eight lithofacies associations are identified in the Poplar River braided river-dominated alluvial fan. The aggradation process of the studied alluvial fan can be divided into flood and interflood periods. The flood-period braided-fluvial deposits, interflood main-channel and braided-trench channel deposits are the facies with best reservoir potential.

Changes in lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, and apolipoproteins after supplementation with n-3 or n-6 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: A randomized double-blind crossover study

Summary Background & aims Marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower circulating levels of triacylglycerols (TAGs), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) may reduce cholesterol levels. Clinical studies on effects of these dietary or supplemental PUFAs on other blood fat fractions are few and have shown conflicting results. This study aimed to determine effects of high-dose supplemental n-3 (EPA + DHA) and n-6 (LA) PUFAs from high-quality oils on circulating lipoprotein subfractions and standard lipids (primary outcomes), as well as apolipoproteins, fatty acids, and glycemic control (secondary outcomes), in females and males with abdominal obesity. Methods This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-wk intervention periods separated by a 9-wk washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (TAG fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we investigated lipoprotein particle subclasses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and glucose and insulin. Data were analyzed by linear mixed-effects modeling with ‘subjects’ as the random factor. Results The difference between interventions in relative change scores was among the lipoprotein subfractions significant for total very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (n-3 vs. n-6: −38%∗ vs. +16%, p Conclusions High-dose supplementation of high-quality oils with n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFAs was followed by reductions in primarily TAG- or cholesterol-related markers, respectively. The responses after both interventions point to changes in the lipoprotein–lipid–apolipoprotein profile that have been associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk, also among people with TAG or LDL-C levels within the normal range. Registration Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02647333. Clinical trial registration Registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02647333 .

SOME QUALITY INDICATORS OF VEGETABLE OILS UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS

The aim of our work was to study the quality of vegetable oils - unrefined sunflower oil (grade I) and soy hydrated oil (grade I). One of the stages of the study was to determine the quality of vegetable oils - peroxide value (characterizes the amount of primary oxidation products of fats - peroxide compounds) and acid number (characterizes the total content of free fatty acids) in the samples of vegetable oils. The acid number was determined by titration (neutralization) of free fatty acids with alkali in the presence of an indicator (phenolphthalein). The peroxide number was determined by titration of the isolated iodine with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Each study was reproduced 5 times. First of all, the quality indicators of oils (acid number and peroxide number) were determined in samples of fresh oils. Subsequently, the oil was kept for 3 months (in compliance with the recommended requirements for storage of oils and without compliance with the requirements for storage of oils) and re-determined these indicators.&#x0D; The quality of the investigated vegetable oils was determined by the indicators of acid number and peroxide number in accordance with the established requirements of the State Standards of Ukraine (DSTU EN ISO 660: 2009; DSTU 4570: 2006).&#x0D; The results of our research show that the level of acid number and peroxide level in samples of fresh oils meet the requirements of the State Standards of Ukraine (DSTU EN ISO 660: 2009; DSTU 4570: 2006) for this type of oil, which confirms the quality of oils and compliance with production , processing and transportation. It is shown that in the samples of aged oils (3 months, subject to storage requirements) the level of acid number and the level of peroxide number increases within normal limits. However, in the samples of aged oils (3 months, without compliance with storage requirements) there is a significant increase in the level of acid number and peroxide number, which does not meet the requirements of State Standards of Ukraine.&#x0D; As a result of research it is shown that the quality of vegetable oils depends on compliance with the recommended norms and conditions in the process of production, processing, transportation and storage. It is proved that under the conditions of violation of the recommended norms of storage in samples of high-quality vegetable oils the level of quality indicators of vegetable oils - acid number and peroxide number significantly increases.

FRUIT SEEDS, SEEDS OF GRAPE AND CUCURBITACEOUS – A PROSPECTIVE SOURCE OF OBTAINING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES. OVERVIEW

Republic of Uzbekistan is a major producer of agricultural products. The production of vegetables, grapes, fruits and berries, melons and gourds are increasing every year. The total volume of their production is approximately up to 16200 thousand tons per year. The seeds of these crops make up from 2 to 10% of the mass of processed raw materials, which are sources of valuable biologically active substances. The main method of obtaining oil (from apricot kernel, grape and melon seeds) is cold pressing, i.e. pressing carried out at a temperature below 60°C. Such oil immediately goes from the category of ordinary to the category of medicinal. At present, in Uzbekistan, the processing of apricot kernels, grape and melons seeds with the aim of to obtain high-quality vegetable oil is carried out on low-tonnage technological lines by the method of cold pressing. However, this method of processing raw materials does not provide the maximum yield of valuable vegetable oil and nutrients. Residual oilcake is not processed to obtain biologically active substances. The use of extraction as a method of obtaining these substances is not practiced. Unlike other solvents such as butane, hexane has the advantage of being virtually harmless to the user in ethanol extraction. Unlike the so-called "CO2-extraction", the extraction with ethanol can be carried out without the use of expensive equipment and subject to the correct technological regulations; the obtained extract can be of a very high-quality spectrum. A scientifically substantiated methodology for the engineering calculation of a plant for the extraction of ingredients from plant materials with a low capacity, operating on an ethanol solvent, has not been developed, which shows the relevance of the development and implementation of such equipment in production.

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Camellia sasanqua Thunb. (Murray 1784: 632; Theaceae), an endemic species to Japan, is a popular ornamental plant globally (Ming 2000). More than 1200 cultivars of this species have been registered for horticulture (Wang et al. 2019). Meanwhile, C. sasanqua holds considerable economic value because its seeds can produce high-quality oil for cooking and cosmetic application (Ming 2000, Feás et al. 2013). However, the type of C. sasanqua remains unresolved. It is vital to clarify the type for the stable nomenclature of C. sasanqua.

Variability and relationships between characters of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) in Burkina Faso

Jatropha curcas is a highly promising species for biodiesel production in Burkina Faso and other countries in the tropics. It is rustic, grows in warm regions and is easily cultivated. These characteristics and high-quality oil yields from the seeds have made it a priority for biodiesel programs. Consequently, this plant merits genetic investigations aimed at improving yields. The present study was conducted to determine the extent of genetic variability and relationships among 30 accessions from Burkina Faso using 7 qualitative characters and 20 quantitative characters. For most of the traits, there were highly significant differences among the accessions. A positive and significant correlation between the 100-seed weight trait and the oil content trait was observed. The oil content trait is significantly and positively influenced by growth traits such as plant height and crown diameter. Based on the petiole base pigmentation, three morphotypes were identified: green morphotype, purple morphotype and brown morphotype. The green morphotype was characterized by very high oil content and high 100-seed weight while the brown morphotype presents low oil content and low 100-seed weight. The purple morphotype registered a high oil content and medium 100-seed weight. These results are important for the continuity of breeding programs, aimed at obtaining cultivars with high grain yield and high oil content in seeds.

Adulteration of Gabus (Channa striata) fish oil with corn oil and palm oil: the use of FTIR spectra and chemometrics

The adulteration practice in fats and oils industry can be in the form of addition or substitution high quality oils such as Gabus Fish oil (GFO) with lower price oils. This research highlighted the application of FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibrations and discriminant analysis (DA) for quantitative analysis and classification of oil adulterants of palm oil (PO) and corn oil (CO) in GFO. The methods involved preparation of training/calibration and validation samples, scanning of samples using FTIR spectrophotometer using attenuated total reflectance, development of calibration and validation models for quantitative analysis of oil adulterants assisted with multivariate calibrations and classification between genuine GFO and GFO adulterated with PO and CO using discriminant analysis. The quantitative analysis of PO in ternary mixtures with CO as an adulterant in GFO was carried out using first derivative spectra at wavenumbers of 3200-600 cm-1 assisted with partial least square (PLS), while quantitative analysis of CO in ternary mixture with PO and GFO was performed using first derivative spectra at wavenumbers region of 3200-2700 cm-1 assisted with principle component regression (PCR). The R2 values for the correlation between actual and predicted values of PO and CO in ternary mixtures either in calibration or prediction samples were of &gt; 0.97 with low errors. In addition, DA using the same wavenumbers region as used in the quantitative analysis could classify or discriminate genuine GFO and GFO mixed/adulterated with PO and CO with an accuracy level of 100%. FTIR spectroscopy using suitable wavenumbers region combined with PLS, PCR and DA could be proposed as analytical tools for quantification and classification of oil adulterants in GFO.

Copper and kaolin sprays as tools for controlling the olive fruit fly

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most damaging pest of olive crop in the main growing areas. The control of this pest is based on insecticides, but more sustainable strategies are needed to reduce negative impacts such as pesticide residues, development of insecticide resistance or effects on non-target organisms. In a three-year field study, the effectiveness of preventive kaolin and copper (Bordeaux mixture) applications were evaluated. Natural pest control in olive groves is very valuable and must be preserved, so the effects of these treatments on non-target arthropods were also investigated compared to conventional dimethoate bait sprays and paying special attention to natural enemies. Kaolin sprays reduced the damage of B. oleae to levels that allow high quality oil production, even with a very high pest incidence. Copper treatments provided a certain protection that was insufficient at high infestation levels. No significant changes in abundance and number of arthropod morphospecies were detected. However, the diversity of arthropods, measured by Shannon index, was reduced by dimethoate baits and kaolin sprays and fewer predators were found in dimethoate treated trees. A significant alteration of the natural enemies’ community was also detected by Principal Response Curve (PRC) analysis in plots sprayed with kaolin, in the second year, with the coccinellid beetle Scymnus marinus (Mulsant) particularly affected. Monitoring long-term effects of kaolin sprays on natural enemies is advisable, while environmentally-friendly measures are applied to favor their presence.

High-quality oil production via the catalytic conversion of printed circuit boards

The catalytic pyrolysis (CP) of phenolic printed circuit boards over red mud and acid catalysts, HZSM-5, HBeta, HY, and desilicated HZSM-5 (HDeZSM-5), was performed using a microreactor. Compared to the non-CP, the in-situ CP led to high-quality debrominated oil production containing large quantities of aromatic and phenol compounds. Among the catalysts used, HBeta showed the highest debromination (DeBr) efficiency, followed in order by HY, red mud, HDeZSM-5, and HZSM-5. HDeZSM-5 produced the largest amount of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs), followed by HZSM-5, HBeta, HY, and red mud. Two-stage CP over in-situ red mud and ex-situ zeolites (HBeta and HDeZSM-5) was also evaluated. Although the two-stage CP produced smaller amounts of MAHs than in-situ CP over zeolites, it achieved the maximum DeBr efficiency. Between the two catalyst configurations, 1) in-situ red mud/ex-situ HBeta and 2) in-situ red mud/ex-situ HDeZSM-5, the latter produced larger amounts of MAHs with minimal brominated oil formation. Two-stage CP over in-situ red mud/ex-situ zeolites also showed that HDeZSM-5 achieved a longer catalyst lifetime in the production of debrominated MAHs owing to the smaller amount of coke formation than HBeta. This paper will provide a guideline for accelerating the commercialization of the CP process of PCB to maximize the clean fuel production efficiency with the minimized pollution.

Comparative transcriptome and flavonoids components analysis reveal the structural genes responsible for the yellow seed coat color of Brassica rapa L.

BackgroundSeed coat color is an important horticultural trait in Brassica crops, which is divided into two categories: brown/black and yellow. Seeds with yellow seed coat color have higher oil quality, higher protein content and lower fiber content. Yellow seed coat color is therefore considered a desirable trait in hybrid breeding of Brassica rapa, Brassica juncea and Brassica napus.MethodsComprehensive analysis of the abundance transcripts for seed coat color at three development stages by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and corresponding flavonoids compounds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were carried out in B. rapa.ResultsWe identified 41,286 unigenes with 4,989 differentially expressed genes between brown seeds (B147) and yellow seeds (B80) at the same development stage. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis identified 19 unigenes associated with the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, flavone and flavonol biosynthetic pathways as involved in seed coat color formation. Interestingly, expression levels of early biosynthetic genes (BrCHS, BrCHI, BrF3H, BrF3’H and BrFLS) in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were down-regulated while late biosynthetic genes (BrDFR, BrLDOX and BrBAN) were hardly or not expressed in seeds of B80. At the same time, BrTT8 and BrMYB5 were down-regulated in B80. Results of LC-MS also showed that epicatechin was not detected in seeds of B80. We validated the accuracy of our RNA-seq data by RT-qPCR of nine critical genes. Epicatechin was not detected in seeds of B80 by LC-MS/MS.ConclusionsThe expression levels of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes and the relative content of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway metabolites clearly explained yellow seed color formation in B. rapa. This study provides a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of seed coat color formation.

Macaúba’s world scenario: a bibliometric analysis

Macauba is a tropical palm native in South and Central America, and its fruits present a high-quality oil for biodiesel production. Notwithstanding, macauba’s wastes and by-products are not usually repurposed as energy sources. This study shows a bibliometric analysis to assess macauba’s current applications and to investigate other energy recovery routes for its by-products. All the investigations focused on information about the main research fields related to macauba. The study showed that only 397 articles and reviews were published from 1900 until 2021 and Brazil has the largest number of publications. Although oleic and protein macauba’s by-products are applied as animal feed, some conversion routes related to the lignocellulosic contents, present in non-edible parts, were identified thermal conversion, combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, biochemical conversion, fermentation, esterification, and anaerobic digestion. From the agricultural perspective, plant characterization, germination, embryogenesis, and seed development were also found. From the bibliometric study, the different potential applications of macauba for energy, pharmaceutical, and food purposes were listed to support the identification of a knowledge gap on its by-product revaluation.

Synergistic effects in the copyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge digestate and salix: Reaction mechanism, product characterization and char stability

Anaerobic digestion is a practical process for recovering energy and materials from sewage sludge. However, land disposal of the derived digestate results in environmental problems, such as eutrophication and salinization. Copyrolysis of sewage sludge digestate and lignocellulosic biomass produces a high-quality oil, a diluted hazardous component of biochar. This study investigates the copyrolysis behavior of lignocellulosic biomass and sludge digestate with different blending ratios using bench-scale experiments. Compared to individual feedstock pyrolysis, copyrolysis shows a higher energy distribution in the liquid product and a lower energy distribution in the char and gas product. The highest energy yield with respect to the organic fraction of liquid product is observed in the copyrolysis case, corresponding to 36.4% of the total energy in the feedstock. The interaction between the sludge digestate and lignocellulosic biomass is studied through product characterizations, mechanistic investigations and char stability assessments. The liquid products in the copyrolysis cases show a relatively high abundance of esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, pyridines and pyrroles. The reaction pathways of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are investigated. Two synergistic reaction pathways are proposed. The char stability and nitrogen distribution are investigated. According to the results, the synergistic interaction between feedstocks enhances the quality and energy yield of the liquid biofuel. The char product from copyrolysis has higher potential for use as a carbon sink and fertilizer.

Energetic and Economic Evaluation of Zero-Waste Fish Co-Stream Processing.

This study evaluates the possibility of recovery of high-quality valuable fish oil and proteins from fish co-streams by traditional means or a combination of several technologies. A techno-economically feasible and sustainable zero-waste process is needed for full utilisation of this co-stream’s potential. This study aims to determine the energy efficiency and economic feasibility of four different zero-waste bio-refineries based on salmon filleting co-streams. The study covers four concepts: (I) biogas and fertiliser production from salmon co-streams, (II) fish silage production, (III) thermal processing of salmon co-streams for producing oil, protein concentrate, and meal, and (IV) novel two-stage thermal and enzymatic process for producing high-quality oil and protein hydrolysate, while the solid residue is converted to biogas and fertilisers. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate uncertainties in economic evaluation. The results show that the two-stage processing of fish co-streams leads to recovery of both high-quality marine oil and proteins, showing the largest profitability and return on investment during the economic analysis. It is a more tempting option than the currently used thermal treatment or traditional silage processes. The possibility of producing food-grade fish protein hydrolysate is the biggest benefit here. Concepts studied are examples of zero-waste processing of bioproducts and illustrate the possibilities and benefits of fully utilising the different fractions of fish as fillets, oil, protein, fertilisers, and energy production.

Palaeoenvironmental evolution of formation of Bayanjargalan oil shale: evidence from trace elements and biomarkers

The genetic type of the Bayanerhet Formation oil shale in the Bayanjargalan mine area is an inland lacustrine oil shale deposit. Inorganic element analysis and organic geochemical testing of oil shale samples collected in three boreholes show that the Bayanerhet Formation oil shale has relatively high organic contents, e.g., average TOC values of 6.53, 7.32 and 8.84 (corresponding to oil contents of 5.49%, 6.07% and 7.50%) in boreholes BJ3807, BJ3405 and BJ3005, respectively. Analysis of organic matter sources with biomarkers indicates that lower aquatic organisms such as algae contribute more to the organic matter than higher plants do. According to research on the values of Fe2O3/FeO, Rb/Sr and w (La) n/w (Yb)n in cores from the three boreholes, the Bayanjargalan oil shale is inferred to have formed in a humid paleoclimate with a relatively high sedimentation rate. In research on the evolution of the paleoaquifer in which the oil shale formed, the values of Fe3+/Fe2+, V/V + Ni, Ni/V, Ceanom and δCe are applied as sensitive indicators of the redox conditions in the aqueous medium. These values indicate that the Bayanjargalan oil shale formed in a water body with a weak redox environment. Moreover, the values of Ca/(Ca + Fe) and Sr/Ba and the values of gammacerane/αβC30 hopane in biomarkers show that the oil shale was formed in a saltwater environment. Analysis of Mo and U shows high endogenous lake productivity, corresponding to high TOC, which suggests that the lacustrine productivity played an important role in organic matter enrichment. The Lower Cretaceous Bayanerhet Formation (K1bt) in the Bayanjargalan mine area encompasses a complete sequence and was formed during lowstand, transgression, highstand and regression periods. The dominant oil shale deposits were formed in the transgression system tract and high stand system tract, and these oil shales have a high oil content and stable occurrence. A large set of thick, high-TOC and high-oil-content oil shales in the second member of the Bayanerhet Formation was deposited under such conditions. The abundant terrigenous supply under warm and humid conditions significantly promoted the primitive biological productivity, and the weak redox saltwater environment had relatively high productivity. All the favorable conditions promoted the formation of high-quality oil shale.

Obtaining high-quality oil from monguba (Pachira aquatica Aubl.) seeds by using supercritical CO2 process

Monguba seeds show high content of extractable oil, approximately 54% (w/w). Literature data have reported the recovery of monguba seed oil using conventional methods. However, the use of emerging and environment-friendly methods should be applied, especially the supercritical fluid process. Therefore, we evaluated herein the effect of supercritical CO2 process (15–35 MPa and 40–60 °C) on yield, fatty acid profile, tocopherols content, and antioxidant activity of monguba oil. The highest global yield (39.64 g/100 g) was obtained by using 35 MPa and 60 °C. Palmitic acid was the main fatty acid, which partially justifies the highest global yield observed at 60 °C. Supercritical process operated at 60 °C, 35 MPa for 160 min showed global yield equal to the Soxhlet method. The use of supercritical CO2 allows the recovery of high content of high-quality monguba oil without affecting the antioxidant activity and the γ-tocopherol content.

Oil Quality and Yield of Different Carthamus tinctorius Cultivars: Promising Oilseeds for Biodiesel in Semi‐Arid Regions

AbstractIn this study, seed productivity and oil content of three safflower genotypes (IMAMT 1750, IMAMT 946 and IMAMT 894) cultivated in the Brazilian semi‐arid region were evaluated to identify which genotype has the best in‐field performance. The acidity and saponification index were evaluated, as well as the efficiency of lipid extraction through thermal analysis, aiming to estimate the species' potential for biofuel production in semi‐arid regions. Field cultivation under semi‐arid conditions lasted for ~75 days and no herbivory were observed on the plants. The IMAMT 894 genotype presented higher seed yield than the other genotypes, IMAMT 1750 presented 34% oil, and IMAMT 946 and IMAMT 894 presented 32% oil with efficient extraction in the Soxhlet system and high oil content and quality; higher than traditionally used crops such as soybean and cotton. The IMAMT 894 genotype showed higher seed productivity, but all three genotypes presented good oil yield and quality for biodiesel production. Oil extraction in the Soxhlet system was efficient since the thermogravimetric analysis showed no oil in the residual biomass after oil extraction.