High-profile Incidents Research Articles

An Extended TOE Framework for Cybersecurity Adoption Decisions

High-profile incidents, such as the 2019 Capital One data breach and the 2017 Equifax breach, have engendered doubts about firm trustworthiness, resulting in cybersecurity becoming a critical risk factor firms must address. Breaches can precipitate extreme consequences for managers, shareholders and customers of the affected firm. Unsurprisingly, data breaches are the biggest concern of IT leaders. This field study uses a qualitative approach by interviewing C-Level executives and IT consultants. With the use of semi-structured interviews, we investigate cybersecurity concerns and influencers of adoption decisions for cybersecurity. We find that the traditional Technology Organization Environment (TOE) framework does not fully capture the range of issues in the cybersecurity context and therefore propose a new extended TOE framework that is specific to cybersecurity adoption decisions. This extended framework includes new dimensions, cyber catalysts and practice standards, as well as new factors under the traditional dimensions of technology, organization, and environment.

Shaping the 2019 ATHE Conference

Shaping the 2019 ATHE Conference Andrew Gibb (bio) With the exception of Chicago and New York, ATHE rarely meets in one location twice in a decade. So it took many members by surprise when it was announced that we would return to Orlando so soon after our previous visit in 2013. For the 2019 Conference Committee, this presented a challenge: to find an original way to interact with the host city. Fortunately, a conference’s meeting site always provides the inspiration needed. In this case, a theme was prompted by the fact that, in recent years, Orlando’s reputation as “The Most Magical Place on Earth” has been challenged by a number of troubling new associations. The most notorious of these, and the most strongly felt within Orlando itself, was the linkage of the city to homophobic and racist violence following the Pulse nightclub mass shooting of 2016. The wider state of Florida has in recent years suffered from several more high-profile incidents of gun violence, including the high school shooting in Parkland and the killing of Trayvon Martin in Sanford (a mere half-hour’s drive from Orlando). A number of less deadly incidents have also focused negative attention on Florida, including a second controversial presidential election in as many decades. In short, events in the City Beautiful and the Sunshine State that transpired since ATHE’s last visit have proven emblematic of the sweeping changes we have seen nearly everywhere else in the same period. Resonating throughout our culture and its institutions, those changes have reached into our theatres and our colleges. Perhaps the most high-profile example of those shifts has been the recent turnover in artistic directorships across the United States, whether as a result of planned departures or of revelations spurred by the #MeToo movement. Given these developments, the 2019 Conference Committee felt that our return to Orlando might afford an excellent opportunity to take up the very theme of change itself. Fortunately, our field offers the perfect metaphor for encapsulating the idea: the scene change. Thus the Conference Committee presented the membership with our 2019 conference theme, “Scene Changes: Performing, Teaching, and Working through the Transitions.” The shape and success of any ATHE conference is the result of the membership’s engagement with the theme, the location, and one another’s work. The wealth of panels, roundtables, and workshops that members brought to Orlando made for an invigorating exchange about the shifting scenery of our field and our world. Assuming such an outcome from the start, the Conference Committee sought ways to supplement that energy with all-conference programming that might coalesce discussions around particular aspects of the theme. In recent years, ATHE’s membership has enjoyed keynote addresses from many prominent playwrights, and the committee felt that a different perspective might be appreciated. We were particularly intrigued by the idea of hearing from one of the artistic directors who are shaping the new theatrical landscape in the United States. Several committee members suggested Bill Rauch, the long-time head of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival and the recently appointed inaugural artistic director of the Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center at the World Trade Center in New York City. In response to the gentle yet persistent lobbying of Conference Committee members Martine Kei Green-Rogers and Tiffany Ana López, both long-time collaborators with Bill, he finally agreed to our invitation. Thanks perhaps to his own particular moment of transition, his address took on a depth of reflection and emotional tenor that overwhelmed us all. [End Page 17] Bill was kind enough to stay with us for an extra day, allowing us to incorporate the insights of his keynote into the series of all-conference plenaries we had planned. When ATHE gathered in Boston in 2018, Vice President for Conference Ann Shanahan, working closely with Monica White Ndounou and the rest of the 2018 Conference Committee, sparked an organization-wide conversation that aired members’ concerns about equity, diversity, and inclusion within our field. In looking back at those plenaries, the 2019 Conference Committee felt strongly that we should provide a space for those discussions to develop further. Asking some of last year...

Scotland’s Drug Criminality: Organized Crime Group (S) and Illegal Governance

ABSTRACT Organized crime has been on the rise during the past decade. During that time, Scotland was home to more youth gangs than London, with Glasgow alone providing a base for around 170 youth gangs. However, more recent trends highlight a shift toward more organized criminal activity (OCA). The majority of Organized Criminal Gangs (OCGs) are involved in the illegal drugs trade, as well as fraudulent businesses and other such activities in an effort to legitimize or conceal illegal financial capital from rivals and police. This process has resulted in a steady decline of generalized violence. Although, there has been a simultaneous increase in high profile incidents, such as shootings and gangland assassinations. Drawing upon data gathered in the field, the authors support this view and argue that, while a number of factors effect divergent trends, illegal governance undoubtedly is present in criminogenic space which in turn impacts upon gang organization and behavior. OCGs look to impose control over physical territory via occasional incidents in order to outwardly project psychological fear which ensures maximum control over the populations.

Testing the Boundaries of the Consideration Doctrine: Can You Contract to Buy and Sell a Ghost?

This article considers whether contracts to purchase ‘haunted’ objects are legally enforceable under Australian contract law. ‘Dybbuk boxes’, and related paraphernalia said to be possessed by spirits, are becoming increasingly popular on online shopping sites and as tourist attractions following recent high-profile incidents involving celebrities such as American rapper and record producer Post Malone. This article suggests that the enforceability of contracts for the sale of haunted items such as dybbuk boxes is dubious at best, and that the countless number of such contracts that have been concluded may be subject to legal challenge.

Testing the boundaries of the consideration doctrine: Can you contract to buy and sell a ghost?

This article considers whether contracts to purchase ‘haunted’ objects are legally enforceable under Australian contract law. ‘Dybbuk boxes’, and related paraphernalia said to be possessed by spirits, are becoming increasingly popular on online shopping sites and as tourist attractions following recent high-profile incidents involving celebrities such as American rapper and record producer Post Malone. This article suggests that the enforceability of contracts for the sale of haunted items such as dybbuk boxes is dubious at best, and that the countless number of such contracts that have been concluded may be subject to legal challenge.

Contextualising and aligning security metrics and business objectives: A GQM-based methodology

Pre-defined security metrics suffer from the problem of contextualisation, i.e. a lack of adaptability to particular organisational contexts – domain, technical infrastructure, stakeholders, business process, etc. Adapting metrics to an organisational context is essential (1) for the metrics to align with business requirements (2) for decision makers to maintain relevant security goals based on measurements from the field. In this paper we propose Symbiosis, a methodology that defines a goal elicitation and refinement process mapping business objectives to security measurement goals via the use of systematic templates that capture relevant context elements (business goals, purpose, stakeholders, system scope). The novel contribution of Symbiosis is the well-defined process, which enforces that (1) metrics align with business objectives via a top-down derivation that refines top-level business objectives to a manageable granularity (2) the impact of metrics on business objectives is explicitly traced via a bottom-up feedback mechanism, allowing an incremental approach where feedback from metrics influences business goals, and vice-versa. In this paper, we discuss the findings from applying Symbiosis to three case studies of known security incidents. Our analysis shows how the aforementioned pitfalls of security metrics development processes affected the outcome of these high-profile security incidents and how Symbiosis addresses such issues.

China strengthens its campaign against scientific misconduct

Amid increasing attention to scientific research integrity in China, the country has adopted a new set of standards to more clearly define misconduct in publishing journal articles. Experts hope the new clarity will make it easier to discipline researchers who violate the standards. The State Administration of Press and Publication, the agency in charge of China’s publishing sector, released and adopted in July the Academic Publishing Specification—Definition of Academic Misconduct for Journals. Other standards developed by the agency cover citation and translation practices and the use of ancient Chinese. The publishing specification defines and distinguishes plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification. It also addresses inappropriate authorship, duplicate or multiple submissions, and overlapping publications. The standards follow several high-profile incidents of academic misconduct that affected China’s reputation in scientific research. Two years ago, for example, 107 Chinese papers were retracted by T...

Roil Britannia! Al Sharpton, the British Press, and the 1991 Murder of Rolan Adams

ABSTRACT Drawing on archival material from the Black Cultural Archives, the British Library, and the Institute of Race Relations, this article sheds fresh light on a largely overlooked 1991 visit to Britain by controversial Black American preacher Al Sharpton following the racist murder of Black teenager Rolan Adams. The extraordinary response to Sharpton’s arrival by the British mainstream press revealed racist patterns of news reporting and a chauvinistic rejection of ‘outside agitators’, while the minister’s intervention drew a mixed response from local activists. However, the furore sparked by Sharpton’s visit also helped to raise public awareness of Adams’ murder and galvanise local Black communities, providing an important insight into anti-racist organising and British media coverage of high-profile racist incidents prior to the death of Stephen Lawrence.

Academic freedom and an invitation to promote its advancement

AbstractAcademic freedom is under threat internationally. Several high profile incidents suggest that academic freedom is a principle neither well understood nor appreciated by key decision makers and stakeholders whom one might expect to champion it, be they in government or within the academy itself. Among those incidents are the arbitrary exercise of ministerial discretion to override the Australian Research Council expert peer review recommendations for allocation of funding, recent attacks on the credibility of academic publishing internationally, and the atrocious treatment of scholars by authoritarian regimes across the globe. In light of such developments, the membership of the Institute of Australian Geographers recently adopted a resolution that, inter alia, called on the Council of the Institute of Australian Geographers ‘not to be silent on the issue of attacks on critical scholarship, academic freedom and the integrity of academic procedures in higher education, research and publishing’. Given the complexity of the issues, this paper invites further discussion and debate on how Australian geography and geographers might better appreciate and advance academic freedom including via the promotion of scholarship that gives full effect to the principle.

Portrayals of a Presidential Statement on Race: The Barack Obama-Trayvon Martin Connection in 25 Daily Newspapers

This study analyzed daily newspaper coverage of President Obama’s July 19, 2013 statement on the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of unarmed Florida teenager Trayvon Martin. The story was the most high-profile incident of 2013 where race was a major issue. The 25 front pages that made up the purposive sample represented a range of newspaper types including 13 metropolitan newspapers, seven community newspapers and five with the largest circulations in the nation. The analysis showed that the storyline most newspapers used in reporting on the statement by the nation’s first bi-racial president was one that made the connection between Obama and a 17-year-old African American boy from Florida who was gunned down as he wore a hoodie and carried a bag of Skittles. Fifteen of the 25 newspapers chose to use Obama’s words Trayvon Martin “Could Have Been Me” in their headline.

Police Body-Worn Cameras: Research Developments on an Emerging Technology

Police body-worn cameras (BWCs) represent one of the latest innovations to permeate policing, and the rapid speed with which law enforcement agencies throughout the United States and internationally have adopted or considered the technology has been greatly influenced by environmental factors, including high-profile deadly force incidents and national-level politics (President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2015), and the promises of transparency, accountability, and evidentiary value. The proliferation of BWCs in policing has been met with an explosion of research examining myriad issues related to the technology. As this body of research continues to expand and develop, it will be increasingly important to effectively communicate the findings to scholars, policy makers, and those in the field who are, arguably, most effected by BWCs. This special issue of Criminal Justice Review contributes to that effort.

Inhibiting Thermal Runaway in Large Format Li-Ion Batteries

NOHMs Technologies is developing novel safe solvent hybrid electrolytes for safe, high energy density, high voltage, and high-power lithium-ion batteries for mobility and consumer applications. Over the past 25 years there has been a proliferation in the use of lithium ion technology and with that ever-increasing market demand for higher energy density cells – demand primarily met by advancements in the cathode and anode. This proliferation has come with the increased rise of safety concerns. There have been high profile incidents of what is known as thermal runaway across a wide variety of applications ranging from consumer electronics to electric vehicles. It is well understood that thermal runaway occurs when the self-heating rate in the cell exceeds the heat dissipation out of the cell. This self-heating is the product of undesired side-reactions in the cell which are onset by abuse conditions such as excess heat, internal short circuits, etc. The key to inhibiting thermal runaway is to modify the cell such that the self-heating rate under abuse conditions is significantly reduced. Reducing the self-heating rate is important when considering battery packs that consist of many cells as is the case in electric vehicles, so that if one cell fails in a pack the thermal runaway does not propagate to adjacent cells. Given that market trends are moving away from low energy electrodes, our approach therefore is to modify the electrolyte system to reduce the overall cell self-heating rate. This is a tunable, drop-in solution to addressing the need for improving battery safety. The incorporation of NOHMs novel safe solvents into the electrolyte formulation is shown to impact the abuse tolerance of cells on both the material level, i.e. the electrolyte-electrode interaction and on the cell level. The presented electrolyte systems demonstrate reduced overall energy and peak heat flow in the exotherm profiles of high-nickel cathode materials as well as lithiated graphite via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). With this approach, we demonstrate significantly lower self-heating rates in an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) heat-wait-seek test on 30 Ah and above high-nickel cathode lithium ion cells. Combined with good rate capability and cycle life NOHMs’ novel safe solvents present an improvement in battery safety without compromising battery performance. This approach carries significance in not just safer individual cells but also in safer overall battery packs.

Perceived stressors and coping mechanisms of female migrant domestic workers in Singapore.

IntroductionWorldwide, there are between 50–67 million migrant domestic workers, the majority of whom are women. In many countries, provisions are not in place to protect female migrant domestic workers. These women may be at risk of occupational and social stressors, including exploitation and abuse, which may negatively impact on their quality of life, including psychological health. Research examining the occupational, social, and psychological needs of FMDWs from a public health perspective is critical to guide the development of policies which ensure wellbeing, prevent abuse, and align with international priorities to improve population health. Though there have been a number of high-profile incidents of exploitation and abuse, there has been limited research on the stressors experienced by these communities, their perceived impact, or coping mechanisms.Materials and methodsThematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative free-text written responses collected as part of a cross-sectional survey on the relationship between social and occupational stressors and the health and quality of life of FMDWs in Singapore. Responses correspond to open-ended questions in the qualitative component of the survey examining three domains: causes of stress, coping strategies, and what people can do to help with stress.ResultsResponses from 182 FMDWs were analysed. Key themes were identified around causes of stress (including ‘work and agency’, ‘the pervasiveness of financial need’, and ‘family and obligation’), coping strategies, and social support. Each theme describes key factors which contribute to the occupational and social stressors experienced and reported by FMDWs.DiscussionThis research highlights the stressors FMDWs in Singapore experience, as well as key coping mechanisms. There is a clear need for policies which facilitate FMDWs’ ability to utilise these coping resources, and which protect against coercive or exploitative employment conditions. Strategies are also needed to monitor and evaluate policies intended to protect FMDWs, and to strengthen the implementation of global frameworks targeted at improving workplace conditions and workers’ rights.

Examining the Effect of Ineffective Parenting and Low Self-Control on Athletes’ PED Use

The prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use at different levels of professional sport has become an important social issue, particularly when considering recent high-profile incidents from professional sports and the Olympics. Due to the myriad of individual, team, and sociopolitical consequences that can stem from PED use, it becomes critical to study the etiology of PED involvement among athletes regarding this deviant behavior. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime is one such theory that may aid in explaining this phenomenon. As such, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between effective parenting, self-control, and athletes’ use of banned PEDs. Survey data from 784 professional athletes in Iran were collected, and the findings indicated that ineffective parenting, low self-control capacity, and self-control desire had significant effects on PED use. In addition, moderation effects and gender analyses were examined. Specific findings, policy implications, and study limitations are discussed.

Accounting and Cybersecurity Risk Management

SUMMARYAs the number of cybersecurity incidents continue to rise and stakeholders are becoming increasingly concerned, companies are devoting considerable resources to their cybersecurity risk management efforts and related cybersecurity disclosures. This paper describes how accountants are uniquely positioned to assist companies with these efforts in advisory and assurance capacities. We present a model of effective cybersecurity risk management and discuss how accountants' core competencies can add significant value in each of the model's five stages. In addition, we use several recent high-profile cybersecurity incidents as illustrative examples in each of the five stages. We conclude by discussing implications for accountants.

Mental and substance use disorders among legal intervention injury cases in California, 2005–2014

Police use of force is an important public health issue in the US. Recent high-profile incidents suggest a potential link between mental disorders and police use of force, however little research has examined their co-occurrence in the general population. We aimed to assess the overall association between specific mental and substance use disorders (MSUDs) and nonfatal legal intervention injury. We identified nonfatal legal intervention injury cases (n = 90,099) and MSUD diagnoses from all hospital and emergency department (ED) records in California between 2005 and 2014. Age-, sex-, and race-standardized MSUD prevalence estimates among legal intervention injury cases, stratified by inpatient status, were compared to general US population-based estimates from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Compared to the general US population, nonaffective psychoses, mood disorders, alcohol use disorders, and drug use disorders were substantially overrepresented among inpatient legal intervention injuries (prevalence difference [PD]: 19.2%, (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.0, 20.4); PD: 15.3%, (95% CI: 13.9, 16.7); PD: 21.1%, (95% CI: 19.8, 22.4); PD: 29.7%, (95% CI: 28.4, 31.0), respectively). Associations for all except mood disorders were similar but attenuated among ED injury cases. In contrast, anxiety disorders were underrepresented in both inpatient and ED injury cases. Results for mood disorders and suicidal ideation were mixed. In summary, MSUDs characterized by more overt behavioral symptoms were substantially overrepresented among legal intervention injury cases. Findings support the potential importance of interventions to improve treatment and law enforcement recognition of such disorders. Additional research should disentangle the complex relationship between MSUDs and legal intervention injury.

КОНЦЕПТ БІЖЕНЕЦЬ: ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ В СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРІ

The article deals with the study of diachronous and synchronous modifications of the semantic composition of the lexeme REFUGEE in Ukrainian linguistic culture. Based on the results of component analysis, thematic groups have been established and psycholinguistic factors affecting the formation of the concept REFUGEE in modern media content have been analyzed. Data comparison of the results of the component analysis, receptive and association experiments concerning positioning of the concept REFUGEE testifies that the number of semantic components of the lexeme «refugee» generally corresponds to the number of meanings found in lexicographical sources. At the same time, the content analysis has allowed to establish a significant extension of the meanings which specify: the causes of refugees, including social reasons and externals; emotional colouring of the concept; subject-object nominalization in which such components as `affiliation with the Eastern regions of Ukraine`, `directions of relocation` (characteristics of initial point and final destination), `military conflict in Ukraine as a reason of refugees`. New thematic groups testify to the extension of the meanings of the concept REFUGEE. Media content analysis showed that in Ukrainian ethnic culture the lexeme-verbalizer «refugee» acquires new specific meanings and transforms into linguistic culture. The technologized discourse of new media made it possible to define information concerns and systems of values of internet communicants. The results of the content analysis of high profile incidents which was conducted with the «Attack Index» service allowed to define their positive/negative colouring, frequent key words and key positions of the «war of discourses» going on around the issue of refugees.

Does CIO risk appetite matter? Evidence from information security breach incidents

After a series of recent high-profile information security breach incidents, practitioners have engaged in heated debates about the role of the chief information officer (CIO), particularly his/her role in information security risk management. However, little is known in the academic literature about how a CIO's appetite for risk affects the effectiveness of information security management. We address this gap by examining how a CIO's risk appetite is associated with information security breach incidents. We show that the level of CIO risk aversion is negatively associated with the likelihood of breach incidents. Furthermore, we find that this association is stronger if the company's chief executive officer (CEO) is also risk averse. In additional analyses, we show that the relationship between CIO risk aversion and breach incidents varies depending on breach type and the strategic position of the company and is moderated by the CIO's power.

Medicaid's Institutions for Mental Diseases (IMD) Exclusion Rule: A Policy Debate-Argument to Retain the IMD Rule.

Medicaid's Institutions for Mental Diseases (IMD) Exclusion Rule: A Policy Debate-Argument to Retain the IMD Rule.

The future of animals in tourism recreation: Social media as spaces of collective moral reflexivity

Over the last few years, a number of high profile incidents involving animals in tourism recreation contexts have sparked heated animal welfare debate on a global scale, giving rise to ethical movements mediated by various online platforms. This study applies a Critical Animal Studies approach and draws on the cases of the killings of Cecil the lion, Marius the Giraffe, Harambe the Gorilla, and Xanda (Cecil's cub) to analyse the role of digital movements and moral reflexivity in shaping the future of animals in tourism recreation spaces. We conceive of social media as digital spaces of Collective Moral Reflexivity (CMR) which signal heightened public engagement in human-animal recreational ethics. Findings highlight animal ethics in this context as a discursively evolving social construction, but one on which the public increasingly expects a more robust and compassionate ethical model of operation from the animal recreation industry.