High Concentrations Of Phenol Research Articles

Expression of Phosphofructokinase-1 Gene in Streptozotocinized Diabetic Rats Fed Fermented and Non-Fermented Maize Diets

Aim: This nutrigenomic research study is to investigate the impact of fermented maize (FM) and non-fermented maize (N-FM) diets on the expression of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) gene in a diabetic state.
 Methodology: The rats were equally grouped into four for the subsequent two weeks after acclimatization; Group 1 contained streptozotocinized-diabetic rats fed with FM diet (DFM), Group 2 contained streptozotocinized-diabetic rats fed with N-FM diet (DNM), Group 3 contained the normal control rats fed with standard rodent chow (NCG) and Group 4 contained diabetic control rats fed with standard rodent chow (DCG). The total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity (in vitro) of the maize diets were analyzed.
 Results: Rats fed the N-FM diet had higher concentration of phenols (73.20±0.9 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (82.83±1.02 mg/100 g). The in vitro antioxidant assay showed a statistically significant difference between the FM and N-FM diets (p<0.05). After the two weeks period, animals were sacrificed and blood samples obtained for blood chemistry and lipid profile tests. The livers were harvested for antioxidant activity and gene expression assay. The antioxidant assay showed no statistically significant difference among all groups, as well as the blood chemistry and lipid profile. The gene expression assay carried out using two-step Real-time qPCR, showed that PFK-1 gene was more expressed in the DFM group when compared to the DNM and DCG groups.
 Conclusion: The FM diet enhanced the expression of PFK-1 gene in streptozotocinized-diabetic rats.

Identification of phenolic compounds in Australian grown dragon fruits by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and determination of their antioxidant potential

Dragon fruit is a popular tropical fruit that has a high phenolic content which are the main contributors to the antioxidant potential and health benefits of dragon fruit pulp and peel waste. Although some phenolic compounds in dragon fruit have previously been reported, a comprehensive analysis of complete phenolic profile of the Australian varieties has not been conducted. Thus, the aim of this study was to extract, identify and quantify phenolics from dragon fruits grown in Australia. Phenolic compounds were extracted from the peels and pulps of white and red dragon fruit. Phenolic content was determined by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC), while antioxidant activities were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results showed that dragon fruit pulp had a higher total phenolic content and stronger antioxidant capacity than peel, while the peel had a higher content of flavonoids and tannins than the pulp. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) was used for the characterization of phenolic compounds, a total of 80 phenolics including phenolic acids (25), flavonoids (38), lignans (6), stilbene (3) and other polyphenols (8) were characterized in all dragon fruits. High performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) quantified the phenolic compounds in different portion of dragon fruit and showed that dragon peel had higher concentrations of phenolics than pulp. The results highlighted that both dragon fruit peel and pulp are potential sources of phenolic compounds, with peel in particular being a source of antioxidant phenolics with potential as ingredients for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Antinociceptive effects of maqui-berry (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz)

Maqui-berry is characterised by presenting a high concentration of (poly)phenols, accounting anthocyanins (cyanidin and delphinidin) for over 85% of the total. These coloured flavonoids have demonstrated potential neurological activity, but the evidence of their antinociceptive properties is scarce. In order to cover this gap, different doses (suitable for human administration) of a maqui-berry powder (1.6% anthocyanin), using enteral and parenteral routes of administration, were compared at central and peripheral levels using a nociceptive pain model (formalin test) in mice. Gastric damage analysis as possible adverse effects of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs was also explored. Dose-antinociceptive response was confirmed using both routes of administration and in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test, without gastric damage. In conclusion, these preliminary data provide evidence of pharmacological properties of maqui-berry to alleviate nociceptive pain.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOL DEGRADING BACTERIA FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER AND SEWAGE WATER

This study examines the isolation and characterization of phenol-degrading-bacteria, Five isolates named C2, P4, M4, O3, and S3, from the effluent of ceramic factories (C2), petrochemical (P4), the pulp paper mill (M4), crude oil (O3) and sewage water (S3) have been investigated. These isolates were characterized depending on their morphological, and biochemical characteristics, only one isolate was characterized as a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, nonmotile, and cocci-shaped bacterium might be Micrococcus sp. (M4), two isolates (Pseudomonas sp.: (P4&S3) were recogniced as a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile and short rod-shaped bacterium and two isolates(Bacillus sp.: (C2& O3) were idenihied as a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, motile and long rod- shape bacterium. The five bacterial isolates were able to utilize phenol as a sole carbon source. These isolates were checked for growth on a minimal salt medium amended with different concentrations of phenol. The five tolerant bacterial isolates were able to grow at the higher concentrations of phenol and they were investigated for their ability to grow and degrade phenol. Among the five higher phenol degrading isolates, two isolates can tolerate up to 1500 ppm .of phenol concentrations, grow and degrade 90% of phenol within 72 hrs. The optimum temperature and pH were 35 0C and 7, respectively. The yeast extract and ammonium chloride is the best nitrogen source for the growth and degradation of phenol, respectively. The isolate P4 was efficient in removing about 90% of the initial 1000 ppm phenol within 48 hrs., and had a tolerance of phenol concentration as high as 1500 ppm. These results indicated that presumptive Pseudomonas spp. possesses a promising potential in treating phenolic wastewater

Cellular responses and phenol bioremoval by green alga Scenedesmus abundans: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Abstract This research aims to study the effect of phenol on growth, metabolism, antioxidant activity and its bioremoval by Scenedesmus abundans. High phenol concentrations reduced the chlorophyll and dry weight of S. abundans. As phenol concentration increased, the total lipid, protein and amino acid content increased. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and catalase enzyme were generally enhanced by phenol concentrations. The biosorption ability of dried S abundans biomass for the phenol removal from the aqueous solution was also examined as a function of pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time and initial phenol concentrations. The optimum biosorption was achieved at pH 6, 0.5 g/100 ml algal dose, 90 min contact time and 100 mg/L phenol concentration. The biosorption models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin were well applied, providing the experimental data with the best fit. The maximum biosorption capacity was 57.8 mg/g at the optimum conditions. The kinetic biosorption was also well described by the pseudo-first order, with film and intra-particle controlled the biosorption mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the process of biosorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. The Δ G 0 values indicate that physisorption is the process of phenol biosorption on S. abundans. Additionally, by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analysis, the biosorbent characterization was assessed. Therefore, S. abundans could be used as a promising biosorbent for removal of phenol and other organic contaminants. The removal capability of phenol by S. abundans can also encourage the use of the wasted biomass as a feedstock for biofuel production giving it a green environmentally sustainable operation.

Removal of high concentration phenol from aqueous solutions by electrochemical technique

In this study, the ability of the electrochemical process to remove aqueous high concentration phenol using an electrochemical cell with aluminum anode and cathode was examined. The removal rate of phenol was monitored using different parameters phenol concentration, pH, electrolysis time, current density, and electrode distance. Obtained results indicated that the low removal rates of phenol were observed at both low and high pH. However, the removal rate of phenol increased with an increase in the current density, each electrochemical process conditions need a certain electrodes distance. removal rate of phenol decreased with the increase in the initial phenol concentration. The maximum removal rate of phenol obtained from this study was 82%.

Fructose-regulated ZnO single-crystal nanosheets with oxygen vacancies for photodegradation of high concentration pollutants and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

ZnO-based photocatalysts have been widely applied to photocatalytic reactions. However, the pure phase ZnO is rarely used in degradation of refractory pollutants and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution due to its poor photo-redox ability. In this study, we develop a novel surface atom regulation strategy using fructose molecules containing hydroxyl groups to improve photo-oxidation ability of ZnO. Interestingly, the fructose-regulated ZnO nanosheets with oxygen vacancies exhibit more positive surface valence band maximum than that of pristine ZnO. The photogenerated holes with strong oxidation capacity can be formed on the fructose-regulated ZnO nanosheets. The fructose-regulated ZnO nanosheets can rapidly degrade high concentration of phenol and other organic pollutants, which is difficultly achieved by the pristine ZnO nanosheets. In addition, photocatalytic H2 production activity is also found on our pure phase ZnO. This work provides a new design strategy for modifying the surface structure of photocatalysts to improve photocatalytic performance.

Mango peel as source of bioenergy, bio-based chemicals via pyrolysis, thermodynamics and evolved gas analyses

Waste biomass is one of the promising feedstocks for bioenergy generation in present era. The aim of present study is to demonstrate Mango peel as a source of bioenergy, bio-based chemical and phenols productions via pyrolysis, thermodynamics and evolved gas analyses. Therefore, samples were characterized through thermogravimetric analyser, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Pyrolysis experiments were carried out at different heating rates i.e. 10, 20 and 30 °Cmin−1 and thermodynamic parameters were calculated using different kinetic models. The apparent activation energy was found in range of 88 kJ mol−1 to 304 kJ mol−1 with all kinetic models. Evolved gaseous analysis was performed though out pyrolysis and between three temperature intervals for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pyrolytic compounds. Similarly, effect of temperature and heating rate on pyrolytic compounds concentrations were also carried out. Release of several chemicals, aromatics compounds and high phenols concentration i.e. 21.01 % via Py/GC-MS confirms its potential for bioenergy, bio-based chemicals productions and anti-oxidant characteristics associated with phenolic compounds.

Phenol Removal From Synthetic Wastewater by Adsorption Column

Adsorption column is used to perform the adsorption experiments of this work using continuous scheme. The operating parameters investigated in this work are; inlet pollutant concentration (10, 30, & 50 mg/L), Liquid hourly space velocity (5, 10, & 15 h−1), and thickness of activated carbon layer (5, 15, & 25 cm). The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of removing high phenol concentration from a synthetic wastewater since the nearby North Refineries Company, Baiji, (Iraq) wastewater treatment plant receives high phenol concentration. Moreover, to investigate the effects of various operating parameters on the adsorption capacity, breakthrough, and exhaustion times. The results of this work show that activated carbon can remove high concentration of phenol (up to 50 mg/L) efficiently. The results also indicated that the adsorption capacity depends on inlet pollutant concentration, activated carbon thickness, and liquid hourly space velocity. Actual adsorption capacity is calculated and found to be different from adsorption capacity found depending on the adsorption models. The lowest and highest adsorption capacities are 0.428 and 9.02 mg/g respectively, while the corresponding values for actual adsorption capacities are 0.216 and 32.4 mg/g.

Identification and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Agave potatorum Zucc. Leaves at Different Stages of Development and a Preliminary Biological Assay

The leaves of Agave potatorum Zucc. represent more than 50% of waste during the jima in the mezcal industry. To provide the basis for a knowledge-based integral use of these wastes, this research provides the identification and quantification of bioactive compounds of leaves at different stages of development, differentiated by the position of the leaves in the plant (basal, medium and apical), and dividing each leaf into apical and basal parts. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed highly positive results for coumarins and tannins, and positive for cardiac glycosides and triterpenoids compounds, without an age-dependent or position of the leaves response of the plant. Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids is not preferentially accumulated respect to the position of the leaf in the plant, only are higher in the apical parts, whereas for carbohydrates a positive gradient was evidenced through the leaves in the plant from apical to basal ones. The highest concentration of phenolics, flavonoids, fructose and fructans compounds were determined in 6-year leaves, with maximum observed values of 173.80 ± 9.36, 35.58 ± 6.41, 308.30 ± 3.62 mg/g d.w., and 37.23 ± 4.5%, respectively. Interestingly, the ethanolic extract of the fresh leaves of A. potatorum showed an increase in the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea. The data showed that plant age is the most important factor influencing the content of bioactive compounds. In addition, a fungal growth enhancing effect was exhibited by the extract, suggesting a biotechnological advantage that can improve the growth of beneficial fungi in agricultural crops.

Photoprotective Activity of Buddleja cordata Cell Culture Methanolic Extract on UVB-irradiated 3T3-Swiss Albino Fibroblasts.

The research on compounds exhibiting photoprotection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a matter of increasing interest. The methanolic extract of a cell culture of Buddleja cordata has potential photoprotective effects as these cells produce phenolic secondary metabolites (SMs). These metabolites are attributed with biological activities capable of counteracting the harmful effects caused by UVR on skin. In the present work, the methanolic extract (310–2500 µg/mL) of B. cordata cell culture showed a photoprotective effect on UVB-irradiated 3T3-Swiss albino fibroblasts with a significant increase in cell viability. The greatest photoprotective effect (75%) of the extract was observed at 2500 µg/mL, which was statistically comparable with that of 250 µg/mL verbascoside, used as positive control. In addition, concentrations of the extract higher than 2500 µg/mL resulted in decreased cell viability (≤83%) after 24 h of exposure. Phytochemical analysis of the extract allowed us to determine that it was characterized by high concentrations of total phenol and total phenolic acid contents (138 ± 4.7 mg gallic acid equivalents and 44.01 ± 1.33 mg verbascoside equivalents per gram of extract, respectively) as well as absorption of UV light (first and second bands peaking at 294 and 330 nm, respectively). Some phenylethanoid glycosides were identified from the extract.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyglycol Purified from Table Olive Effluents.

New liquid effluents based on the use of acetic acid in the table olive industry make it easier to extract bioactive compounds to be used for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical purposes. The use of water acidified with acetic acid or in brine with or without acetic acid for storing the table olive enhances the extraction of two more active phenolic compounds: hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). This work has two aims: (1) measure the solubilization of phenolics controlled for two years using more than thirty olive varieties with different ripeness index as a potential source of HT and DHPG, and (2) evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the purified phenolics. The effluents with a higher concentration of phenolics were used for the extraction of HT and DHPG in order to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by the determination of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-1β (Il-1β). The anti-inflammatory activity of these phenolic extracts was demonstrated by studying the expression of cytokines by qPCR and the levels of these proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Determination of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Stems from Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg.

Jatropha species have been shown to be an important source of secondary metabolites with different biological effects. Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg are distributed in the Northwestern region of Mexico, are adapted to extreme weather conditions and are widely used (stems, leaves, and sap) in traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to carry out the phytochemical characterization and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of stems and leaves from J. cinerea and J. cordata. The compounds present in the extracts of both species were characterized by ESI-IT-MS/MS and quantified by HPLC-DAD. The results showed that the stem extracts of both species are rich in phenolic acids, while the leaf extracts are rich in flavonoids. Some of the main compounds found were gallic acid, gentisic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, vitexin, isovitexin, and catechol. Both species showed high concentrations of phenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. J. cordata showed the highest antioxidant capacity and the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. Overall, both Jatropha species are a natural source of antioxidant compounds with potential biotechnological uses.

Cuminum cyminum L.-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characterization and Effect on Formalin-Induced Nociceptive Response in Male Rats.

In this study, a simple, low-cost, rapid, and eco-friendly approach for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) seed (CcAgNPs) was developed. Also, the anti-nociceptive properties of these synthesized AgNPs were evaluated in vivo. The CcAgNPs characterized using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis of phytochemical components in the aqueous extract of cumin seeds showed high concentrations of total phenols and ascorbic acid and low concentrations of total flavonoids. The analysis of phytochemical components and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups responsible for the bioreduction of Ag+ to AgNPs. The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of CcAgNPs showed a maximum wavelength at 442nm. The analysis of TEM images showed a spherical shape with a size of less than 50nm, while XRD spectra revealed the crystallinity of CcAgNPs. The analysis of anti-nociceptive properties of CcAgNPs showed that the first phase of formalin-induced pain was significantly reduced in the groups receiving 200, 500, and 1000mg/kg CcAgNPs compared with the controls and the group receiving 300mg/kg of sodium salicylate (SS300). The second phase of formalin pain was also significantly reduced in the groups receiving 200 and 500mg/kg CcAgNPs compared to the controls and SS300 group. Overall, we introduced a new AgNPs synthesized from cumin seeds (CcAgNPs) and showed their anti-nociceptive properties in the formalin-induced pain.

Mobility of carbohydrates, proteins, phenol and eutrophication assessment in a brackish Egyptian lake; predicted equations

ABSTRACT Although great efforts have been devoted in assessing the ecological risks in aquatic environments, a lack of information is still present. An integrative approach was proposed concerning the mobility of carbohydrates, proteins and phenol among water, sediments and macrophytes in relation to the physical, chemical and geochemical parameters of Lake Mariout. Total carbohydrates, proteins and phenol showed averages of 6.80 mg L−1, 116.90 mg L−1 and 19.46 µg L−1; 89.82 mg g−1; 29.21 mg g−1 and 1.80 µgg−1; and 60.80 mg g−1, 15.27 mg g−1 and 9.29 mg g−1 in water, sediments and macrophytes, respectively. Protein/carbohydrate ratios in sediments were used as the trophic indicator. This study cleared out that all stations had ratios (<1) refereeing to aged organic matter. Station 6 indicated fresh organic matter. Moreover, the ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen (TOC/TN) suggested a primarily marine origin at eleven stations (<10) and a mixture of terrestrial input and marine materials (>10) at stations 1 and 7 located in the North-West Basin. Relatively high phenol concentrations of 54.5, 38.25 and 45.37 µgL−1 in water were measured at stations (3 & 5) located in the Main Basin, and station 11 located at El-Qalaa drain, respectively. The partition coefficient of phenol (Kd) varied from 0.053 to 0.199 (<1 Lg−1) revealing high mobility and an underground disposal facility. The low biodiversity of phytoplankton (38 spp.), seagrasses (4 spp.) and seaweed (3 spp.) inside the lake reflected the impact of wastewater discharged. Two phytoplankton blooms were observed at stations 3 and 7. According to the Diversity Index of Boyd, all Mariout stations (<4) are moderately polluted. Multivariate analyses were adopted to describe the lake chemistry. This study gives a conceptual framework helps decision-makers to express the problem of sustainability at Lake Mariout.

Phytochemical Characteristics Evaluation of Pleurotus species Cultivated on Agricultural Wastes in Chiro, Ethiopia

Background: Mushrooms are a nutritious food source, being rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. They are also contains substances that enhance the immune system, fight infectious disease. Mushrooms can be cultivated on a variety of substrates, including agricultural and agro-industrial waste materials. The current study was amid to evaluate the phytochemical characteristics of Pleurotus species cultivated on different agricultural wastes.Methods: Mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus florida were cultivated on different agricultural wastes for the screening of phytochemical characteristics. Qualitative analyses of the phytochemicals were evaluated in methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of both Pleurotus spp. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu method and Spectrophotometric method with aluminum chloride.Result: Qualitative analyses revealed the phytochemicals alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins were present in methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of both Pleurotus spp. while anthraquinones and Phlobatannins were absent in aqueous extracts. The highest concentration of phenols and flavonoids were recorded in methanolic extracts of P. ostreatus and P. florida (48.17 mg GAE/g of extract and 56.57 mg of RUE/g of extract and 46.73 mg GAE/g of extract and 55.58 mg of RUE/g of extract respectively). The results supported the methanolic extracts of P. ostreatus and P. florida might indeed be potential sources of phytochemicals.

Appraisal of Antiophidian Properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Leaf and Callus Extracts against Naja Naja Venom

Considering the limitations of antivenom therapy towards toxicity following envenomation, investigators are probing for effective phytochemicals with promising antivenom effects. In the current study, Cardiospermum halicacabum leaf and callus methanol extracts were investigated for their ability to neutralize Indian cobra (Najanaja) venom. Soxhlet extraction using methanol was performed since leaf and callus extracts demonstrated significant neutralization of N. najavemon in preliminary studies. In vitro neutralizing potential of both extracts were evaluated against phospholipase A2, preoteases and hyaluronidases. In addition, alleviation of N. naja-induced characteristic edema inducing activity, myotoxicity and coagulation, hemolytic activity were performed in mouse models and human blood samples. Leaf and callus methanol extract contained high concentrations of phenols, alkaloids, steroids and saponins and demonstrated significant in vitro inhibition of N. naja PLA2, proteases and hyaluronidase activities at 30-40 µg concentrations. Significant neutralization of N. naja-induced indirect hemolysis, edema, anticoagulant effect and myotoxicity was attained using both extracts. Overall leaf and callus extracts (1mg/kg) postponed animal survival by 33 ± 9.3 and 50 ± 12.4 mins, respectively. C. halicacabum leaf and callus methanol extracts demonstrated significant neutralization of N. naja enzymes that contribute to grievous effects on various tissues/organs. The study scientifically supports the anecdotal use of C. halicacabum in complementary medicine and demonstrates that callus extract is more potent antidote than leaf. Further, callus extract is a potent candidate for isolation of phytochemicals towards management of snakebite.

Bioactive constituents and nutritional composition of Bridelia stipularis L. Blume fruits

ABSTRACT Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume is a fruit-yielding climbing shrub native to Southern Asia and various parts of the plant have been used in traditional systems of medicines to treat a range of diseases. Proximate, mineral, phytochemical analysis of Bridelia stipularis fruit pericap and seeds were carried out in the present study to assess nutritional and phytochemical status. The pericarp and seeds were rich in carbohydrate (38.78 and 33.46 g/100 g dry mass), protein (8.94 and 44.40 g/100 g dry mass), fiber (3.86 and 2.83 g/100 g dry mass) and minerals, in addition to these, seeds also contain oil (9.10 g/100 g dry mass). Pericarp and seeds possess higher concentrations of phenolics (9.84–125.59 mg GAE/g dry mass), flavonoids (7.17–44.67 mg QE/g dry mass), tannins (11.79–17.71 mg TAE g dry mass) and lesser concentrations of antinutritive factors, such as phytate (0.06–0.26 g/100 g dry mass) and oxalate (0.23–0.46 g/100 g dry mass). The physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid profile revealed that B. stipularis seed oil could be used for edible purposes. The seed oil is abundant with linolenic acid (36.7 g/100 g of oil), oleic acid (23.39 g/100 g oil) and hence, it could be used in soap and detergents.

Features of Physiological-Biochemical Reactions of Stone Moroko Pseudorasbora parva and European Bitterling Rhodeus amarus to Phenol

The alien fish species invasion into the water bodies and watercourses along with intensive anthropogenic impact results in significant load on the aboriginal ichthyofauna, which is especially noticeable in water bodies of urban agglomeration. The paper deals with resistance and physiological and biochemical reactions of Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)) and Rhodeus amarus (Bloch, 1782) to phenol impact. In experiments, the effect of phenol (0.01,0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/dm3.) was studied for 14 days. Pseudorasbora parva was shown to be more resistant than Rhodeus amarus. The mortality rate of R. amarus exposed to phenol 5.0 mg/dm3 for 14 days amounted 88%, and P. parva - to 22%. Physiological and biochemical reactions of P. parva consisted in increase of the lactate dehydrogenase (1.6-2.1 times) and alkaline phosphatase (by 9.5-56.7%), significant consumption of the energy-intensive substances, in particular lipids and proteins. R. amarus responded to the toxicant impact by increase of the succinate dehydrogenase (2.2-3.6 times) and alkaline phosphatase (by 35.2-72.8%) activity, and by using of total lipids rather than proteins. This indicates a significant participation of aerobic redox processes in adaptive reactions of this species to phenol. So, the aboriginal species R. amarus and the invasive P. parva use different mechanisms of adaptation to the impact of high phenol concentrations.

A comparison of the metabolomic response of grapevine to infection with ascomycete wood-infecting fungi

Fungi that cause grapevine trunk diseases, including Diplodia seriata, Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, all colonize woody tissues, but lesions develop to different extents. Such variation is thought to correspond to fungal virulence, but it may also reflect host metabolic responses to limit colonization. From the woody stems of potted Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ in the greenhouse, we measured wood lesions and quantified metabolites at the lesion margins. Amino acids, sugars, phenolics, and terpenoids were quantified by appropriate chromatography techniques. At 3 months post-inoculation (MPI) lesions from P. chlamydospora and N. parvum were larger than those of D. seriata and E. lata. Among all pathogen treatments, compared to controls, lower concentrations of terpenoids at 0.5 MPI were followed at 2 MPI by higher concentrations of some phenolic compounds. Lesion length did not correlate with primary metabolites, but larger lesions did correlate with higher phenolic concentrations and lower terpenoid concentrations.