High-performance Biosensors Research Articles

High-performance Bloch surface wave biosensor based on a prism-coupled porous silicon composite structure for the detection of hemoglobin.

Biosensors have various potential applications in biomedical research and clinical diagnostic, especially in detection of biomolecules in highly diluted solutions. In this study, a high-performance Bloch surface wave biosensor was constructed for the detection of hemoglobin. The procedure consisted of designing a porous silicon-based Kretschmann configuration to ensure excitation of the Bloch surface wave. The performance of the resulting sensor was then optimized by adjusting the buffer layer parameters based on the impedance matching method. The results showed an increase in the quality factor and figure of merit of the biosensor as a function of the decrease in thickness and refractive index of the buffer layer. The combination of the two optimization methods resulted in the quality factor and figure of merit of the optimized biosensor reaching as high as Q = 6967.4 and FOM = 11050RIU-1, respectively. In sum, the designed biosensor with high performance looks promising for future detection of hemoglobin.

Development of Folate-Group Impedimetric Biosensor Based on Polypyrrole Nanotubes Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles.

In this study, polypyrrole nanotubes (PPy-NT) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrochemically synthesized to form a hybrid material and used as an electroactive layer for the attachment of proteins for the construction of a high-performance biosensor. Besides the enhancement of intrinsic conductivity of the PPy-NT, the AuNPs act as an anchor group for the formation of self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) from the gold-sulfur covalent interaction between gold and Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). This material was used to evaluate the viability and performance of the platform developed for biosensing, and three different biological approaches were tested: first, the Avidin-HRP/Biotin couple and characterizations were made by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), wherein we detected Biotin in a linear range of 100-900 fmol L-1. The studies continued with folate group biomolecules, using the folate receptor α (FR-α) as a bioreceptor. Tests with anti-FR antibody detection were performed, and the results obtained indicate a linear range of detection from 0.001 to 6.70 pmol L-1. The same FR-α receptor was used for Folic Acid detection, and the results showed a limit of detection of 0.030 nmol L-1 and a limit of quantification of 90 pmol L-1. The results indicate that the proposed biosensor is sensitive and capable of operating in a range of clinical interests.

Novel biosensors based on Weyl semimetals

We introduce two novel optical biosensors based on the combination of a Weyl semimetal and a finite one-dimensional photonic crystal to diagnose different analytes such as Jurkat cancer cells. Weyl semimetals are new emerging topological materials recently purposed for employment in optical devices due to their intriguing properties. We demonstrate that hybrid Tamm and surface plasmon polaritons can be excited in these structures under the circumstance of attenuated total reflection. In particular, we find that adjusting parameters of the first biosensor to excite Tamm plasmon polaritons leads to higher sensing performance, while in the second biosensor excitation of the surface plasmon polaritons provides higher functionality of this biosensor. According to our results, biosensors based on the Weyl semimetals can be used for sensitive and accurate recognition of different analytes, and they may form a new platform for high-performance biosensors.

Attomolar analyte sensing technique for detection of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions based on liquid crystal

Detecting the ultra-low abundance of heavy metals in real samples remains challenging and it requires the development of high-performance biosensing modalities. This work describes a novel strategy for design an ultra-sensitive liquid crystal (LC) aptasensor, in which the LCs reorientation induced by conformational changes of a triple helix molecular switch (THMS) structure is utilized for the quantitative detection of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions. The developed aptasensor exhibits a wide linear range with the ultralow detection limits as low as 0.021 aM and 0.068 aM for Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively. Besides, the results show that other analytes cause no interference. Noteworthy, this sensing strategy is easy to expand for other targets by altering the aptamer sequence without change of the triple-helix structure and can be used for multiple analyte detection. The developed aptasensor is promising powerful platform as a LC AttoSens for precision screening of hazardous residues in food analysis.

A High-Performance Self-Supporting Electrochemical Biosensor to Detect Aflatoxin B1.

High-performance electrochemical biosensors for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are urgently required in the food industry. Herein, a multi-scaled electrochemical biosensor was fabricated by assembling carboxylated polystyrene nanospheres, an aptamer and horseradish peroxidase into a free-standing carbon nanofiber/carbon felt support. The resulting electrochemical biosensor possessed an exceptional performance, owing to the unique structures as well as the synergistic effects of the components. The 3D porous carbon nanofiber/carbon felt support served as an ideal substrate, owing to the excellent conductivity and facile diffusion of the reactants. The integration of carboxylated polystyrene nanospheres with horseradish peroxidase was employed as a signal amplification probe to enhance the electrochemical responses via catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. With the aid of the aptamer, the prepared sensors could quantitatively detect AFB1 in wine and soy sauce samples via differential pulse voltammetry. The recovery rates of AFB1 in the samples were between 87.53% and 106.71%. The limit of detection of the biosensors was 0.016 pg mL−1. The electrochemical biosensors also had excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, specificity and stability. The synthetic strategy reported in this work could pave a new route to fabricate high-performance electrochemical biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins.

Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded in electrospun carbon nanofibers as free-standing nanocomposite electrodes as highly sensitive enzyme-free glucose biosensors

Abstract Numerous researches have been directed toward enzyme-free biosensors to alleviate the shortcomings encountered with enzymatic biosensors, in particular the intricate enzyme immobilization procedure. Herein, Co3O4/electrospun carbon nanofiber (ECNF) nanocomposites are successfully prepared to be employed as enzyme-free biosensors for diagnosis of glucose. Two parameters including the carbonization time and the amount of Cobalt(ii) acetate tetrahydrate precursor are optimized, which are 5 h and 0.5 g, respectively. The 0.5 Co3O4/ECNF-5 h nanocomposite delivers superior sensitivity (475.72 μA·mM−1·cm−2), broad linear range (2–10 mM), and detection limit (LOD) less than 1 mM (0.82 Mm). In addition, the electrode shows excellent selectivity. The chronoamperometric analysis of 0.5 Co3O4/ECNF-5 h nanocomposite is performed by adding successively glucose analyte and interfering agents to the 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. No significant amperometric signal to the interfering agents including uric acid, ascorbic acid, and dopamine is delivered by this electrode, testifying the great selectivity of the electrode toward the diagnosis of target analyte (glucose) in spite of the existence of interfering species. Taking the aforementioned explanations into account, it can be concluded that the Co3O4/ECNF nanocomposite can be an appropriate free-stand electrode for high-performance enzyme-free glucose biosensor.

High-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensing on nanocomposite electrocatalysts of nickel phthalocyanine nanorods and nitrogen doped-reduced graphene oxide nanosheets

Highly stable and efficient electrocatalytic materials are essential for developing high-performance non-enzymatic fourth-generation glucose biosensors. In this regard, hybrid materials incorporating metallophthalocyanines and carbon-based nanostructures are particularly interesting. A nanocomposite of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and nickel phthalocyanine nanorods (N-rGONs|NiPcNRs) was prepared. N-rGONs|NiPcNRs were highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts for non-enzymatic d-glucose electrooxidation in alkaline media. Spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical methods were used to characterize and evaluate the electrocatalytic performance of the N-rGONs|NiPcNRs. The remarkable electrocatalytic activity of N-rGONs|NiPcNRs originated from the in-situ transformation and formation of polymeric O-Ni-O oxo-bridge in alkaline electrolyte and the excellent electroconductivity of the N-rGONs. The N-rGONs|NiPcNRs with the optimum ratio of NiPcNRs to N-rGONs presented an efficient formation of the Ni-O-Ni oxo-bridge and d-glucose electrooxidation compared to N-rGONs and NiPcNRs alone. Thus, the fabricated GCE|N-rGONs|NiPcNRs glucose sensor showed an excellent analytical performance with a high sensitivity of 1458 µA.mM−1.cm−2 and a detection limit of 1.43 µM (S/N = 3) using cyclic voltammetry. For online glucose detection using chronoamperometry, a sensitivity of 358.9 µA.mM−1.cm−2 with a detection limit of 5.0 µM (the lowest concentration that could be discriminated from the buffer using GCE|N-rGONs|NiPcNRs) and a fast response time of 0.80 s was obtained. The high sensitivity of CV (1458 µA.mM−1.cm−2) allowed for lower limits of detection (1.34 µM). The fabricated sensor was successfully applied for the determination of d-glucose levels in serum samples, demonstrating its potential for monitoring glucose levels in diabetes patients.

Fe3O4/MXene Nanosphere-Based Microfluidic Chip for the Accurate Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Amyloid β protein oligomer (AβO) has been found to be a crucial biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Exploring an accurate detection method of AβO is of great significance for early AD diagnosis and treatment. Herein, a fluorescent biosensor for AβO detection is designed. It integrates fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based fluorescence detection with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic chip. The carboxyl fluorescein-modified AβO aptamers are employed as the fluorophore, and three-dimensional Fe3O4/MXene nanospheres are used as the fluorescence quencher for the first time. Moreover, the PDMS-based multichamber microfluidic chip serves as a fluorescence detection platform. The Fe3O4/MXene-based nanosphere-based biosensor shows an excellent linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the logarithm of the AβO concentration in the range of 0.10–200 nM. The detection limit is ∼0.05 nM at the ultralow sample volumes of ∼4.50 μL. These results strongly show that the fabricated high-performance biosensor can be widely used in smart healthcare including but not limited to medical diagnosis, health monitoring, and biological studies.

Multifunctional Core@Satellite Magnetic Particles for Magnetoresistive Biosensors.

Magnetoresistive (MR) biosensors combine distinctive features such as small size, low cost, good sensitivity, and propensity to be arrayed to perform multiplexed analysis. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are the ideal target for this platform, especially if modified not only to overcome their intrinsic tendency to aggregate and lack of stability but also to realize an interacting surface suitable for biofunctionalization without strongly losing their magnetic response. Here, we describe an MR biosensor in which commercial MNP clusters were coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and used to detect human IgG in water using an MR biochip that comprises six sensing regions, each one containing five U-shaped spin valve sensors. The isolated AuNPs (satellites) were stuck onto an aggregate of individual iron oxide crystals (core) so that the resulting core@satellite magnetic particles (CSMPs) could be functionalized by the photochemical immobilization technique—an easy procedure that leads to oriented antibodies immobilized upright onto gold. The morphological, optical, hydrodynamic, magnetic, and surface charge properties of CSMPs were compared with those exhibited by the commercial MNP clusters showing that the proposed coating procedure endows the MNP clusters with stability and ductility without being detrimental to magnetic properties. Eventually, the high-performance MR biosensor allowed us to detect human IgG in water with a detection limit of 13 pM (2 ng mL–1). Given its portability, the biosensor described in this paper lends itself to a point-of-care device; moreover, the features of the MR biochip also make it suitable for multiplexed analysis.

Refractive index EV sensor based on conventional and mirror image 1D defective photonic crystal designs: theoretical study

In the present study, we have theoretically investigated the sensing and detection mechanism of refractive index of various samples containing extracellular vesicles by using the conventional and mirror image 1D defective photonic crystal designs. The transfer matrix method has been used to analyze the transmission properties of both structures at normal incidence. The performance of the proposed designs has been examined by measuring the shift in the position of the defect mode inside PBGs of respective structures depending upon the corresponding change in refractive index of various EV samples. The comparison between the observed data with the experimentally available standard data may be used to find out refractive index of unknown EV samples. Moreover, mirror image 1D defective PC design can be used as an alternative of one-dimensional annular photonic crystal without defect with air core in which propagation of electromagnetic waves is only along the radial direction. Finally, we have compared the sensing and detection features of both the designs made up of a conventional and mirror image 1D defective PCs. It has been noticed that the mirror image defective structure provides a narrow transmission peak of unit transmittance inside the PBG. This remarkable feature of mirror image one-dimensional defective photonic crystal design may be utilized to develop various highly sensitive sensors. The figure of merit and quality factor values of the proposed design are high and low, respectively. Such high performance bio-sensor with better sensing capabilities may be very useful in chemical and biological sample detection.

A novel nanocomposite (g-C3N4/Fe3O4@P2W15V3) with dual function in organic dyes degradation and cysteine sensing.

Among the important needs of human societies is the elimination of environmental pollution and also the construction of high-performance and inexpensive biosensors. In this regard, the construction of multi-functional composites has been considered. A novel magnetic graphite carbon nitride decorated by tri-vanadium substituted Dawson-type heteropolytungstate nanocomposite (C3N4/Fe3O4@P2W15V3) effectively synthesized and characterized by prevalent functional analysis. The prepared nano-catalyst presents bi-functional usage involving photocatalytic removal of dyes (methylene blue, congo red and phenyl red) (around 98%) under visible light radiation and greatly sensitive colorimetric sensing of cysteine in an aqueous media. Moreover, synthesized nano-catalyst successfully recovered five times without any considerable deficiency on its photocatalytic ability. Further, Moreover, we propose a novel method for cysteine detection based on the C3N4/Fe3O4@P2W15V3 nanocomposite. This nanocomposite displayed a privileged catalytic feature for cysteine oxidation to extend a clock reaction of methylene blue as an indicator in the presence of NaBH4 in acidic solution. More importantly, this colorimetric sensing method of cysteine presents an easy, low-cost, selective, and rapid colorimetric assay with a detection limit value of 7.2μM in the acceptable linear range of 5-600μM.

Triple Fano resonances metasurface and its extension for multi-channel ultra-narrow band absorber

Metasurface excited multiple Fano resonances has become a hot spot and has been widely investigated and applied in the field of optics. A metasurface designed in this paper is composed of a silicon cuboid etched with an akin rhombus hole and deposited periodically on the silica substrate. By introducing symmetry breaking, the symmetry-protected BIC is transformed into the quasi-BIC, and triple sharp Fano resonances, corresponding to 1357 nm, 1421.7 nm, and 1588.8 nm respectively, with spectral contrasts of nearly 100 % are excited. Their maximum Q-factor can reach ∼ 3 × 104. Results of multipole decomposition show that the triple Fano resonances are dominated by magnetic dipole (MD) or electric quadrupole (EQ). Additionally, by modifying the polarization angle of the incident light, the metasurface performs excellently as a bidirectional optical switch. By adding the aluminum layer under the original structure, an ultra-narrowband absorber is created with a maximum absorption rate of ∼ 100 %. The sensing performance of the absorber is studied, yielding the maximum sensitivity of 255 nm/RIU and the maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 477 RIU−1. The proposed metasurface and its extension structure are potential to be applied in as high-performance biosensors, optical switch, and coherent thermal radiation.

Plasmonic/magnetic nanoarchitectures: From controllable design to biosensing and bioelectronic interfaces

Controllable design of the nanocrystal-assembled plasmonic/magnetic nanoarchitectures (P/MNAs) inspires abundant methodologies to enhance light-matter interactions and control magnetic-induced effects by means of fine-tuning the morphology and ordered packing of noble metallic or magnetic building blocks. The burgeoning development of multifunctional nanoarchitectures has opened up broad range of interdisciplinary applications including biosensing, in vitro diagnostic devices, point-of-care (POC) platforms, and soft bioelectronics. By taking advantage of their customizability and efficient conjugation with capping biomolecules, various nanoarchitectures have been integrated into high-performance biosensors with remarkable sensitivity and versatility, enabling key features that combined multiplexed detection, ease-of-use and miniaturization. In this review, we provide an overview of the representative developments of nanoarchitectures that being built by plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles over recent decades. The design principles and key mechanisms for signal amplification and quantitative sensitivity have been explored. We highlight the structure-function programmability and prospects of addressing the main limitations for conventional biosensing strategies in terms of accurate selectivity, sensitivity, throughput, and optoelectronic integration. State-of-the-art strategies to achieve affordable and field-deployable POC devices for early multiplexed detection of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 has been covered in this review. Finally, we discuss the urgent yet challenging issues in nanoarchitectures design and related biosensing application, such as large-scale fabrication and integration with portable devices, and provide perspectives and suggestions on developing smart biosensors that connecting the materials science and biomedical engineering for personal health monitoring.

Enzymatic biosensor based on dendritic gold nanostructure and enzyme precipitation coating for glucose sensing and detection

With the development of blood glucose monitoring medical devices, higher requirements are put forward for the sensitivity and detection limit of biosensors. Herein, a high-performance flexible enzymatic glucose biosensor was prepared by electrochemical deposition of dendritic gold nanostructure on carbon cloth substrate, then covalently immobilizing glucose oxidase on the dendritic gold, and then increasing enzyme loading by enzyme precipitation coating. The morphology of dendritic gold nanostructures was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance of the biosensor was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that the obtained biosensor has high sensitivity (72.45 μA mM−1 cm−2), low detection limit (6.7 μM) and ultra-wide linear range (0.02–31.7 mM) for glucose detection. In addition, the biosensor also has good selectivity, reproducibility and stability. In the detection of real serum samples, the biosensor also shows good accuracy and practicality. The results show that the new biosensor has great potential for applications in biomedical and health care.

High-performance nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor based on AgNP-decorated MoS2 microflowers

A facile hydrothermal route was used to synthesize silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-decorated microflower molybdenum disulfide (MoS2-MF) for bio-electrochemical platform fabrication to detect nonenzymatic glucose concentration. The morphologies of the materials were studied by scanning electron microscopy, and their structural characteristics were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the AgNPs/MoS2-MF/PtE biosensor were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The obtained data indicated that the developed nonenzymatic glucose sensor has a large linear response between 1.0 and 15.0 mM, a limit of detection of as low as 1.0 mM, and a sensitivity of 46.5 μA nM−1 cm−2. The biosensor also displayed outstanding selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Additionally, the AgNPs/MoS2-MF/PtE biosensor was utilized to detect glucose concentration in real sample and showed practical application potential for glucose detection.

Carbon Nanotube and Its Derived Nanomaterials Based High Performance Biosensing Platform.

After the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of an accurate diagnosis and monitoring of diseases became a more important issue. In order to fabricate high-performance and sensitive biosensors, many researchers and scientists have used many kinds of nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles (NPs), metal oxide NPs, quantum dots (QDs), and carbon nanomaterials including graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Among them, CNTs have been considered important biosensing channel candidates due to their excellent physical properties such as high electrical conductivity, strong mechanical properties, plasmonic properties, and so on. Thus, in this review, CNT-based biosensing systems are introduced and various sensing approaches such as electrochemical, optical, and electrical methods are reported. Moreover, such biosensing platforms showed excellent sensitivity and high selectivity against not only viruses but also virus DNA structures. So, based on the amazing potential of CNTs-based biosensing systems, healthcare and public health can be significantly improved.

Multiple amplification-based fluorometric aptasensor for highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus.

Rapid and accurate detection and identification of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are of great significance for food safety, environmental monitoring, early clinical diagnosis, and prevention of the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. Herein, we design a fluorometric aptasensor for ultra-sensitive, specific, and rapid detection of S. aureus. The apasensor combines the enrichment and separation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), the biotin-streptavidin conjugation system, and a single S. aureus can release four signaling probes for signal amplification. Aptamer acts as a specific biorecognition element of S. aureus. Four FAM-labeled partially complementary sequences (FAM-pcDNAs) were used as signaling probes. The aptamers were sequential hybridized with the four FAM-pcDNAs to form aptamer&pcDNAs, which were then bound to MNPs via the biotin-streptavidin. When the aptamer specifically recognizes and binds to S. aureus, the FAM-pcDNAs signaling probes are replaced and released into the supernatant. The concentration of S. aureus can be quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensity (λexc/em = 492/520nm) of the replaced signaling probe FAM-pcDNAs. The results show that the proposed fluorometric aptasensor displays good specificity, ultra-high sensitivity (1.23cfu/mL), wide linear range (1 ~ 108cfu/mL), and fast detection speed (~ 1.5h). The recovery test verifies further that the proposed fluorometric aptasensor can detect S. aureus in spiked blood samples. Since aptamers are easy to customize, we believe that fluorometric aptasensors based on multiple amplification have broad prospects in the construction of practical high-performance biosensors for bacterial detection. KEY POINTS: • Multiple amplification-based fluorometric aptasensor for S. aureus is developed • The aptasensor displays high specificity with a LOD of 1.23 CFU/mL • The aptasensor can directly detect S. aureus in spiked blood samples.

Nitrogenated Holey Graphene (C2N-h2D): An excellent sensor for neurotransmitter amino acids

Interactions of amino acids with organic surfaces are highly relevant to the development of modern synthetic biomaterials with biocompatibility and low biotoxicity. Biomolecule-surface interactions vary differently according to the molecule orientation, charge state, and distance from the surface. Furthermore, the electron transfer through molecule/surface could also play a key role in biological recognition and signaling systems. Here, using density functional theory (DFT), we investigated the interactions of three neurotransmitter amino acids (NAAs), namely, glycine (Gly), γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba), and glutamate (Glu), onto a nanosheet of holey nitrogenated graphene (C2N-h2D). In general, the interactions between amino acids and carbon-based surfaces are mediated through weak van der Waals interactions. However, based on interaction energy and charge density difference calculations, there is a strong physisorption process between NAAs and the C2N structure. In particular, Gaba and Glu can act as exclusive electron donor and acceptor, respectively. Our calculations also reveal that, by changing the orientations from neutral to zwitterionic, the Gly molecule changes from a donor to a strong acceptor of electrons. In the case of electron donation, the resistivity on the C2N surface should be reduced. These findings indicate that the C2N surface is an excellent candidate for high-performance biosensor applications. From the band structure point of view, the NAAs molecules introduce occupied flat bands within the bandgap of the C2N single layer, while the surface energy levels keep the bulk characteristics of the semiconductor system. Finally, the optical absorption spectrum of NAAs-C2N systems reveals that these NAAs seem to improve the photoactivity performance of the C2N structure, with the appearance of intraband transitions.

Three-Dimensional Printing and Its Potential to Develop Sensors for Cancer with Improved Performance.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and early diagnosis is the best strategy to reduce mortality risk. Biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers are based on various principles of detection, including electrochemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical measurements. Despite the advances in the identification of biomarkers and the conventional 2D manufacturing processes, detection methods for cancers still require improvements in terms of selectivity and sensitivity, especially for point-of-care diagnosis. Three-dimensional printing may offer the features to produce complex geometries in the design of high-precision, low-cost sensors. Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, allows for the production of sensitive, user-friendly, and semi-automated sensors, whose composition, geometry, and functionality can be controlled. This paper reviews the recent use of 3D printing in biosensors for cancer diagnosis, highlighting the main advantages and advances achieved with this technology. Additionally, the challenges in 3D printing technology for the mass production of high-performance biosensors for cancer diagnosis are addressed.

Nanomaterial-based electrochemical enzymatic biosensors for recognizing phenolic compounds in aqueous effluents

With the rapid development of industrial society, phenolic pollutants already identified in water are severe threats to human health. Traditional detection techniques like chromatography are poor in the ability of cost-effectiveness and on-site detection. In recent years, electrochemical enzymatic biosensors have attracted increasing attention for use in the recognition of phenolic compounds, which is considered an effective strategy for the product transfer of portable analytical devices. Although electrochemical enzymatic biosensors provide a fast, accurate on-site detection technique, the difficulties of enzyme deactivation, poor stability and low sensitivity remain to be solved. Thus, effective immobilization methods of enzymes and nanomaterials with excellent properties have been extensively researched to obtain a high-sensitivity and high-stability biosensing platform. Simultaneous detection of multiple phenols may become the focus of further research. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress toward electrochemical enzymatic biosensors for the detection of phenolic compounds, including enzyme immobilization approaches and advanced nanomaterials, especially nanocomposites with attractive properties such as good conductivity, high specific surface area, and porous structure. We will comprehensively discuss the features and mechanisms of the main enzymes adopted in the construction of different phenolic biosensors, as well as traditional methods (e.g., adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, encapsulation, cross-linking) of enzyme immobilization. The most effective method is based on the properties of enzymes, supports and application objective because there is no one-size-fits-all method of enzymatic immobilization. The emphasis will be given to various advanced nanomaterials, including their special nanostructures, preparation methods and performance. Finally, the main challenges in future research on electrochemical phenolic biosensors will be discussed to provide further perspectives for practical applications in dynamic and on-site monitoring. We believe this review will deliver an important inspiration for the construction of novel and high-performance electrochemical biosensors from enzyme selection to nanomaterial design for the detection of various hazardous materials. We believe this review will deliver an important inspiration on the construction of novel and high-performance electrochemical biosensors from the enzyme selection to the nanomaterial design for detections of various hazardous materials.