High Levels Of Poverty Research Articles

Kinerja Pemerintahan Kota Bogor dalam Pembangunan Manusia untuk Mengatasi Kemiskinan dan Pengangguran di Kota Bogor Tahun 2022

This research is motivated by problems that occurred in Bogor City, there are many unemployment and high level of poverty that happen in 2022,. The drop of human development index in 2020 are being judged to be the most impactful factor that rising the number of unemployment and number of poverty. Bogor government performance being one thing that can be seen to know how the role of government to overcome the problem. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find out how bogor government work performances to overcome the rise of number unemployment and poverty in Bogor. In this research, descriptive method with qualitative approach was used. Data collection was obtained through formal and informal interview, and documentation. Informants were determined by purposive sampling in order to achieve the real data by interviewing informant that are responsible to the conditions. This Research used Wasistiono government organizations work performances theory to measure government work performances through some dimensional such as productivity, service quality, responsivity and resposibility. The researcher can conclude that Bogor government work performances are displeasing in terms of productivity, service quality, and responsivity to human development problems.

Growing resilient futures: agroforestry as a pathway towards climate resilient development for smallholder farmers

Climate change is increasing pressure on communities that are already experiencing high levels of vulnerability and poverty, threatening their subsistence. Among the most vulnerable are smallholder farmers in the Global South, who rely on their yields for food and income. Smallholders need to adapt to changes in rainfall, temperature, and weather patterns and their knock-on effects, and at the same time, ensure that their on-farm climate adaptations do not make climate change worse by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasises the need for Climate Resilient Development Pathways (CRDPs) to support vulnerable communities, including smallholder farmers, in balancing climate adaptation, mitigation and development. CRDPs comprise reactive and/or preventive actions that key stakeholders (e.g., government, business, civil society and individuals, including smallholder farmers) can take to become more resilient in the context of a changing climate while not compromising their development or increasing emissions. The CRDP framework has so far remained conceptual, providing little information on how to actually create these pathways in practice. This paper addresses this gap, and with a focus on agroforestry projects and smallholders in the Global South, assesses how CRDPs can become more concrete and actionable through a focus on agroforestry: the voluntary combination of crop and/or pasture with trees and/or shrubs, considering its contribution to climate adaptation, mitigation and development. We draw on literature review and focus group data, analysed using Atlas.ti 23 and a coding process to present a tool relevant to project designers, policymakers and researchers to assess agroforestry projects according to different aspects of climate resilient development, with particular focus on smallholder farmers in the Global South. Evaluation of the tool found it is relevant and useful for project developers and funders to check that their projects follow the components of CRD, but the tool needs to be translated to the local context to better address local demands and reflect regional specificities, which focus group participants deemed possible.

Turning climate justice into practice? Channeling loss and damage funding through national social protection systems in climate‐vulnerable countries

AbstractDespite the last‐minute breakthrough agreement at the UN Climate Change Conference COP27 to provide funding for climate‐related loss and damage for vulnerable countries, distribution mechanisms and funding sources remain up for debate. With rapid‐onset climate impacts intensifying and slow‐onset impacts further manifesting, loss and damage from climate change is already occurring. Thus, quick, effective, and transparent distribution of upcoming funds is necessary. Currently, only a tiny fraction of existing sources of climate finance reaches affected communities, commonly marked by high levels of poverty and low levels of adaptive capacity. Similarly, donor‐based global humanitarian aid and development systems are buckling under the weight of increasing demand. As increasing climate impacts threaten to reverse development gains of the last decades, climate‐sensitive social protection has received increasing attention for its potential to address climate impacts and to strengthen the adaptive capacity and resilience of climate‐vulnerable populations. This review article explores the prospects of channeling Loss and Damage funding through existing national social protection systems and highlights how this approach can efficiently contribute to safeguarding development gains, including previously overlooked aspects such as noneconomic loss and damage (NELD), while also dismantling soft adaptation barriers and thus fostering climate resilience in the long term. Although we identify barriers, including gaps in coverage of social protection systems both between and within countries, we argue that channeling some L&D funding through social protection systems aligns with core human rights and climate justice agendas, as well as the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities.This article is categorized under: Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Assessing Climate Change in the Context of Other Issues Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation

Food prices and poverty in Africa

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of food prices on poverty in 37 sub‐Saharan African economies between 2001 and 2020. The study employed Prais‐Winsten regression, variations of the Fixed Effects model to account for conventional biases in econometric modeling, and the Method of Moment Quantile Regression with Fixed Effects to account for existing poverty levels. The findings revealed that a higher proportion of Africans will fall into poverty due to the increase in food prices. This result is consistent with the presence of endogeneity, cross‐sectional dependence, and unobservable heterogeneity. The study also reveals that the increase in food prices has a greater effect in sub‐Saharan African countries with lower levels of poverty as compared to those with high poverty levels, showing that rising food prices disproportionately hurt countries with low poverty levels, pushing more Africans below the poverty line in those countries. The study recommends the need for the implementation of supply‐side agricultural policies that enhance productivity in the sector, thereby boosting aggregate agricultural supply and precipitating a decline in food prices.

Disparity in initiation of checkpoint inhibitors among commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients with metastatic melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma, but racial disparities in melanoma outcomes continue. These inequities are not fully explained by individual factors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of neighborhood factors with the use of ICIs in metastatic melanoma. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of commercially insured US adults with metastatic melanoma diagnosed between January 2011 and December 2020. We examined the associations between the county-level percentage of population from racial and ethnic minority groups and the time from metastatic melanoma diagnosis to initiating ICIs using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for patient characteristics. RESULTS: We identified 4,052 patients with metastatic melanoma, of which 49% used ICIs. We found that the adoption of ICIs in a county declined with increasing minority quintile (quintile 1: 52.4%, quintile 2: 50.4%, quintile 3: 50.1%, quintile 4: 45.8%, and quintile 5: 44.7%). The delay in ICI initiation also went up as the percentage of minorities in a county increased (log-rank test P = 0.03). Compared with the lowest quintile, the adjusted hazard ratio of ICI initiation of the second, third, fourth, and highest minority quintile was 0.94 (95% CI = 0.81-1.08), 0.88 (95% CI = 0.76-1.02), 0.81 (95% CI = 0.68-0.97), and 0.77 (95% CI = 0.66-0.91), respectively. Secondary analysis revealed that the slower initiation was driven by the counties with the highest percentage of Hispanic population (hazard ratio = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.61-0.89) in both Cox models and sensitivity analyses. High-minority counties correlated with metro areas, higher poverty levels, and a greater number of medical oncologists. CONCLUSIONS: We found that patients with metastatic melanoma living in counties with higher proportion of minorities, particularly of Hispanic origin, are more likely to experience delays in ICI treatment. This study provides important population-level data on neighborhood-level disparity in medication use. More research is needed on the underlying provider- and system-level factors that directly contributed to the lower use of cancer medicines in high-minority areas, which can help inform the development of evidence-based medication use strategies that can improve health outcomes and equity.

Community Health Impacts From Natural Gas Pipeline Compressor Stations.

Compressor stations maintain pressure along natural gas pipelines to sustain gas flow. Unfortunately, they present human health concerns as they release chemical pollutants into the air, sometimes at levels higher than national air quality standards. Further, compressor stations are often placed in rural areas with higher levels of poverty and/or minority populations, contributing to environmental justice concerns. In this paper we investigate what chemical pollutants are emitted by compressor stations, the impacts of emitted pollutants on human health, and local community impacts. Based on the information gained from these examinations, we provide the following policy recommendations with the goal of minimizing harm to those affected by natural gas compressor stations: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and relevant state agencies must increase air quality monitoring and data transparency; the EPA should direct more resources to monitoring programs specifically at compressor stations; the EPA should provide free indoor air quality monitoring to homes near compressor stations; the EPA needs to adjust its National Ambient Air Quality Standards to better protect communities and assess cumulative impacts; and decision-makers at all levels must pursue meaningful involvement from potentially affected communities. We find there is substantial evidence of negative impacts to strongly support these recommendations.

Democracy as an Elite Tool for Oppressing the Majority: A Case of Selected African Countries

This paper seeks to establish and investigate the incontrovertible scenarios that the people of Zimbabwe and Uganda experienced during the dawn of democracy. This paper argues that "democracy" is a system beneficial to the elites but unbearable and detrimental to the livelihoods of ordinary people in Zimbabwe and Uganda. The democratic breakthrough in these countries brought hope, confidence, and zest to the proletariats that their dire socio-economic conditions would be transformed for the better. But little did they know that their conditions would be exacerbated than ever before. The high levels of inequalities, poverty and unemployment in these countries continue to haunt the people. Unfortunately, this happens under the ambit of AU, which is tight-lipped to such conditions people are going through. Regrettably, it appears as if the ones who are in positions of leadership are fueling the abuse of democracy, wherein they abuse their power in government to orchestrate their illegitimate shenanigans. Subsequently, human rights are often violated and suppressed when the “mighty” officials want to influence the processes of democracy with a direct autocratic system. Despite the calls from the UN that human rights and democracy should be respected and adhered to, people continue to witness the violence and suppression of such principles under the ambit of democratic governments. This paper uses a qualitative research approach to analyze the scenarios of the abuse of democracy in these countries. This paper finds that the violation of freedom of expression, assembly, and freedom of association is prevalent in these countries. Therefore, the paper recommends that structures such as the AU should enforce their responsibilities to safeguard and protect the rights of the people as per democratic states.

Temporal trends of food insecurity in Chad, 2016–2021

IntroductionConsidering persistently high levels of poverty and food insecurity in Chad, this study examines food insecurity trends from 2016 to 2021 and identifies risk factors for food insecurity in 2020 and 2021.MethodsData from six cross-sectional Enquête Nationale sur la Securité Alimentaire (ENSA) surveys from 2016 to 2021 collected in rural areas were used. The linear regressions for food consumption score (FCS), reduced coping strategy index (rCSI), and livelihood coping strategy index (LCSI) and logistic regressions for “poor food consumption” were used to estimate the annual rate of change. Risk factor analysis was conducted with demographic, socio-economic, and pandemic-related economic indicators in univariate models, and subsequent multivariate models were used to produce adjusted odds ratios.ResultsAt a national level, there was a gradual decrease in FCS (1.16 points per year), an increase in LCSI (0.11 points), and an increase in the proportion of households with poor food consumption from 18.5% to 25.3% (1.55 percentage point) during 2016–2021; a similar trend for FCS and LCSI for worsened food insecurity was observed in the Sudanian zone. There was no significant change in rCSI during that time at the national level, but there was a reduction in the Saharan zone and an increasing trend in the Sahélian zone. Risk factors for poor food consumption in 2020–2021 included lower wealth status, a single income source, an illiterate household head, and Sahelian zone residence. The only characteristic significantly associated with increased coping mechanism use in both years was having a disabled household head.DiscussionThe results provide evidence of worsening food security in Chad in the past 6 years, both nationally and including the agricultural Sudanian zone. Food insecurity was consistently the highest in the Sahelian zone. While some risk factors for poor food consumption and diet-related coping mechanism use were consistent between 2020 and 2021, there were differences among other risk factors, likely a reflection of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. A strategic shift in humanitarian and development programming is required to mitigate the rise in food insecurity at the national and regional levels, with a particular emphasis on the Sahelian zone.

Contemporary Challenges Facing the Niger Delta Region in Nigeria: Areas For Legislative Interventions

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is home to oil and gas exploration in Nigeria, and thus the mainstay of the economy. It comprises nine states of the Federation with a total population of 42.65 million people. According to the World Bank, oil accounts for 40% of Nigeria’s GDP, 70% of federal government revenues, and 95% foreign exchange earnings. Despite the economic benefit of the region, the adverse effect of oil exploration activities in the region poses socioeconomic challenges for the people. Our analyses identified some of the challenges to include: environmental degradation, high poverty levels, spiraling armed conflicts, poor infrastructure, and widespread unemployment, amongst others. This study discusses the extant legal frameworks aimed at addressing Niger Delta problems, and identified some gaps. Consequently, we proffered recommendations for the consideration of the National Assembly as follows: (1) The National Assembly should utilize its investigative hearing instrument to determine the level of compliance with the Nigerian Content Development Monitoring Board Act, 2010, and the Niger Delta Development Commission Act, 2000 in order to ensure that they fulfil their respective mandates. (2) The legislators from the Niger Delta Region should organize sensitization workshop for community leaders and youth groups on the benefit in working together to support NCDMB in realizing the objectives for which it was established, which can reduce the level of unemployment in the region. (3) The legislators from the region should call on the executive to expedite actions on cleaning up of the Ogoni community and other exploration-ravaged communities in the region, to address the problem of environmental degradation. (4) The National Assembly should investigate the activities and operations of JTF through oversight function to curb their excesses. This study concludes that the collaboration of all stakeholders in the Niger Delta region is necessary to accelerate the socioeconomic development of the region.

A Systematic Literature Review on Migration and Remittances in Mountainous Regions: Key Takeaways for Phuthaditjhaba, Free State, South Africa

Remittances are essential to the sustainability of economies in mountainous regions that face massive labour migration due to limited income generation and employment opportunities. In 2021, the share of remittances in GDP in the top 10 mountainous economies in the world was over 20%. Nonetheless, most are characterised by relatively lower GDP per capita and high poverty levels. Drawing a comparison with other mountainous areas, Phuthaditjhaba, an emerging mountainous city of South Africa on the border with Lesotho, faces similar out-migration and inferior socio-economic parameters. A global systematic literature review on the impact of remittances on livelihoods, specifically targeting mountainous areas, is missing. We, therefore, interrogate the role that remittances can play in Phuthaditjhaba. To inform our intended research, we seek to draw lessons from evidence on how migration and remittances affect mountainous communities globally. Accordingly, we carry out a systematic literature review (SLR) based on an updated Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement supported by bibliometric (co-word) analysis (BA) in VOSViewer. We collected data from the Scopus and Dimensions websites and drew 165 publications, of which only 88 were included after exclusion and inclusion assessments. The PRISMA results show that Mountain Research and Development, Russell King, and Nepal are the most productive and cited journal, the most productive and cited author, and the most researched country, respectively. The bibliometric analysis on keyword co-occurrences revealed that women, agriculture, labour migration, land management, forest, and poverty are the research hotspots. In light of these findings, we proffer important recommendations for future researchers and policymakers and identify thematic research areas for Phuthaditjhaba.

Factors Affecting the Spread of Narcotics in Simpang Dolok Village, Datuk Fifty District, Batubara Regency

Narcotics abuse is a serious problem that affects society in various countries. This research focuses on identifying factors that contribute to the spread of narcotics in Simpang Dolok Village, a rural area in Batu Bara Regency. The research results highlight the importance of social and economic inequality, high levels of poverty, and the easy availability of narcotics in driving the spread of narcotics. Social factors, including peer pressure, also influence young people in this village to try narcotics. Apart from that, low public awareness about the dangers of narcotics, especially among the less educated, also supports the situation. Handling the problem of the spread of narcotics in Simpang Dolok Village requires a holistic approach that includes economic empowerment, stronger law enforcement, and better education programs about the risks of narcotics. Close cooperation between government, society, and other stakeholders is needed to overcome this problem. This research provides an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence the spread of narcotics at the village level, guiding more effective prevention and control efforts in Simpang Dolok Village and the surrounding area.

The Role of Small States in Power Contestations in the Horn of Africa Case Study of Djibouti

Djibouti, situated in the Horn of Africa, is one of the smallest countries on the African continent. Arid, with scant natural resources and a high level of poverty, the country has assumed a position of strategic importance in the great power contestations of the twenty-first century owing to its geographical location. Djibouti is located close to the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb which connects the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea and is also one of the seven choke points that are crucial to international maritime security and countering cross-border terrorism. Its geographic proximity to the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula and the important shipping lane of the Gulf of Aden makes this small state a role player in great and middle-power rivalries. Host to military bases of China, the USA, Japan, France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom, Djibouti is also in talks with Saudi Arabia. This paper will examine the behaviour of a small state like Djibouti against the backdrop of power contestations in the geopolitically sensitive Horn of Africa. Contrary to the popular belief that small states are often compelled to bandwagon with the big states, the paper will attempt to make the case that states, albeit small, have agency and tools at their disposal to navigate their course through complex geopolitical quagmires. IR theories of status-seeking and shelter will be applied to study the case of Djibouti in the context of power contestations.

Rethinking Development in Latin America

ABSTRACT Latin American countries face a crossroad that demands profound change in their development paradigm. In the last four decades economic growth, investment, and productivity have shown poor performance. This has made it impossible to break with the productive heterogeneity that characterises the region and its dependence on low value-added productive sectors and commodity-dependent export structures. Although there has been a positive advance in human development, high levels of inequality, poverty, social exclusion, and high labour market informality have been persistent in the countries of the region. Added to these structural problems is the need to face climate change, that has important distributive and social effects and requires a significant amount of investment in adaption and mitigation a will require a change in the development paradigm. A fiscal sustainability framework will be essential to ensure the viability of the public spending required to promote structural change. The framework should prioritise domestic resource mobilisation, through public revenues, which have historically been insufficient to meet the demands for public spending.

Environmental empowerment: A new approach to poverty eradication in Africa

Most of the rural population in Africa is affected by poverty. High levels of poverty are witnessed through food shortages, low life expectancy and environmental degradation. Arguably, poverty in general and in Africa specifically is partly caused by a poor environment. An environment that is poor impoverishes its population. There are two types of poor environments in Africa; an environment that is inherently poor and another which is made poor by human beings. To deal with poverty and underdevelopment in Africa, social workers must empower the natural environment. An empowered environment capacitates community development. As it stands, social work in Africa focuses on empowering the poor who reside within an impoverished environment and to that effect, social work empowerment programmes are ineffective.How to cite using ASWNet styleDudzai, C. (2023). Environmental empowerment: A new approach to poverty eradication in Africa. People centred – The Journal of Development Administration (JDA), 8(3), 93. Social Work and Development Student Conference (SWDSC), 16 June 2023. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jda.v8i3.8
 Conference AbstractSocial Work and Development Student Conference (SWDSC), Held on 16 June 2023, Day of the African Child (DAC), Organised by Africa Social Work and Development Network (ASWDN).
 Conference Organising Committee: Danzel Rademan, University of the Free State, South Africa (Chairperson); Atuhairwe Collins, Student, Master of Social Work, Makerere University, Uganda (Vice-Chairperson); Never Winnie James Sebit, South Sudan; Bachelor in Social Work, RCSS, India (Secretary); Tatenda Sukulao, Bachelor of Social Work, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe (Vice-Secretary); Norman T. Manyika, Student, Bachelor of Social Work, University of Zimbabwe (Committee member) & Takudzwa Banda, Bachelor of Social Work, University of Zimbabwe (Committee member).
 Visit journal website: https://jda.africasocialwork.net

UNVEILING THE PRESENT LANDSCAPE OF MALNUTRITION IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

Achieving healthy diets and ending malnutrition, particularly among children, remains a formidable challenge, even as India, the worlds second-most populous nation, has witnessed consistent economic growth and attained food grain self-sufficiency. Despite these advancements, high poverty levels, food insecurity, and malnutrition persist. This article highlights the pressing issues of malnutrition in India. Undernourished children are more susceptible to infectious diseases, leading to higher mortality rates and diminished productivity in adulthood, further perpetuating the cycle of undernutrition. Based on NFHS surveys, the article presents a detailed analysis of crucial malnutrition indicators, including stunting, wasting, and underweight children. It reveals that Indias performance on global hunger indices remains a cause for concern, with the highest child-wasting rate globally and a serious hunger level. At the same time, some indicators have shown marginal improvement, but acute malnutrition in children under five remains challenging. The article emphasizes the role of non-economic factors such as gender discrimination, hygiene, and maternal education in perpetuating malnutrition. Additionally, it discusses the governments initiatives, including the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and POSHAN Abhiyaan, in addressing the issue. The article calls for a renewed focus on the critical first 1000 days of a childs life and the effective promotion of intensive breastfeeding to combat malnutrition. It advocates for targeted interventions, improved data management, strengthened governance, and systematic monitoring to ensure a healthier future for Indias children and address the pressing issue of malnutrition.

The Role of Digital Transformation in Enhancing Communication: A Case Study of OR Tambo District Municipality in South Africa

This investigation delves into the digital communication strategies of the OR Tambo District Municipality in South Africa, a region characterised by its rural nature and high poverty levels. The research endeavours to comprehend the character of the municipality's digital communication strategies, evaluate their efficacy, and propose evidence-based recommendations for enhancement. The study is predicated on the necessity for local governments to align their communication strategies with technological advancements, whilst taking into account the socio-economic realities of their constituents. The research employs a comprehensive examination of the current digital communication tools, platforms, and techniques utilised by the municipality, and assesses their effectiveness based on their reach, accessibility, and impact. The study identifies areas of strength and weakness in the current communication strategies and proposes recommendations for enhancing digital communication within the municipality. The findings underscore the importance of inclusive and effective digital communication strategies in local governments, particularly in rural areas. The research contributes to the burgeoning body of literature on digital communication in local governments and provides a roadmap for other rural municipalities seeking to leverage digital technologies to improve their communication strategies. The study concludes that the OR Tambo District Municipality, akin to other rural municipalities, can enhance communication, improve service delivery, and foster greater engagement with residents by effectively leveraging digital technologies.

Prostate Cancer in New York City: Impact of Neighborhood Level Social Determinants of Care

Social determinants of health may impact stage and aggressiveness of cancer presentation. As neighborhoods may influence adjacent neighborhoods across often porous and arbitrary borders, an analysis that measures the spatial impact of these social determinants provides a more holistic evaluation than an analysis that treats each neighborhood as independent and unrelated units. In this paper, we study the impact of sociodemographic and environmental characteristics of neighborhoods on cancer presentation in New York City, using both patient-level analysis and spatial autoregression on the New York State Public Access Cancer Epidemiology Data (NYSPACED) and the NYC Open neighborhood-level dataset. Two outcomes of interest were chosen: Presentation with high grade prostate cancer and presentation with distant disease. We performed logistic regression on individual patient level analysis. We created generalized cross sectional autoregressive spatial regression models to assess direct and indirect (via adjacent neighborhoods) impact of neighborhood level independent variables. We analyzed the following neighborhood level variables: 1) Percent population that was Black, 2) Percent population living in poverty, 3) Percent population obese based on self-reported height and weight, 4) Percent who report being current smokers, 5) Percent who report eating one or more servings of fruits and/or vegetables in the last day, and 6) annual average micrograms of fine particulate matter per cubic meter of air. We identified 95,749 patients diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma in New York City from 2001-2018. With reported Black race as the referent value, White patients were less likely to present with high grade disease (OR 0.92 [95% CI 0.89-0.95]). Similarly, self-identified White patients were also less likely to present with distant disease (vs. Black, OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.72-0.81]). Spatial autoregression models revealed no neighborhood level variables associated with direct or indirect impacts on presentation with high grade disease. However, there were several variables initially associated with distant disease presentation, including race, poverty, obesity, fruit and vegetable consumption, and air pollution. However, only neighborhood poverty and obesity levels continued to have significant direct impact on presentation with distant disease when included in the regression model with percent Black residents. In conclusion, we discovered a strong association between Race and poverty with the likelihood of presenting with advanced prostate cancer, at both the individual and neighborhood levels. Geographically targeted outreach to improve prostate cancer screening and access to care should be focused on Black men and neighborhoods with high levels of poverty.

Contributors to concentrated poverty of Blacks and Hispanics in metropolitan America, 1980–2020

ABSTRACT A longstanding debate asks why African Americans have been disproportionately concentrated in poor neighborhoods. All sides agree that a key contributor is the high level of poverty among Blacks, but they differ on other sources. Has the exodus of a growing Black middle class from the inner city (raising income segregation among Blacks) left the Black poor more isolated? Does persistent high racial segregation hold both middle class and poor Blacks in neighborhoods that are depressed by the high rate of Black poverty? Is poverty in Black neighborhoods mainly due to the presence of poor Black households or poor non-Black neighbors? This study addresses these questions with data for 1980–2020, and extends the analysis also to the case of Hispanic poverty exposure. Longitudinal models and detailed analysis of neighborhood composition by race and income show that the group’s own income composition is the most important predictor of poverty exposure. This effect is compounded by high racial segregation. Within-group income segregation adds to poverty concentration for Blacks but not for Hispanics. Blacks and Hispanics of all income levels live in poorer neighborhoods mainly because of the large share of their Black and Hispanic low-income neighbors, while their white neighbors tend to have higher incomes than they do.

A Quantitative Intersectionality Analysis of HIV/STI Prevention and Healthcare Access Among Transgender and Nonbinary People.

Transgender and nonbinary people experience substantial barriers to accessing healthcare, including prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (HIV/STI), due to structural inequities. We examined differences in insurance, HIV/STI prevalence, testing, and preexposure prophylaxis use among transgender and nonbinary people living in Washington State by race and ethnicity and gender. We pooled data from five 2019-2021 Washington State HIV/STI surveillance data sources to obtain a large and diverse sample of 1648 transgender and nonbinary participants. We calculated the risk difference (RD) for each outcome and used Poisson regression to estimate a surrogate measure of additive interaction-attributable proportion (AP)-that measures the proportion of the excess prevalence of the outcome observed at the intersection of gendered and racialized experience, beyond that expected from gender or race and ethnicity alone. Participants reported overall high levels of poverty (29% incomes <$15,000 and 7% unstable housing). Certain groups, especially racial/ethnic minority transgender women, were disproportionately impacted by HIV/STIs (RDs from 20% to 43% and APs from 50% to 85%) and less likely to currently have insurance (RDs from 25% to 39% and APs from 74% to 93%) than that expected based on gendered or racialized experience alone. Our findings highlight the heterogeneity in insurance access, HIV/STI positivity, and prevention utilization within transgender communities. We observed that a large proportion of increased HIV/STI prevalence among racial/ethnic minority transgender women was attributable to the intersection of gender and race and ethnicity. Our findings highlight the importance of trans-inclusive models of HIV/STI prevention that address multilevel barriers rooted in cissexism and structural racism.

Farming system change under different climate scenarios and its impact on food security: an analytical framework to inform adaptation policy in developing countries

Developing countries are considered extremely vulnerable to climate change, due to their socioeconomic context (high levels of poverty) and high dependence of their livelihoods on natural resources. Rural areas in these countries concentrate most of the poorest and food-insecure people in the world, with farmers being among the most vulnerable to climate change. The impacts of climate change are expected to be spatially heterogeneous. In this sense, this paper aims at exploring the direct, marginal effect of climate change on farming system choice and its implications to food security in Mozambique, using a space-for-time approach. Our results suggest that major changes are to be expected in farming system choice and their spatial distribution due to climate change, which will potentially impact the livelihoods and food security status of smallholder farmers. Farming systems including food/cash crops and/or livestock, which are among the most food secure, will tend to be replaced by other systems in all climate scenarios. Mixed farming systems (including food and livestock) and livestock-oriented systems, mostly food insecure, predominant in arid areas are expected to expand with climate change. Food security and innovation stress maps were sketched out from the modelling results, identifying priority areas for public intervention. We also highlight how our approach can be an effective and easily replicable framework to address this type of issues in other developing regions facing similar problems.