Higher Levels Of Compensation Research Articles

Contralesional macrostructural plasticity of the insular cortex in patients with glioma: A VBM study.

To assess the homotopic structural plasticity in case of unilateral damage of the insula. To detect changes in gray matter volumes of the contralesional insula from structural MRIs, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in a sample of 84 patients with a diffuse low-grade glioma invading the left insula (insL group; n = 47) or the right insula (insR group; n = 37). The region of interest-based VBM analysis highlighted a large cluster of voxels with gray matter volume increase in the contralesional insula in both patient groups (k = 2,214 voxels for insL and k = 879 voxels for insR, p < 0.05, family-wise error corrected) compared with 24 age-matched healthy controls. Gray matter volume was increased for the entire insula (t 69 = 3.63, p = 0.0016 for insL; t 59 = 3.54, p = 0.0024 for insR, Bonferroni corrected), whereas no significant changes were found in 2 control regions for both patient groups. Furthermore, an increase of 24.6% and 31.6% in the gray matter volume was observed in the insula-related VBM cluster for insL and insR patients, respectively, compared with healthy controls (t 69 = 7.39, p = 2.59 × 10-10 and t 59 = 7.51, p = 3.61 × 10-10). The reported results demonstrate that slow-growing but massive lesion infiltration of the insula induces marked increase of gray matter volume in the contralateral one. Our findings give support for a homotopic reorganization that might be a physiologic basis for the high level of functional compensation observed in patients with glioma.

Tree size as a determinant of recovery of birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) and grey alder (Alnus incana) trees after cutting and inoculation with Chondrostereum purpureum

We investigated the ability of birch (Betula pendula Roth. and B. pubescens Ehrh.) and grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) trees of different sizes to recover after cutting and artificial infection with a common decay fungus, Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. Ex Fr.) Pouzar. In birch, resistance to C. purpureum was initially highest among stumps of 13 cm diameter but by the end of the experiment almost all stumps were dead, whereas in grey alder mortality happened more slowly than in birch and was the same across the size range of stumps. After two growing seasons when almost all the original stumps were dead due to fungal infection, alder root suckers developed around small alder stumps, showing a high level of compensation compared to birch. These results indicate that birch and alder have different strategies for survival after biocontrol treatment.

The Relation between Public Managers’ Compensation and Governance

A vast literature in the field of public organizations has analyzed several factors of the compensation of government senior managers. However, the institutional factors associated with high levels of compensation of public managers are hardly known. In particular, studies about the possible relation between factors of governance and compensation of public managers are scarce. The statistical evidence here reveals that in the OECD countries, high levels of compensation for central government senior manager (standardized with GDP per capita) seem to be associated with low government effectiveness, low regulatory quality, low freedom, low rule of law and control of corruption (in short, bad governance). These results suggest insights for general reforms of governance aimed to support equitably levels of compensation of public managers and efficiency of public institutions.

Risk-Taking Incentives and Returns on R&amp;D Investment

Traditional finance theory suggests that riskier investments should yield higher returns. Challenging this notion, anecdotal and empirical evidence suggests that highly-incented managers may take on excessive risk, leading to greater losses, while other theoretical research argues that high levels of option-based compensation may actually lead to greater risk aversion, resulting in lower return investment choices. Therefore, we assess whether incentives associated with stock option compensation (“vega”), presumed to increase managers’ appetite for risk, uniformly yield higher returns on R&D investment. Our results suggest that the return on R&D, as measured by future earnings and patent awards, varies concavely with vega. That is, low to moderate levels of vega correspond to increasing returns on R&D, consistent with vega inducing more profitable investments, but marginal returns decline as vega increases. Supplemental analyses suggest that these results are driven by greater risk aversion rather than excessive risk-taking. Overall, our results imply that risk-taking incentives (i.e., vega) may prove counterproductive.

The Impact of U.S. News College Rankings on the Compensation of College and University Presidents

Widespread attention to college tuition and student loan debt has resulted in increasing scrutiny of high levels of compensation for college and university administrators. Prior research has sought to identify a “pay for performance” relationship in executive compensation, but discovered no clear link between presidential salaries and performance measures. This study proposes U.S. News & World Report college rankings as a highly meaningful performance metric and employs a fixed effects regression model to determine the relationship between college rankings and presidential salary. We find a significant relationship between rank and presidential salary at public universities, but not at private universities and liberal arts colleges, consistent with an academic capitalism model.

Physician Perception of Pay Fairness and its Association with Work Satisfaction, Intent to Leave Practice, and Personal Health.

Primary care physicians generally earn less than specialists. Studies of other occupations have identified perception of pay fairness as a predictor of work- and life-related outcomes. We evaluated whether physicians' pay fairness perceptions were associated with their work satisfaction, turnover intention, and personal health. Three thousand five hundred eighty-nine physicians were surveyed. Agreement with "my total compensation is fair" was used to assess pay fairness perceptions. Total compensation was self-reported, and we used validated measures of work satisfaction, likelihood of leaving current practice, and health status. Hierarchical logistic regressions were used to assess the associations between pay fairness perceptions and work/life-related outcomes. A total of 2263 physicians completed surveys. Fifty-seven percent believed their compensation was fair; there was no difference between physicians in internal medicine and non-primary care specialties (P= 0.58). Eighty-three percent were satisfied at work, 70% reported low likelihood of leaving their practice, and 77% rated their health as very good or excellent. Higher compensation levels were associated with greater work satisfaction and lower turnover intention, but most associations became statistically non-significant after adjusting for pay fairness perceptions. Perceived pay fairness was associated with greater work satisfaction (OR, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.94-6.08; P< 0.001), lower turnover intention (OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.01-3.01; P< 0.001), and better health (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.65; P< 0.01). Physicians who thought their pay was fair reported greater work satisfaction, lower likelihood of leaving their practice, and better overall health. Addressing pay fairness perceptions may be important for sustaining a satisfied and healthy physician workforce, which is necessary to deliver high-quality care.

Energy compensation after sprint- and high-intensity interval training.

BackgroundMany individuals lose less weight than expected in response to exercise interventions when considering the increased energy expenditure of exercise (ExEE). This is due to energy compensation in response to ExEE, which may include increases in energy intake (EI) and decreases in non-exercise physical activity (NEPA). We examined the degree of energy compensation in healthy young men and women in response to interval training.MethodsData were examined from a prior study in which 24 participants (mean age, BMI, & VO2max = 28 yrs, 27.7 kg•m-2, and 32 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) completed either 4 weeks of sprint-interval training or high-intensity interval training. Energy compensation was calculated from changes in body composition (air displacement plethysmography) and exercise energy expenditure was calculated from mean heart rate based on the heart rate-VO2 relationship. Differences between high (≥ 100%) and low (< 100%) levels of energy compensation were assessed. Linear regressions were utilized to determine associations between energy compensation and ΔVO2max, ΔEI, ΔNEPA, and Δresting metabolic rate.ResultsVery large individual differences in energy compensation were noted. In comparison to individuals with low levels of compensation, individuals with high levels of energy compensation gained fat mass, lost fat-free mass, and had lower change scores for VO2max and NEPA. Linear regression results indicated that lower levels of energy compensation were associated with increases in ΔVO2max (p < 0.001) and ΔNEPA (p < 0.001).ConclusionsConsiderable variation exists in response to short-term, low dose interval training. In agreement with prior work, increases in ΔVO2max and ΔNEPA were associated with lower energy compensation. Future studies should focus on identifying if a dose-response relationship for energy compensation exists in response to interval training, and what underlying mechanisms and participant traits contribute to the large variation between individuals.

Escaping the Iron Cage: Foreign Institutional Logics and CEO Compensation in SOEs

CEOs of state owned enterprises are expected by firm stakeholders to receive a low level of compensation. These CEOs, however, are motivated to receive a high level of compensation, since their cou...

Is There An Industry Effect in Executive Compensation? Evidence from Aerospace/Defense and Leisure/Hospitality Industry

The objective of this study is to compare the executive compensation of two industries that are diametrically opposites in terms of dependence on government: The Aerospace/Defense industry versus Leisure/Hospitality industry. The financial crisis brought the issue of the executive compensation to the attention of government. Congress has often tried to control executive compensation through mandated public disclosures of private contracts, restrictive tax policy, and direct interference with corporate governance. Recent studies show a reduction in donations to nonprofits subsequent to disclosure of high executive compensation. In the same light, since governments are the primary customers of defense industry, we suspect that the issue of high levels of executive compensation will factor into contract negotiations. The study finds a negative relationship, albeit weak, between the Aerospace/Defense industry variable and executive compensation as compared to the Leisure/Hospitality industry.

THE INTERNATIONAL LAW REGARDING SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION: EVOLUTION AND CURRENT CHALLENGES

THE INTERNATIONAL LAW REGARDING SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION: EVOLUTION AND CURRENT CHALLENGES

Technical and Human Factors Hinder Medusahead Control in Northern Utah

On the Ground • We used social-science methods to study how social, economic, technical, and institutional factors have influenced medusahead control near Paradise, Utah, over the past 25 years. In general, control efforts have struggled. Each of the four factors can assume some responsibility for this outcome. • Low and uncertain funding for both research and outreach, however, has been the major constraint overall. • Research needs more funding to identify a reliable, cost-effective control program. Outreach then will have a message that landowners are eager to hear. Effective control methods can also promote improved weed law enforcement and the stability of state funding lines in support of weed management. • Weed control, however, is also a shared responsibility. Landowners must be willing to make changes in grazing management that complement the application of new technology. “Silver bullet” technical solutions are unrealistic. • Outreach needs more funding to support weed coordinators who can effectively work with the public. Today'’s weed coordinator needs strong leadership, communication, and analytical skills. Recruiting and retaining such talent requires a commitment to higher levels of compensation than has been the norm. • Despite the high socioeconomic diversity of landowners here, many have shared values on the importance of noxious weed control and the need for community collaboration. We also discovered that only 40 of 1,329 total landowners controlled 80% of all acreage, and 37 of these had never been engaged in formal weed-control efforts. This all represents untapped outreach opportunities, while the latter also illustrates the need for a targeted stakeholder analysis at the beginning of any weed-control project. • Ultimately, research and outreach institutions must tackle funding gaps and build professional capacity to promote improved medusahead control.

Modeling and Simulation for Bifurcations of SSR in Large Wind Farms

Bifurcations of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) is applied to the induction generator (IG) based wind farms connected to series compensated lines. The developed first system of the IEEE second benchmark model of subsynchronous resonance is considered. The system studied can be mathematically modeled as a set of first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations with a compensation factor as a bifurcation parameter. Therefore, bifurcation theory can be applied to the nonlinear dynamical systems. The impress of both torsional interaction and induction generator effect are considered. Bifurcations of SSR are studied for a wide range of series compensation levels in the cases of various sizes of wind farms and various wind farm power outputs. The results show that Hopf bifurcations may occur in large wind farms based on double-cage IGs at high level of series compensation. When the size of wind farm increases, the Hopf bifurcation point initially shifts to the left at a less value of compensation then shifts to the right at a larger value of compensation with a supercritical Hopf bifurcation remains in all cases. This resulted in only quantitative changes in Hopf bifurcation for the case of variation in wind farm size. On the other hand, when the power output of a large wind farm increases the Hopf bifurcation point shifts a little to the left at a slightly less value of compensation. On the contrary, the type of Hopf bifurcation changes from subcritical to supercritical. Therefore, the impact of the variation in the wind farm size on bifurcation is only of a quantitative change, while the impact of variation in the power output is mainly a qualitative change.

English

Suicide terrorism remains a difficult action to rationally explain. Often, scholars rely on ideological or religious motivations to explain these seemingly irrational actions. While it seems clear that non-economic motives matter, it is also the case that economic compensation can incentivize suicide terrorism in ways that allow for more robust suicide terrorism campaigns. As such, we would expect that organizations that provide cash to suicide bombers will generate more attacks. In addition, the general economic environment plays into this in that poor economic conditions should increase the attractiveness of monetary compensation. To test our arguments, we conduct a series of statistical analyses looking at seven terrorist organizations that engaged in suicide terrorism from 2000 through 2008 and find that both high levels of economic compensation and poor economic conditions are correlated with a greater number of suicide terrorist attacks. Key words: Political economy, terrorism, compensation.

Exploring the Nexus of Nonprofit Financial Stability and Financial Growth

Taking a unified approach to studying nonprofit financial health, this research tackles a key question that has remained unexplored in the literature: “What lies at the intersection of the two key dimensions of financial health–financial stability and financial growth?” Specifically, we identify and compare nonprofits that exhibit high levels of financial stability and growth (high financially performing) to those that exhibit low levels (low financially performing)? Overall, we find that high financial performers (HFPs) tend to be older and larger organizations (in terms of unrestricted net assets and total revenue). HFPs are also more likely to report capital assets, and report high levels of compensation. Finally, HFPs tend to contain their overhead spending by exercising efficiency by investing in talented officers (paying more than the rest), but limiting the share of officer compensation, administrative, and fundraising expenses, as a percentage of total expenses. The results of the study should be informative to stakeholders attempting to understand the profile of an organization that is successfully able to achieve both capacity growth and financial stability.

Power Through Problem Solving: Latino Immigrants and the Inconsistencies of Economic Restructuring

ABSTRACTEmployment restructuring is a transformative process that brings about significant changes in how work is organised and experienced. Scholars who study restructuring in industries that employ large numbers of immigrant workers, including construction, food processing, or janitorial services, often point to the undermining effects of this transformation on industry wage standards, working conditions, and training supports. But often missing from these accounts is a recognition that restructuring is uneven and incomplete at best and often produces shortcomings and limitations that continue to frustrate and perplex immigrant and native‐born workers alike. Drawing on a multi‐year study of construction workers in Raleigh‐Durham, North Carolina, we find Latino immigrants are far from passive inheritors of the problems of restructuring that they and others encounter during their daily work. Rather, they respond to these challenges with innovative and lasting solutions, developing new work structures and routines that support industry skill development, knowledge sharing, and quality standards. Equally important, their native‐born supervisors and co‐workers have learned to value these solutions and ultimately have stepped in as influential allies, helping immigrant workers leverage these contributions to secure improved working conditions and higher compensation levels. These exchanges have tethered immigrant and non‐immigrant workers together and in ways that challenge standard narratives of native dominance and immigrant exploitation. The result is intensified interdependency and ultimately the creation of an enduring relational resource for promoting worker rights and also for guiding further immigrant advocacy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

ID 300 – Cortical excitability and connectivity in early RRMS using TMS-EEG

Objective Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system frequently affecting the corpus callosum, the largest interhemispheric fiber bundle, at an early stage of the disease. Here, we employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with high-density 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate cortical excitability and interhemispheric connectivity in 13 patients with early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) with mean EDSS 1 ± 1 compared to 16 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Methods TMS was applied to the left and right M1 separately. Latencies and amplitudes of TMS-evoked EEG potential (TEP) components N45, N100, P180, N280 in the stimulated and non-stimulated hemisphere were analyzed using two different approaches: a cluster-based permutation analysis and an automated extraction of maximum and minimum values. Results Compared to healthy control subjects, RRMS patients did not show any significant differences in TEP latencies or amplitudes in the stimulated or non-stimulated hemisphere, neither for left nor for right M1 stimulation (all p > 0.05). Conclusion and key message We conclude that basic excitability and connectivity measures of TMS-EEG data are unaltered in early RRMS patients, which may indicate a high level of functional compensation for structural deficits in these patients, e.g. by activation of alternate routes of TEP propagation.

A multilevel perspective on faultlines: Differentiating the effects between group- and organizational-level faultlines.

Integrating the literature on faultlines, conflict, and pay, we drew on the basic principles of multilevel theory and differentiated between group- and organizational-level faultlines to introduce a novel multilevel perspective on faultlines. Using multisource, multilevel data on 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) teams, we found that group-level faultlines were negatively associated with group performance, and that internally focused conflict exacerbated but externally focused conflict mitigated this effect. Organizational-level faultlines were negatively related to organizational performance, and were most harmful in organizations with high levels of compensation. Implications for groups and teams in the sports/entertainment and other industries are discussed.

The configurational effects of board monitoring and the institutional environment on CEO compensation: a country-level fuzzy-set analysis

This study examines the causal complexity of how the effectiveness of board monitoring influences CEO compensation around the world. Previous research drawing from the managerial power theory and ‘increased career risks’ perspective offer alternative arguments for how low and high levels of effective monitoring by boards of directors influence CEO compensation. Adopting a configurational approach using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we explore the idea that there are multiple causal paths leading to high levels of CEO compensation, such that theoretical logic from both theories may be relevant contingent upon the institutional environment in which the relationship is embedded. Our findings in a sample of 38 countries suggest that high CEO compensation is an outcome of both the presence and absence of effective board monitoring depending upon how it combines with minority investor protections and the cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism, as well as the overall stock market value. Specifically, in countries with high levels of effective board monitoring, high CEO compensation will be more likely when the country’s culture is high in uncertainty avoidance, low in power distance and when there are strong protections for minority investors. Whereas in countries with low levels of effective board monitoring, high CEO compensation will be more likely when power distance is high and uncertainty avoidance is low and when there are weak protections for minority investors. Our country-level study highlights the theoretical strengths of employing a configurational approach to explore the complex interrelationships of governance mechanisms and the contexts in which they manifest.

Relating the compensational stacking of debris-flow fans to characteristics of their underlying stratigraphy: Implications for geologic hazard assessment and mitigation

Compensational stacking is the tendency for sediment transport systems to fill topographic lows through avulsion. This article quantitatively relates, for the first time, compensational stacking patterns within debris fans to characteristics of their internal stratigraphy and discusses implications to geologic hazard assessment and mitigation. Three exceptionally well-exposed debris fans were selected in Colorado for quantitative stratigraphic analyses. In each fan, the cross-sectional stratigraphy was subdivided into discrete depositional units (debris-flow and stream-flow deposits). The bounding surfaces between the depositional units were used to analyze the compensation index (κcv) of the fans, which is a measure of their compensational or avulsion tendencies. In the measured datasets, κcv ranged from 0.63 to 1.03. Values close to 0.5 represent intermediate levels of compensation, whereas values approaching 1.0 reflect high levels of compensation. The compensational values (κcv) were statistically compared to some physical, observable characteristics of the fans including: (1) debris-flow size, (2) amount of stream-flow deposits, (3) debris-flow composition, and (4) longitudinal position on the fan. These parameters correlated, either positively or negatively, to κcv, supporting their use as proxies for assessing the degree of compensational stacking in settings where large-scale cross-sections of a fan are unavailable. Such empirical results can be used by geologists and engineers for avoidance and mitigation measures of land use on debris fans.

Reform of physicians' compensation system of public hospitals in China

Based on summarizing the international experiences and reviewing the historical evolution and current situation of the physicians' compensation system of public hospitals in China, this paper clarified the existing problems of the current compensation system. Such problems namely included lack of security on the source of the physicians' compensation, low level of sunshine salary which caused the compensatory mechanism, lack of scientific design of the salary structure and allocation, as well as other underlying causes. Drawing lessons from reform practices at home and abroad, the basic principles and reform directions were put forward, as well as 4 route selections, namely establishing an security investment system to guarantee a stable and higher level salary under the current compensation system, implementing a high level of flip-type annual compensation with locking the current salary into files, establishing an appropriate compensation system referring to an innovated evaluation system of physicians in public hospitals, and coordinating closely with public institution reforms to promote physicians' compensation system reform. Key words: Public hospital; Physicians' compensation; Institution analysis