High Calcium Intake Research Articles

Vitamin D status of school children in and around Guwahati

Context:Peripubertal and adolescent children are vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency as this is the period of rapid skeletal growth.Aims:This study was done to assess the vitamin D status in school children between the age of 8–14 years attending the government schools in rural and urban areas of Assam in Northeast India.Settings and Design:This was a cross-sectional observational study.Materials and Methods:About 500 students (350 from rural and 150 from urban areas) were recruited in the study. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin-D [25(OH)D], parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were measured in fasting state. Daily nutrition intake and sunlight exposure were assessed.Statistical Analysis:Student's t-test and Pearson correlation test were done to assess the association between different variables. P value <0.05 was considered significant.Results:The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 8.4% and vitamin D insufficiency was 14.2%. There was no significant difference of mean 25(OH)D levels and sun exposure between rural and urban children. Out of 42 children with vitamin D deficiency, 36 (85.7%) had sun exposure <20% and 41 (97.6%) had calcium intake < 1000 mg/day. The rural children had a higher calcium intake as compared to urban children (P = 0.005). There was a significant positive correlation of mean 25(OH)D levels with serum calcium, sun exposure and calcium intake.Conclusion:The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in peripubertal and adolescent age group children in and around Guwahati city of Assam is comparatively lower than that in other parts of the country.

Gender-specific Effect of Micronutrient on Non-erosive Reflux Disease and Erosive Esophagitis.

Background/AimsThe effect of dietary micronutrients on non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and reflux esophagitis is unclear. We aim to evaluate the gender-specific effect of micronutrient on erosive esophagitis and NERD.MethodsA total of 11 690 participants underwent endoscopy and completed 3-day recordings for dietary intake and questionnaires for reflux symptoms from 2004 to 2008. To evaluate the effect of dietary micronutrients on NERD or erosive esophagitis, adjusted regression analysis with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was used. In addition, we performed gender-specific analysis.ResultsPrevalence of NERD and erosive esophagitis was 6.8% and 11.2% in men and 9.1% and 2.4% in women. In adjusted analysis, high intake of vitamin A (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64–0.96), retinol (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59–0.90), vitamin B2 (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54–0.87), vitamin B6 (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58–0.96), folic acid (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62–0.96), calcium (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53–0.82), and iron (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53–0.87) had an inverse association with NERD. However, erosive esophagitis has no relationship with micronutrients except vitamin C (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.62–0.98). High dietary intake of calcium reduced the risk of NERD in men and high dietary intake of many micronutrients reduced NERD in women.ConclusionsWhile many dietary micronutrients reduced NERD, they had no effect on erosive esophagitis. The effect of micronutrient on NERD was more prominent in women than men.

Association between dietary sodium, calcium, saturated fat and blood pressure in obese Egyptian adolescents

BackgroundOverweight/obesity, high dietary fat, sodium and low calcium intake are recognized as risk factors for primary hypertension in obese adults, children and adolescents. AimThe aim of this work was to assess the association between some dietary factors (fat, sodium, calcium) and blood pressure (BP) among obese Egyptian adolescents. Subjects and methodsSeventy-seven adolescents shared in this study. Their height and weight were reported. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood pressure was measured; the mean values were corrected for age and sex in the form of centile. Dietary interview consisting of 24 h recall was performed. Fasting blood glucose and serum lipid profile were determined. ResultsData revealed that, the percent of the prehypertensive was 42.86% and 38.80%, for boys and girls, no hypertensive cases were recorded. The mean values of their weight, DBP, and the serum lipid parameters were high compared to their controls; significant differences were found between the daily intake of calories, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber and cholesterol at p ≤ 0.05. The mean values of the daily intake of the vitamins and minerals were low in all groups compared to the RDAs, except sodium intake which was high in the prehypertensive boys and normal and prehypertensive girls. ConclusionThis study showed a high incidence of pre-hypertension among obese Egyptian adolescents, which is associated with high intake of sodium, saturated fat and cholesterol, along with low intake of calcium.

To assess the role of VIT. D3 in proximal femur Fracture in elderly patients

Background: The purpose of the present study was to assess the role of vitamin D3 in proximal femur fracture in elderly patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 120 elderly patient presenting with lower limb fracture who were evaluated clinically and radiologically. Serum vitamin D3 level assessment done in all patient. Results: In my study, I have studied 120 patients of aged more than 60 years, presented to our hospital with lower limb trauma, 62.5% had proximal femoral fractures and 38.5% had other fractures of lower limb. Out of those patients 43% patients were male and 57% were female, which comes to 1:1.3 of male to female ratio. Previous history of fall is very common factor associated with proximal femoral fractures, in my study history of fall was associated with 42% of patients. Distribution of fractures was equal 1: 1 in patients not having history of fall. Proximal femoral fractures was four times more common in patients with previous history of fall, recurrent fall is due to proximal muscle weakness, imbalance, poor eye sight, loss of protective mechanism. In my study 43% of patients have serum d3 level 30 ng/dl. Grading of the osteoporosis with singh index was noted in my study 60% of patients have singh osteoporotic index 3 or less than 3, and most of them had proximal femoral fractures. Patients having fractures of lower limb other than proximal femur have singh osteoporotic index 4 or more than 4.in patients of proximal femoral fractures most of them have singh osteoporotic index 3 or less than 3 and also most of them have serum vitamin d3 level 750 mg per day. same type of finding was found by feskanschi et al. in patients taking high dietary calcium and vitamin d3 intake have less chance of hip fractures.

High calcium intake in men not women is associated with all-cause mortality risk: Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.

The association of dietary calcium with mortality is controversial. A study of women from the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC) suggested higher calcium was associated with higher mortality risk, whilst a study of Australian adults from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) suggested higher intakes were associated with lower mortality risk. Thus, we aimed to perform a sex-specific re-analysis of the MCCS to evaluate the association of dietary calcium with mortality outcomes and directly compare hazard estimates (95% confidence intervals) in women with those from the SMC. A prospective cohort study of community-dwelling Australian adults was conducted, in which 34,627 individuals (women 20,834 (60.2%); mean ± SD, age = 54 ± 8years) were included at baseline after excluding those with prevalent cardiovascular (CV) disease, cancer or incomplete data. Energy-adjusted dietary calcium was categorised into the following levels of consumption (mg/day): < 600, 600-999, 1000-1399 and ≥ 1400. Mortality from all-causes, any cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction was determined. Mortality hazards relative to intakes were estimated to be of 600-999mg/day. In women, hazard estimates for calcium intake of ≥ 1400mg/day did not reach significance for all-cause (HR = 0.85; 0.66, 1.10) or CV (HR = 1.10; 0.69, 1.81) mortality in adjusted models. In men, intakes of ≥ 1400mg/day were associated with a 42% increased all-cause mortality risk (HR = 1.42; 1.02, 1.99). There was a trend toward increased CV mortality (HR = 1.83; 0.94, 3.55). Contrary to findings from a similar study conducted in Swedish women, Australian women, after adjustment for cofounders showed no increase in mortality risk with high calcium intakes possibly reflecting differences in calcium handling dynamics, diet or lifestyle factors between the two countries. We identified an increased risk for men.

Activation of calcium-sensing receptor by allosteric agonists cinacalcet and AC-265347 abolishes the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced Ca2+ transport: Evidence that explains how the intestine prevents excessive Ca2+ absorption

Long-term high-calcium intake and intestinal calcium hyperabsorption are hazardous to the body. It is hypothesized that enterocytes possess mechanisms for preventing superfluous calcium absorption, including secretion of negative regulators of calcium absorption and utilization of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) to detect luminal calcium. Herein, Caco-2 monolayers were treated with high doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 to induce calcium hyperabsorption or directly exposed to high apical calcium. The expression of counterregulatory factor of calcium absorption, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, was also investigated in the intestine of lactating rats, which physiologically exhibit calcium hyperabsorption. We found that FGF-23 expression was enhanced in all intestinal segments of lactating rats. In Caco-2 monolayers, high apical calcium and 1,25(OH)2D3 induced FGF-23 secretion into culture media. FGF-23 antagonized 1,25(OH)2D3-induced calcium transport and led to a significant, but small, change in paracellular permeability. Furthermore, high-dose 1,25(OH)2D3 upregulated FGF-23 expression, which was prevented by CaSR inhibitors. Activation of apical CaSR by cinacalcet and AC-265347 abolished 1,25(OH)2D3-induced calcium transport in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the intestinal FGF-23 expression was upregulated in conditions with calcium hyperabsorption, presumably to help protect against excessive calcium absorption, while CaSR probably monitored calcium in the lumen and induced FGF-23 production for preventing superfluous calcium uptake.

The Association of Calcium Intake with Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures and QCT Bone Mineral Density in a Large Chinese Cohort

Background Calcium is widely recognized as an effective intervention for the prevention of osteoporosis. However, some recent studies and meta-analyses indicate that calcium supplements may be ineffective to prevent fracture. The association of dietary calcium intake with vertebral fracture and spinal volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in low calcium intake population is unknown. Methods China Action on Spine and Hip Status (CASH) study is a multi-center, community-based cohort study of 3,457 participants from 12 centers across China from March 2013 and August 2017. We documented their baseline dietary calcium intake using validated food frequency questionnaires with a median of 10 years before the spine CT screening of CASH study. Vertebral fracture of CT images was defined as the primary outcome and the main measures included volumetric bone mineral density at participants' median of 10 years visit and dietary calcium intake at baseline. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for the associations of vertebral fracture with dietary calcium from ordinal logistic regression models (if outcome defined as three categories) or dichotomous logistic regression models (when mild, moderate, or severe fracture were combined and defined as prevalent fracture and no fracture as reference group). Because only 14.5% reached Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (CDRI) calcium target of ≥800 mg/day, we selected 500, 600, 700, 800 mg/day of calcium intake from food as cutpoints for modeling, respectively. Findings Of the 3457 CASH participants, 3273 (94.7%) were used for analysis including 2052 women (mean [SD] age, 52.1 [9.0] years) and 1221 men (53.3 [9.1] years). Total vertebral fracture prevalence was 16.5% (n=551). The mean daily calcium intake from the FFQ was calculated as 517.0±266.4 mg. 8% reduction of fracture risk was observed per 100 unit increase of calcium intake from food among females (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.97), but results among males were not significant (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.92-1.04). No interaction was detected between vBMD and calcium intake from food (P>0.05). When high calcium intake groups had enough sample sizes (i.e. calcium ≥500 or ≥600 mg/day), negative assciations of fracture risk with calcium intake were found among females (≥500 vs. <500 mg/day: OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.47-0.80; ≥600 vs. <600 mg/day: OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44-0.79), but this trend as not shown when cutpoints of calcium intake were set as 700 or higher. The same regressions were performed for male participants, but no siginificance was found. A positive correlation of calcium intake and vBMD was observed for females (P=0.01), but there was a non-significant negative trend for males (P=0.16). Interpretation Higher dietary calcium intake was associated with lower vertebral fracture among healthy women with low calcium intake. Further, higher calcium intake in women was related to a modestly greater volumetric spine BMD. Among men, more data are required and our results could not provide evidence to support a possible overall benefit of a higher calcium intake in reducing the risk of vertebral fractures. Funding: The foundation from the capital health research and development of special (no. 2014-2-1122), Beijing Bureau of Health 215 Program (No. 2009-2-03), the Ministry of Science and Technology of the China (Grants 2012BAI10B02). This work was also sponsored by the China government grants from CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical 19 Sciences (CIFMS, 2016-I2M-2-004) and Construction of Basic Information Technology Support System and Platform for National Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: The protocol and informed consent for the CASH study were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital (approval number No. 201210-01; No. 201512-02).

Abstract 693: Calcium intake and risk of colorectal cancer according to tumor-infiltrating T cells: Results from two large U.S. prospective cohorts

Abstract Background: The relationship between calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk remains inconclusive. Calcium may enhance T-cell proliferation and differentiation, and contribute to T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Investigating the calcium and colorectal cancer association according to tumor immunity status may provide additional insights into the role of calcium in colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods: We thus investigated whether the association between calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk differs by tumor subtypes according to the density of tumor-infiltrating CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD45RO (PTPRC)+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells. A total of 88,509 U.S. female registered nurses from the Nurses' Health Study and 47,740 U.S. male professionals from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study were included in the analysis. Total calcium intake from food and supplemental sources was collected at baseline and every 4 years using validated food frequency questionnaires. The densities of tumor-infiltrating T-cell subsets (CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO+, or FOXP3+ cell) was assessed using immunohistochemical and computer-assisted image analysis. Results: We identified 736 incident colorectal adenocarcinoma cases during follow-up with available data on T-cell infiltration in tumor tissue. Compared to calcium intake of &amp;lt;600 mg/day, total calcium intake of ≥1200 mg/day was associated with multivariable hazard ratio of 0.55 (95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.84) for CD8+ Tcell-low tumors and of 1.02 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-1.55) for CD8+ T cell-high tumors. Similarly, the corresponding HRs for low vs. high T-cell tumors were 0.63 (0.42 to 0.94; ptrend=0.01) and 0.89 (0.58 to 1.35; ptrend=0.20) for CD3+; 0.58 (0.39 to 0.87; ptrend=0.006) and 1.04 (0.69 to1.58; ptrend=0.54) for CD45RO+; and 0.56 (0.36 to 0.85; ptrend=0.006) and 1.10 (0.72 to 1.67; ptrend=0.47) for FOXP3+. We note that the difference by these subtypes was not statistically significant (all p values for heterogeneity&amp;gt;0.01, with the adjusted α of 0.01 by Bonferroni correction). Additionally, these differential associations appeared to persist regardless of sex, source of calcium intake, tumor location, and tumor microsatellite instability status (MSI). Conclusions: Higher calcium intake appears to be primarily associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer containing low densities of T cells, but not with cancers containing high densities of T cells. This finding supports a possible role of calcium in cancer immunoprevention via modulation of T-cell function. Citation Format: Wanshui Yang, Li Liu, NaNa Keum, Zhi Rong Qian, Jonathan A. Nowak, Tsuyoshi Hamada, Mingyang Song, Yin Cao, Katsuhiko Nosho, Stephanie A. Smith-Warner, Shui Zhang, Yohei Masugi, Kimmie Ng, Keisuke Kosumi, Yanan Ma, Wendy S. Garrett, Molin Wang, Hongmei Nan, Marios Giannakis, Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt, Andrew T. Chan, Charles S. Fuchs, Reiko Nishihara, Kana Wu, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Xuehong Zhang. Calcium intake and risk of colorectal cancer according to tumor-infiltrating T cells: Results from two large U.S. prospective cohorts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 693.

Beverage consumption patterns among 4\u201319 y old children in 2009\u201314 NHANES show that the milk and 100% juice pattern is associated with better diets

BackgroundPatterns of beverage consumption among children and adolescents can be indicative of food choices and total diet quality.MethodsAnalyses of beverage consumption patterns among 8119 children aged 4–19 y were based on the first 24-h recall of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009–14 NHANES). Four pre-defined beverage patterns were: 1) milk pattern; 2) 100% juice pattern; 3) milk and 100% juice pattern; and 4) other caloric beverages. Food- and nutrient-based diet quality measures included the Healthy Eating Index 2010.ResultsMost children drank other caloric beverages, as opposed to milk (17.8%), 100% juice (5.6%), or milk and 100% juice (13.5%). Drinkers of milk and 100% juice had diets that did not differ from each other in total calories, total and added sugars, fiber, or vitamin E. Milk drinkers consumed more dairy and had higher intakes of calcium, potassium, vitamin A and vitamin D as compared to all other patterns. Juice drinkers consumed more total fruit, same amounts of whole fruit, and had higher intakes of vitamin C as compared to the other consumption patterns. Drinkers of both milk and 100% juice had the highest HEI 2010 scores of all the consumption patterns.ConclusionsBeverage consumption patterns built around milk and/or 100% juice were relatively uncommon. Promoting the drinking of milk and 100% juice, in preference to other caloric beverages, may be an effective strategy to improve children’s diet quality. Restricting milk and 100% juice consumption may encourage the selection of other caloric beverages.

Low calcium intakes among Australian adolescents and young adults are associated with higher consumption of discretionary foods and beverages.

Calcium is an essential nutrient required for peak bone mass growth during adolescence and into young adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine the calcium intake of Australian adolescents and young adults from both food sources and supplements; and the relationship between calcium intake and intake of food groups. Dietary data from 770 adolescents (14-18 y of age) and 774 young adults (19-25 y of age) from the 2011 to 12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were used. Analysis of covariances were conducted to identify associations between calcium intake and consumption of food groups. For adolescents, 83% of males and 95% of females did not meet the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR); whereas for young adults, 69% of males and 83% of females failed to meet the EAR. Food sources contributing to calcium intake were similar across age groups and sex. The largest contributors included regular milk (15-24%), cheese (10-12%), refined low-fiber bread (10%), and low-fat milk (7-9%). For both age groups, the lowest consumers of calcium were the poorest consumers of dairy products and the highest consumers of discretionary food choices and alcoholic beverages. A higher consumption of calcium was associated with a higher intake of dairy products and lower intakes of meat and alternatives and all discretionary choices. Calcium intake among Australian adolescents and young adults remains below recommendations, particularly in females. A higher intake of calcium was associated with a better dietary pattern. Further investment in interventions is indicated.

Metabolic syndrome and calcium: the effects on body composition and biochemical parameters among premenopausal women

Aims: The objective of this study is to investigate the association of the dietary calcium intake with the risk of metabolic syndrome among the premenopausal women. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted between August and December 2015. One hundred and forty-six premenopausal women, from 19 to 52 years old, participated in the study. The diet section of this study was based on the 3-day self-reported nutrient intake of the recipients. All participants agreed to participate and be submitted to clinical, dietary, anthropometric and biochemical evaluations at the Endocrinology Department at Baskent University Hospital in Ankara. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs comparing different dietary intake levels of calcium. Results: Participants in ‘the group without metabolic syndrome’ exhibited significantly higher BMI, waist circumferences, body fat and visceral fat (p<0.001) when they were compared with the group with metabolic syndrome. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride level were higher in the group with metabolic syndrome than the group without metabolic syndrome (p<0.001). Compared to women without metabolic syndrome, women with metabolic syndrome had lower serum calcium level and dietary calcium intake (p<0.001). In multiple logistic regression analysis, serum calcium level within normal range was positively associated with the risk of having metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 2.59, 95% confidence interval 0.59-1.51). Conclusions: This study suggests that high dietary calcium intake and high serum calcium level are associated with a decreased risk of metabolic syndrome among Turkish premenopausal women. These findings may lead to an effective approach to the reduction of the risk of metabolic syndrome by means of dietary therapy and especially by means of the consumption of dairy products.

What dietary recommendations can be made to patients to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis?

EVIDENCE-BASED ANSWER Increasing fluid intake, reducing soft drink consumption, and maintaining normal to high calcium intake (1,200 mg/d) in the setting of low-protein and low-salt diets will decrease the recurrence of calcium-based nephrolithiasis (SOR: B, meta-analysis of lower quality RCTs). Patients with oxalate stones and high urinary oxalate should limit oxalate intake and maintain normal calcium intake, whereas patients with low urinary citrate should increase consumption of fruits and vegetables and decrease animal protein in their diet. Patients with high urinary uric acid should limit animal protein consumption (SOR: C, expert opinion).

Total Calcium (Dietary and Supplementary) Intake and Prostate Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background:Controversial results have been reported concerning the influence of calcium intake on prostate cancer risk. The aim of this study was to determine any association between total calcium (in the diet and in supplements) intake and prostate cancer.Materials and Methods:The present systematic review and meta-analysis study was carried out following a PRISMA guidelines. Two reviewers independently using MeSH keywords searched international databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, EBSCO and search engines such as Google Scholar. The searches were performed without any time limit until May 2016. The results were pooled using a random effects model and homogeneity was confirmed using the Q test and I2 index. Subgroup analyses was performed according to continents and study designs. The data were analyzed using STATA software version 3.2, with p<0.05 considered significant.Result:Overall, 12 studies with a total sample size of 905,046 were entered into the final meta-analysis. The main age range of the participants was 50 to 70 years. The relative risks (RR) for total calcium with total prostate cancer, localized prostate cancer, and advance prostate cancer were estimated to be 1.15 (95% CI: 1.04-3.46), 1.05 (95% CI: 0.96-1.14), and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.89-1.50), respectively. Only the relationship between total calcium and total prostate cancer was significant (P<0.05).Conclusions:High calcium intake can be considered as a risk factor for total prostate cancer. Therefore, calcium intake might be a target for prevention.

Chemopreventive Effects of Edible Canna (Canna edulis Kerr.) Against Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Effects on Expression of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Inflammatory Model

Objective:Dietary high fibre and calcium intake has been suggested to reduce colorectal cancer risk. However, there is limited information available regarding the potential of edible canna (Ganyong), with high dietary fibre and calcium content, to act as a preventive agent for colorectal cancer. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the preventive effect of Ganyong in reducing colorectal carcinogenesis with attention to effects on adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.Methods:Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 equal groups; a normal control group without azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulphate (AOM/DSS) induction and Ganyong, a ‘cancer’ control group with AOM/DSS induction only, and three treatment groups with AOM/DSS induction and different percentages (5%, 10% and 20%) of Ganyong. Paraffin-embedded sections of rat colon tissue were analysed by haematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining against antibodies against APC and iNOS. Variation in rates of APC and iNOS expression were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn’s test (SPSS statistic version 24). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:AOM/DSS induction increased the expression of APC (p=0.013) and iNOS (p=0.013) compared to the normal control group. APC expression in the treated groups was lower than in the ‘cancer’ control group (p=0.049), especially in the 10% Ganyong group (p=0.02). In contrast, there was no significant variation among the treated groups regarding iNOS expression. Histopathological features of the colon supported the data for APC and iNOS expression.Conclusion:This study indicated potential chemopreventive effects of Ganyong reducing expression of factors contributing to colorectal carcinogenesis.

Dietary supplement use among cancer survivors and the general population: a nation-wide cross-sectional study

BackgroundUse of dietary supplements among cancer survivors is common and controversial, but information on the amount of nutrients from supplements among cancer survivors is limited. We examined the amount of nutrients and their contribution to total nutrient intake from supplements and compared these data between cancer survivors and cancer-free individuals. We also identified factors associated with supplement use among cancer survivors.MethodsWe identified 400 cancer survivors and 10,387 cancer-free individuals, aged ≥ 19 years, from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V-1, 2 (2010, 2011). We calculated the amount of nutrients consumed from foods and supplements, the percent contributions of supplement nutrients to total nutrient intakes and cancer survivors’ nutrient intakes relative to the Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). We examined factors associated with supplement use among cancer survivors.ResultsWe found that 33.3% of cancer survivors and 22.1% of cancer-free individuals reported the use of dietary supplements. Compared to cancer-free individuals, cancer survivors had higher intakes of riboflavin, folate, and iron from foods (p < 0.05 for each), and higher intakes of calcium (p = 0.05) and vitamin C (p = 0.01) from foods and supplements. The similar pattern was observed for the percent contributions to total nutrient intake. Cancer survivors had higher proportion of participants below EARs than cancer-free individuals for thiamin and niacin (p < 0.05 for each). The proportions of cancer survivors below the EARs were 61.2% for calcium, 49.1% for riboflavin, and 43.5% for folate and the proportions of cancer survivors above the ULs were 3.3% for iron, and 2.3% for vitamin A. For female cancer survivors, education above an elementary school level, moderate physical activity, low vegetable intake, and high circulating vitamin D levels were associated with supplement use. For male cancer survivors, living in an urban area, no consumption of alcohol, and lower energy intake, were associated with supplement use.ConclusionsKorean cancer survivors have higher rate of dietary supplement use and higher contribution from supplements to total nutrient intake than cancer-free individuals. Demographic and lifestyle factors were associated with supplement use among cancer survivors.

El Cáncer en datos: ¿Se aplican las medidas de prevención para el Cáncer Colorrectal?

Introduction: Cancer is a global problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in men, after lung cancer, and is the second most common cancer in women after breast cancer. It is also the second leading cause of death in men and women separately, and is the second most common cause of cancer death if both genders are considered together. CRC accounts for approximately 10% of cancer deaths. Modifiable risk factors for CRC include smoking, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, processed meat consumption, and excessive alcohol consumption. CRC screening programs are possible in economically developed countries. However, attention should be paid in the future to geographically populated areas and western lifestyles.Objective: To evaluate the effect on the incidence and mortality of diet and lifestyle of CRC and to determine the effect of secondary prevention through the early diagnosis of CRC.Methodology: An exhaustive search of Medline and Pubmed articles related to primary and secondary prevention of CRC is carried out and a meta-analysis of the same blocks is carried out.Results: 301 items related to primary or secondary prevention of CRC were recovered. Of these, 177 were considered valid in the meta-analysis: 12 in epidemiology, 56 in diet and lifestyle, and over 77 different projections for the early detection of CRC. Cancer is a global problem as it will affect one in three men and one in four women during their lifetime. There is no question of which environmental factors, probably diet, may explain these cancer rates. Excessive consumption of alcohol and high cholesterol diet are associated with a high risk of colon cancer. A diet low in folic acid and vitamin B6 is also associated with an increased risk of developing colon cancer with overexpression of p53. Eating pulses at least three times a week reduces the risk of developing colon cancer by 33% after eating less meat, while eating brown rice at least once a week reduces the risk of CRC by 40%. These associations suggest a dose-response effect. Frequently eating cooked vegetables, nuts, nuts, legumes and brown rice has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal polyps. High calcium intake provides a protective effect against distal colon and rectum tumors compared to the proximal colon. Increased intake of dairy and calcium reduces the risk of colon cancer. Regularly taking aspirin (ASA) after being diagnosed with colon cancer is associated with less risk of dying from this cancer, especially among people who have COX-2 overexpressing tumors. However, these data do not contradict the data obtained on a possible genetic predisposition, even in sporadic or non-hereditary CRC. CRC is susceptible to detection because it is a serious health problem due to its high incidence and high associated morbidity / mortality.Conclusions: (1) Cancer is a global problem. (2) A modification of diet and lifestyle could reduce morbidity and mortality. (3) Early detection through screening improves prognosis and reduces mortality.

HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ZAT BESI DAN INHIBITORNYA SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR KADAR HEMOGLOBIN IBU HAMIL DI KABUPATEN MUARA ENIM

The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women is still high (69,7%). Low iron intake and high intake of iron inhibitors may have a role to the anemia prevalence in pregnant women. However, the contibution of iron inhibitors on anemia prevalence is still unknown. Objective : The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between intakes of iron inhibitors and hemoglobin level of pregnant women. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Muara Enim regency. Subjects of this study were 244 pregnant women with 20-28th weeks of gestation. Iron and iron-inhibitor intake were collected by trained interviewers using food frequency questionnaires. Socioeconomic data were also collected using structured questionnaires. Hemoglobin concentration of pregnant women was measured by using cyamet henoglobin method at the start of the study. Data analysis was done using STATA sofware. Result: About thirty seven present (37,29%) of pregnant women in this population were anemic. In multiple linear regression models, intake of iron, calcium and tannin were significantly associated with hemoglobin concentration ( p&lt; 0,05). Every 1 mg of iron intake was associated with 0,052 gr/dl increase in Hemoglobin concentration. On the other hand, every 1 mg of calcium intake and every 1 gr of tannin intake were associated with 0,00687 gr/dl and 0,123 gr/dl decrease in hemoglobin concentration. Pregnant women with a high iron intake have a higher hemoglobin concentration. In contrast, pregnant women with a high intake of tannin and calcium have a lower hemoglobin concentration.

Calcium intake and risk of colorectal cancer according to expression status of calcium-sensing receptor (CASR)

ObjectiveAlthough evidence suggests an inverse association between calcium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer, the mechanisms remain unclear. The calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is expressed abundantly in normal colonic epithelium...

Abstract 5313: Associations of calcium and dairy product intakes with colorectal cancer risk among older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study

Abstract Calcium has been consistently modestly associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer, which remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men and women combined in the United States. Dairy products, a major source of dietary calcium, have also been consistently inversely associated with colorectal cancer, although inconsistencies in relation to high-fat dairy products have been noted. Limited evidence suggests that dairy products may contain components other than calcium and fat, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), that may be independently directly associated with risk of colorectal and other cancers. Data from the Iowa Women’s Health Study, a prospective cohort study, were used to investigate associations of calcium, dairy products, and the non-calcium component of dairy products with colorectal cancer incidence. Dietary data were collected using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) mailed to 55 – 69 year-old women in 1986 who had a valid Iowa driver’s license. Among participants with no history of cancer at baseline and who satisfactorily completed their FFQ (n=35,221), through follow up in 2012, 1,731 incident cases of colorectal cancer were documented via the Iowa SEER registry. To investigate total dairy and total, whole, and non-fat milks independent of their calcium components, we used the residuals from linear regression models of their associations with dietary calcium. Associations of the calcium and dairy product variables with colorectal cancer incidence were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. For those in the highest relative to those in the lowest quintiles of intakes, the adjusted hazards ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 0.81 (CI 0.67-0.98; P-trend 0.004) for total calcium, 0.85 (CI 0.68-1.03; P-trend 0.07) for dietary calcium, and 0.85 (CI 0.68-1.06; P-trend 0.16) for supplemental calcium. For total dairy and total milk, the corresponding findings were 0.79 (CI 0.66-0.94; P-trend 0.01) and 0.82 (CI 0.69-0.96; P-trend 0.09), respectively. Low-fat dairy products, non-fat milk, and residuals of total dairy products and total and non-fat milk were not associated with colorectal cancer. These results are consistent with previous findings of lower colorectal cancer risk with higher intakes of calcium and dairy products, but provide little support for the hypothesis that the non-calcium, non-fat component of dairy products may be associated with colorectal cancer. Citation Format: Caroline Um, Anna Prizment, DeAnn Lazovich, Roberd M. Bostick. Associations of calcium and dairy product intakes with colorectal cancer risk among older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5313. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5313

Dietary calcium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and fracture in a population with low calcium intake

Background: The role of dietary calcium intake in cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and fracture is controversial. Most previous reports have evaluated populations with high calcium intake.Objective: We aimed to evaluate whether high dietary calcium intake was associated with the risk of CVD, stroke, and fracture in a population with low calcium intake.Design: In a prospective cohort study beginning in 2001 in Ansung-Ansan, Korea, 2158 men and 2153 women aged >50 y were evaluated for all-cause mortality, CVD, stroke, and fractures over a median 9-y follow-up.Results: During follow-up, 242 and 100 deaths, 149 and 150 CVD events, 58 and 82 stroke events, and 211 and 292 incident fractures occurred in men and women, respectively. The first quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake were 249 mg/d (IQR: 169 mg/d) in men and 209 mg/d (IQR: 161 mg/d) in women. Both men and women with higher dietary calcium intake tended to have higher fat, protein, sodium, phosphorus, fruit, and vegetable intakes. In men, outcomes were not significantly associated with dietary calcium intake with or without adjustments, and CVD risk tended to increase with increasing energy-adjusted dietary calcium intake, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.078 and P = 0.093 with and without adjustment, respectively). In women, CVD risk and dietary calcium intake showed a U-shaped association; the HRs (95% CIs) without adjustment relative to the first quartile were 0.71 (0.47, 1.07), 0.57 (0.36, 0.88), and 0.52 (0.33, 0.83) for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and the values after adjustment were 0.70 (0.45, 1.07), 0.51 (0.31, 0.81), and 0.49 (0.29, 0.83) for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively.Conclusion: In Korean women, increased dietary calcium intake was associated with a decreased CVD risk, but it did not influence the risk of stroke or fracture.