High Frequency Structure Simulator Research Articles

Design and Performance Analysis of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication at 2.4 GHz

This paper presents the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) intended for operation at 2.4 GHz frequency, predominantly used in wireless communication. The proposed MPA, designed on an FR4-Epoxy substrate using a microstrip line feeding approach, was simulated using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The primary metrics evaluated included return loss, gain, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and half-power beamwidth. The findings revealed an impressive return loss of -25dB and a moderate gain of 1.48 dB at the target frequency. The VSWR value was approximately 1, indicating efficient power transmission with minimal reflections. Furthermore, the antenna exhibited a broad half-power beamwidth of 79 degrees, suggesting its potential for applications requiring extensive signal coverage. This research provides insights into MPA design principles and serves as a foundation for future advancements in wireless communication antenna systems.

Wearable Portable Flexible Antenna Covering 4G, 5G, WLAN, GPS Applications

This paper presents a multiband planar antenna with a third-order toroidal coupling structure that has potential applications in mobile communications. The antenna is fed using a coplanar waveguide structure. The radiating body model of the antenna is obtained by scaling and nesting twice in equal proportions based on a first-order toroid. The above patch was printed on a 42 × 55 × 0.1 mm3 polyimide flexible dielectric substrate. This article explores the effect of bending in different directions on the antenna performance and explores the effect of coupling with the human body on the antenna S11. The antenna was simulated using a high-frequency structure simulator and measured in an electromagnetic microwave darkroom. The simulation results of the antenna match well with the measured results, and the maximum gain of its band coverage is 4.39 dBi. The antenna can cover the frequency bands of TD-LTE (B-TrunC) (1.447–1.467 GHz), LTE42/43 (3.4–3.8 GHz), WiMAX (3.3–3.8 GHz), 5G band n78 (3.4–3.8 GHz), WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz), 5G (5.725–5.825 GHz), and other commercial bands.

Improving the Performance of Patch Antenna by Applying Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques for 5G Applications

In this study, various Rectangular Microstrip Antenna (RMA) designs operating at 28 GHz frequency for 5G-communication system are performed. All designs are generated and analyzed using a 3D electromagnetic simulation program, ANSYS HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator). Single and array type RMA designs are constructed by using non-contact inset-fed feeding technique. Subsequently, the bandwidth of RMAs is increased by slotting on the ground surface, and adding a parasitic element to the antenna structure. Because of these analyses, for single type RMA, the bandwidth increases from 2.09 GHz to 3.45 GHz. Moreover, for 1 × 2 and 1 × 4 array type RMAs, very wide bandwidths of 7.53 GHz and 4.53 GHz, respectively, are obtained by applying bandwidth enhancement techniques. The success of the study has been demonstrated by comparing outputs of the designs with the some similar, experimental or simulation studies published in the literature.

Energy-Efficient Long-Range Sectored Antenna for Directional Sensor Network Applications

The popularity of Directional Sensor Network (DSN) is increasing due to their improved transmission range, spectral reusability, interference mitigation, and energy efficiency. In this paper, the radio module of the DSN is implemented using an eight-sector antenna array. Two types of sectored antennas, namely the Rectangular Patch Sectored Antenna (RPSA) and the Triangular Patch Sectored Antenna (TPSA), are proposed to operate at frequency of 2.4 GHz ISM band. The RPSA has a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 45° and a peak gain of 5.2 dBi, while the TPSA has an HPBW of 48° and a peak gain of 4.16 dBi. The design and performance evaluation of RPSA and TPSA in terms of gain, reflection characteristics (|S11|), and HPBW are conducted using Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). To demonstrate the concept, the fabricated sectored antennas are connected to MicaZ Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes using an indigenously designed Single Pole 8 Throw (SP8T) Radio Frequency (RF) switchboard. The performance of the DSNs based on RPSA and TPSA is evaluated using the Cooja simulator and a testbed consisting of MicaZ nodes. The results show that RPSA outperforms TPSA and omnidirectional-based WSNs in terms of power consumption, received signal strength, and packet delivery ratio.

Modified photodiode equivalent circuit model considering coplanar waveguide electrodes

Accurate equivalent circuit models can assist in better analyzing the performance of photodetectors. This study proposes a modified photodiode (PD) equivalent circuit model that considers coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrodes. First, the CPW electrodes of the PD are analyzed using high-frequency structure simulation software and advanced design simulation software. Skin effect occurs inside the electrode at high frequencies, increasing the PD loss and reducing the bandwidth. Subsequently, the extraction formula for the proposed model is derived, and the proposed model is compared with two conventional CPW electrode models. The proposed model effectively eliminates the frequency-dependency issue in the parameter extraction process of previous models, thereby demonstrating its accuracy. Furthermore, simulation and experimental results validate the reliability of the proposed model. Among the entire frequency band, the proposed model has good stability and a low error rate and can achieve excellent fitting with the measured results. Compared with previous studies, the average error rate is reduced by over 10%, demonstrating a significant improvement. Finally, the influence of the skin effect and high-impedance transmission lines on PD performance is analyzed and a viable approach to improve the bandwidth of PDs is proposed. The proposed model provides a viable approach to model and optimize CPW structures and is significant for the design of high-performance PDs.

SRR inspired modified psi shaped perfect metamaterial absorber for C-band application

In this research article, a compact and simple design of polarization insensitive perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) is offered. The design is optimized to target the two mid frequencies of C-band for satellite communication. This novel design is a congress of two modified psi shaped resonators which are surrounded by a split ring resonator (SRR) and an octagonal split ring resonator (OSRR). Dielectric material FR-4 of loss tangent 0.025 and thermal conductivity 0.3 WK-1m−1 is used as substrate whereas the copper (annealed) of thermal conductivity 401 WK-1m−1 and electrical conductivity 5.8 × 107 Sm−1 is used for back copper plate and resonators. This is a compact unit cell of electrical dimension 0.268λ × 0.268λ with 1.6 mm thickness of dielectric substrate and 0.035 mm thickness of bottom copper sheet. The proposed PMA is simulated within the microwave frequency range 5 GHz to 10 GHz with commercially available FIT based high-performance3D EM analyserCST microwave studio suite. The simulation result yields two resonance peaks at 6.15 GHz and 7.36 GHz with fantastic absorption rate 99.99% and 99.40%, respectively. The presented PMA shows polarization insensitivity up to 45° and oblique wide angle incidence up to 75°. Moreover, the simulated outcome is validated by some trusted validation processes; for example- equivalent LC circuit by advanced design software (ADS) and FEM based high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). A very negligible amount of deviation of resonance frequencies are observed in ADS and HFSS results compared to CST simulated result. Different types of array combinations are also simulated to test the stability of the result and to check the coupling effect. This C-band PMA is recurrently deployed in satellite communication band, defense, security, and stealth coating equipment.

An ultrawideband Koch fractal patch antenna

PurposeCompact and wideband antennas are the need of modern wireless systems that preferably work with compact, low-profile and easy-to-install devices that provide a wider coverage of operating frequencies. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel compact and ultrawideband (UWB) microstrip patch antenna intended for high frequency wireless applications.Design/methodology/approachA square microstrip patch antenna was initially modeled on finite element method-based electromagnetic simulation tool high frequency structure simulator. It was then loaded with a rectangular slit and Koch snowflake-shaped fractal notches for bandwidth enhancement. The fabricated prototype was tested by using vector network analyzer from Agilent Technologies, N5247A, Santa Clara, California, United States (US).FindingsThe designed Koch fractal patch antenna is highly compact with dimensions of 10 × 10 mm only and possesses UWB characteristics with multiple resonances in the operating band. The −10 dB measured impedance bandwidth was observed to be approximately 13.65 GHz in the frequency range (23.20–36.85 GHz).Originality/valueOwing to its simple and compact structure, positive and substantial gain values, high radiation efficiency and stable radiation patterns throughout the frequency band of interest, the proposed antenna is a suitable candidate for high frequency wireless applications in the K (18–27 GHz) and Ka (26.5–40 GHz) microwave bands.

A micro-scaled graphene-based wideband (0.57–1.02 THz) patch antenna for terahertz applications

A compact microstrip antenna for terahertz applications is proposed and its characteristic parameters are analyzed by utilizing several conducting and dielectric materials. The proposed terahertz antenna consists of a modified E-shaped patch and slot loaded T-shaped ground plane. The proposed THz antenna structure is designed on a 45 µm thick Rogers RT/Duroid 6010™ substrate with grapheme as a conducting material. The performance parameters are analyzed using High Frequency Structure Simulator and the optimized dimension of the antenna is 130 × 100 µm2. The graphene based designed antenna exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 450 GHz from 0.57 to 1.02THz with a fractional impedance bandwidth (FBW) of 56.60%. The designed E-shaped antenna shows significant improvements in its FBW and bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) due to the incorporation of rectangular slot in the T-shaped ground plane. The suggested antenna offers maximum reflection coefficient (S11) of −19.49 dB, adequate VSWR (<2) over operating band, peak gain of 3.47dBi, peak radiation efficiency of 92% and bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 1206.05. Furthermore, effects of different dielectric materials (Rogers RT/Duroid 6010, Polyamide, Sio2, Arlon CE 1000) and conducting materials (copper, silver, graphene and gold) on the performance of the proposed antenna are investigated and discussed. The suggested THz antenna is suitable for ultra – speed short distance communication, medical, imaging and sensing applications in THz region.

Compact four elements SUB-6 GHz MIMO antenna for 5G applications

This work proposes a four elements sub-6 GHz multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna to operate within a frequency range of 1.6–4.4 GHz to serve 5G new radio (NR) n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz) and n78 (3.3–3.80 GHz) bands. The antenna elements are orthogonally placed to increase isolation. Defected ground structure and parasitic elements are used to reduce mutual coupling. The suggested antenna has been designed over FR-4 substrate on high frequency structure simulator software. The overall size of the antenna is 40 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm. The dimension of each element is 16.2 mm × 14.3 mm × 1.6 mm. An “EH” slot into the radiating element and protruded stubs are incorporated to improve bandwidth and impedance matching. The overall characteristics of the antenna is found to be better than some of the recently reported works making it a potential candidate for MIMO applications.

A Wideband Highly Efficient Omnidirectional Compact Antenna for WiMAX/Lower 5G Communications

Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is widely used for different wireless communications such as WiMAX and fifth generation (5G). In this paper, a wideband, highly efficient, omnidirectional, compact novel patch antenna has been designed and reported for WiMAX/lower 5G communications. The proposed compact MPA is made on Rogers RT 5880 ( ɛ r = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.0009 ). The physical volume of the MPA is compact ( 32 × 32 × 0.79 mm3). The MPA consists of seven small square-shaped elements that are diagonally connected with each other. The 7-element antenna works at 3.592 GHz with a suitable reflection coefficient of -46.78 dB and a -10 dB bandwidth (BW) of 1.40 GHz, covering 3.10-4.50 GHz. The apex gain ( G ) and the directivity ( D ) of the designed prototype are 3.90 dB and 4.20 dBi, respectively. The antenna maintains a high efficiency of 94-98% over the 3.10-4.50 GHz operating range. The VSWR of the antenna is close to unity, which is 1.0092 at 3.592 GHz. Initially, CST is used to design the antenna, and then, all the properties have been buttressed by using high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Finally, a prototype of the compact 7-element antenna has been developed and measured. Owing to getting good results for the intended applications, the presented compact antenna can be a reliable candidate for WiMAX (3.4-3.6 GHz) and lower 5G (3.3-4.2 GHz).

A Study of Dielectric Effects on Resonance Frequency of a Spit Ring Shaped Inclusion

Resonator designs are central to the development of subwavelength unit structures of metasurfaces to create exotic and unique electromagnetic properties by modifying the host structure to tune impinging electromagnetic waves. The act of intentional control of propagating electromagnetic fields are actively being explored in wireless radio environment control for sixth generation (6G) and beyond. In this paper, we study the effect of dielectric properties on electric field distribution and resonance frequency of a circular split ring resonator (SRR). The subwavelength resonator structure is modelled and simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software. Rogers RO3003 and RO3210 were used at different thickness to study the field distribution and its effect on resonance frequency of the SSR. The results show a decrease in resonance frequency of 38.41% from RO3002 (lower relative permeability of 3) to RO3210 (higher relative permeability of 10.2). With change in Rogers RO3210 thickness from 1mm to 1.525mm, the resonance frequency has changed from 5.5GHz to 5.2313 GHz. This indicates that the material composition of the substrate and the physical dimension of the SRR unit cell affects the resonance frequency of the structure.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp

An X-shaped triple split ring resonator-based metamaterial perfect absorber with quad-band incident and polarization angle insensitivity for C, X, and Ku band applications

In this study, an X-shaped triple split ring resonator-based metamaterial perfect absorber with quad-band incident and polarization angle insensitivity for C, X, and Ku band applications has been proposed. The metamaterial perfect absorber consists of a prearrangement with metallic patch, metal ground plane and a middle Rogers RT5870 dielectric substrate with 1.575 mm thickness. The numerical methods implemented using finite integration technology (FIT) demonstrate that the metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) exhibits an absorption capacity exceeding 99% in all frequency bands, precisely matching the impedance of free space. These frequency bands are located at 4.37 GHz, 7.08 GHz, 9.38 GHz, and 10.65 GHz with the absorption levels of approximately 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.9%, and 99.9% respectively for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Additionally, the MPA demonstrates quality factors of 21.92, 7.2, 13.42, and 15 for both modes. The investigation of the electromagnetic (EM) field with surface current distribution has provided information about the mechanism of such quad-band absorbance. The numerical analysis reveals that the metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) can achieve remarkable absorbance outcomes across a wide range of incident angles, up to 800s, while also being insensitive to polarization up to 300 for both modes. A comparable circuit analysis demonstrates the superior performance of the MPA, indicating its potential for excellent functionality within the advanced design system (ADS) software. Furthermore, the suggested structures, modelled using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), closely align with the maximum absorbance observed at each resonance peak in the computer simulator technology (CST) simulator results. The proposed MPA possesses high-performance characteristics that enable its application in various domains such as satellite communications, raw satellite feeds, and radar systems.

Impact of Feed Point Position on Patch Antenna’s Return Loss and Bandwidth for UWB Applications

The demand for compact, lightweight, and high-performance antennas has increased in recent times in the communication industry. Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) becomes a better choice to effectively fulfill these requirements. In this study, hybrid techniques of partial ground plane, slotted patch, and defective ground structure are employed in MPA design to reduce the return loss, good impedance matching, and increased the bandwidth, gain, and efficiency of the antenna. This research demonstrates the impact of altering the feed point position, a crucial phenomenon of antenna design, on the patch antenna and determines the proper feed point location by comparing a minimum return loss (S11) which achieves the highest performance for the designed antenna. High-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software is used to design and simulate the patch antenna. The operating frequency of the antenna is 6.85 GHz for UWB applications (3.1–10.6 GHz). A FR4 epoxy substrate material with dimensions of 30 mm × 20 mm is used to design the antenna. It has a dielectric constant of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm and a tangent loss of 0.02. Multiple resonant frequencies are observed with different return losses for each feed location. The analysis shows that the finest feeding point is found at the center of the patch (9, 0) with a very low return loss (-28.35 dB), and a high impedance bandwidth (19.7 GHz). The antenna also achieved a gain of 4.46 dB, a directivity of 4.6904 dB, and a radiation efficiency of 95.90%. Hence, the location of the feed point can be considered as an influential factor in the antenna design.

A modified sierpinski carpet antenna structure for multiband wireless applications

Multiband patch antenna has a very important part in the communication devices and systems. The benefits in designing and testing of Sierpinski carpet geometries for a low profile, cost effective multiband microstrip patch antenna for wireless standards is reviewed in this paper. The basic structure of the patch antenna is designed using the FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.3 mm. The designed patch antenna structure is excited using the microstrip feed system. The Sierpinski carpet antenna structure is designed and simulated using High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) software. The available Sierpinski carpet antenna structure in the literature is modified to make the preferred radiation patterns. The effects of the iterations of the modified Sierpinski carpet antenna structure over the generated return loss plots are discussed in this work. Based on the generated multiband behavior in the simulated results, the accomplishment of the designed antenna in the wireless domain was analyzed.

Observation of magnetodielectric effects in Nd0.5Dy0.5FeO3 thin film and its utilization in microstripline based resonator circuit

Nd0.5Dy0.5FeO3 epitaxial thin film grown on LaAlO3 (001) substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique shows a significant magnetodielectric effect. At 100 K, a variation of around 13% in relative permittivity is observed at frequencies higher than 2 MHz in the presence of 5 T. This variation in relative permittivity (ε΄) increases to about 50% at 2 K. To utilize the observed magnetodielectric effect, we have designed the microstripline based resonator circuit using High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Simulations are performed for the two values of the real part of permittivity (in the absence and presence of an external magnetic field) to observe the magnetic field tunability of the resonance frequency. A shift of 27% is observed in the resonant frequency of the microstripline based resonator on Nd0.5Dy0.5FeO3 epitaxial thin film.

Polyimide-based Flexible Antenna for Telemedicine and Wireless Applications

Background: The era of flexible antennas started long ago because they are cost-effective while offering several advantages, such as good flexibility, stretchability, and compactness. Although several synthetic and natural polymers with good flexibility are available, the first flexible antenna is designed with polyimide materials (polymers), often known as engineering plastics. Objective: To fabricate a compact antenna with a higher gain than other existing ones and the bending loss of the proposed antenna is lower than other existing ones, this study proposes an ideal antenna. Methods: A polyimide (PI)-based flexible antenna with a defected ground structure is proposed for telemedicine and wireless applications, and we implement this antenna using microstrip feeding. The proposed antenna consists of a polyimide substrate with a thickness of 0.1 mm, a relative permittivity of 3.15, a loss factor of 0.0013, and a compact overall size of 25 x 32 x 0.1 mm3. Results: The proposed antenna operates on three frequencies, including 2.4 GHz (ISM or telemedicine application), 5.5 GHz (WiMAX band), and 7.5 GHz (wireless radio band). The proposed antenna produces impedance bandwidths of 10.16%, 14.54%, and 5.33% at frequencies of 2.4 GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 7.5 GHz, with gains of 4.9 dB, 5.1 dB, and 5 dB. Conclusion: The proposed antenna is simulated using Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. A good agreement is found between the measured and simulated results.

Modeling and Validation of Total Ionizing Dose Effect on the TSVs in RF Microsystem.

Radio frequency (RF) systems utilizing through-silicon vias (TSVs) have been widely used in the aerospace and nuclear industry, which means that studying the total ionizing dose (TID) effect on TSV structures has become necessary. To investigate the TID effect on TSV structures, a 1D TSV capacitance model was established in COMSOL Multiphysics (COMSOL), and the impact of irradiation was simulated. Then, three types of TSV components were designed, and an irradiation experiment based on them was conducted, to validate the simulation results. After irradiation, the S21 degraded for 0.2 dB, 0.6 dB, and 0.8 dB, at the irradiation dose of 30 krad (Si), 90 krad (Si), 150 krad (Si), respectively. The variation trend was consistent with the simulation in the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), and the effect of irradiation on the TSV component was nonlinear. With the increase in the irradiation dose, the S21 of TSV components deteriorated, while the variation of S21 decreased. The simulation and irradiation experiment validated a relatively accurate method for assessing the RF systems' performance under an irradiation environment, and the TID effect on structures similar to TSVs in RF systems, such as through-silicon capacitors.

Design of a compact patch antenna with bandwidth and efficiency improvement for UWB applications

The demand of small, lightweight and high effectiveness antennas has increased significantly with the development of communication technologies. Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are one of the most widely used types of antenna that can satisfy these requirements. MPAs have numerous benefits, including tiny size and weight, ease of fabrication, and inexpensive. In addition to these advantages, MPAs also have some drawbacks such as limited bandwidth and low efficiency. In this paper, a compact rectangular patch microstrip antenna employing hybrid technique (HT) is designed to enhance the bandwidth and efficiency and its performance is compared with that of a conventional antenna. The HT is formed by combining a slotted patch with a defected partial ground structure. A low-cost FR-4_epoxy substrate material with a dielectric constant of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm and a loss tangent of 0.02 is used to make both antennas designed. The antennas are designed, analyzed and simulated at the operating frequency of 6.85 GHz for ultra-wideband (UWB) (3.1-10.6GHz) applications using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 30 mm × 20 mm × 0.8 mm. A 50 Ω microstrip feedline is used to excite the patch. The outcomes of the simulation reveal that the suggested and conventional antennas achieved a bandwidth of 19.7 GHz and 2.53 GHz with an efficiency of 95.779% and 92.296% respectively. The recommended antenna has boosted in bandwidth and efficiency by 17.17 GHz (137.24%) and 3.483% respectively as compared to the traditional antenna.

Modelling and analysis of contactless sensor for TSV fault based on resonant inductive coupling

In order to solve the problems of inefficient detection, high cost, and high damage rate of existing Through Silicon Via (TSV) contact detection, contactless testing techniques are urgently needed to eliminate the many problems associated with contact. In this paper, a contactless antenna utilizing resonant inductive coupling is presented. This coupling method, as compared to the conventional capacitive coupling technique allows faults detect from longer distances. The results of 3D full wave simulations in the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and Advanced Design System (ADS) show that various faults, such as voids and pinholes, can be detected when the distance between the TSV and the antenna remains about 10 μm. Defective TSVs cause changes in the operating current and voltage pulses at the detection antenna. Simultaneously, changes in the field distribution around the TSVs are used to explain the changes in current and voltage pulses. Furthermore, the effects of antenna parallel movement were also investigated.

Microwave polarization conversion and reflection loss mechanism of complementary-modeled Rossler-based chaotic metamaterial

The complementary-modeled Rossler chaotic metamaterial (CRCM) with FR-4 dielectric layer is proposed to design metamaterial absorber with multi-resonance peaks. Under “master-slave” boundary condition in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, the electric field between adjacent boundaries presents phase difference which can simulate an infinite array. The research results show that the CRCM demonstrates multi-resonant peaks from 4 GHz to 10 GHz, and the area of metal patterned-layer can obviously regulate the resonant peaks. The CRCM presents a linear polarization conversion peak around 5.80 GHz, its polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is near 100%. The PCR is also larger than 80% from 5.56 GHz to 5.95 GHz. Through the surface current density distribution and the comparison between the CRCM and complementary-modeled double ring metamaterial (CDRM), the main factors generating polarization conversion are the asymmetry of metal pattern layer and magnetic resonance caused by reverse current. The CRCM also has two strong absorption peaks located at 6.31 and 9.37 GHz, respectively. Dielectric loss and ohmic loss are the main microwave loss mechanisms proved by volume and surface power loss density distribution. The resonant frequencies derived from [Formula: see text] resonant circuit are well consistent with the simulation data and measurement results.