High Fat Ration Research Articles

Effect of dam's diet on PCB accumulation in nursing Osborne Mendel pups.

Upon parturition, dams were fed high fat or high carbohydrate diets to which 1, 10, and 30 ppm of Aroclor 1254 were added to study the effect of diet on fat and PCB accumulation in nursing pups. The percentage of body fat in the carcasses of 0, 8, and 16 day old pups ranged from 2.2 to 18.2% and from 1.2 to 12.0% for animals suckled by dams fed high fat and high carbohydrate rations, respectively. Accumulation of Aroclor 1254 expressed as ppm wet weight or as total PCB's per pup was similar for animals nursed by dams fed either the high fat or high carbohydrate ration, but pups from dams fed a high carbohydrate ration also had significantly less body fat. Therefore, transfer of PCBs via the milk appears to be more a function of the amounts of PCB's consumed by the dam than the diet's ability to increase the percentage of body fat in the pups.

Effects of diet, age, strain and anatomical site on fat depot triglyceride and fatty acid content in rats.

OM rats fed a high fat ration were heavier, fatter and had fat depots which weighed at least three times as much as those fed a low fat (grain) ration. S rats fed a high fat ration showed slight increase in fat depot weights and no increase in body weight or fat when compared to rats of the same strain fed grain. For both strains of rats fed either diet for 4, 10 or 20 wk following weaning, there was a lower percentage of TG in the inguinal depot than in the epididymal or perirenal-retroperitoneal fat depots. There was a tendency for rats fed a high fat ration to have a higher percentage of TG in adipose tissues than rats fed grain, but the differences were not significant as long as age, anatomical site and strain were constant. Strain and age had no significant effect on the percentage of TG in fat depots. The fatty acid composition of the fat depots was effected by ration, but not by age, strain or anatomical site of the fat depot.

High Fat Rations for Ruminants. II. Effects of Fat Added to Corn Plant Material Prior to Ensiling on Digestibility and Voluntary Intake of the Silage

High Fat Rations for Ruminants. II. Effects of Fat Added to Corn Plant Material Prior to Ensiling on Digestibility and Voluntary Intake of the Silage

Conversion of Dietary to Body Energy in Rats as Affected by Strain, Sex and Ration

Weanling male Osborne-Mendel (OM) rats fed, for 10 weeks, a nutritionally complete ration containing 60% (w/w) of a vegetable shortening deposited 285 ± 20 kcal in their carcasses for every 1000 kcal consumed. Littermates fed a grain ration containing 3% fat deposited 129 ± 7 kcal in their bodies for every 1000 kcal consumed during the 10-week period. Extending the feeding period an additional 10 weeks to 20 weeks reduced the percentage of dietary energy retained in the carcass. This reduction was slightly greater for the grain-fed than for the high fat-fed OM rats. Male weanling rats of the S 5B/Pl strain in the first 10 weeks of the study deposited 100 ± 15 and 128 ± 14 kcal in their bodies for each 1000 kcal consumed from the grain and high fat rations, respectively. Regardless of the type of ration fed, food energy unaccounted for in carcass retention was similar for rats of the same sex, age and strain. For each ration. OM rats ate one-third again as much as S 5B/Pl rats. Female rats deposited only 70% as much dietary energy in their carcasses as did males. This percentage differential between males and females existed for both strains of rats fed either ration and for both the 10- and 20-week periods. Female rats of both strains converted two-thirds as much dietary protein to carcass protein as did the males.

High fat rations for ruminants. I. The addition of saturated and unsaturated fats to high roughage and high concentrate rations.

High fat rations for ruminants. I. The addition of saturated and unsaturated fats to high roughage and high concentrate rations.

The effects of dietary soybean oil on milk-fat composition in the cow.

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of starch in a low-fat concentrate mixture by 8% soybean oil on the yield and composition of milk fat were investigated in a feeding experiment with 6 cows in mid lactation. Two high-fat concentrate mixtures were given to the cows. In one the requisite amount of soybean oil was given by including 50% coarsely ground soybeans in the concentrate mixture. In the other an equal amount of soybean oil was added directly to the concentrate mixture. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied 5·5kg hay and 2·7kg of sugar-beet pulp/day.When the 2 high-fat rations were given to the cows there were reductions in the percentages and yields of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids and increases in the concentrations and yields of 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 fatty acids in the milk fat. The direct addition of the soybean oil to the diet also reduced the percentage and yield of 6:0 and 8:0 whilst the inclusion of the soybeans increased the percentage of 4:0 and the yields of 4: 0 and 6:0 in the milk fat.When both high-fat rations were given to the cows there were increases in the yields and concentrations of as-9–18:1 in the milk fat, whilst inclusion of the soybean oil in the diet increased also the concentration and yield oftrans-11–18:1.The implications of these findings are discussed.

Dietary Obesity in Rats: Body Weight and Body Fat Accretion in Seven Strains of Rats

Ten male and 10 female rats from each of seven strains were fed a grain ration for 10 or 20 weeks from weaning. Body weight and body fat of these rats were compared with those of 20 rats of the same age and sex fed a ration containing 60% hydrogenated fat. Also, five male and five female rats of the same seven strains were killed at weaning. Mean weanling weights and the percentage of body fat for the seven strains of rats were similar. Mean weights of five male rats fed grain for 20 weeks ranged from 304 g for S 5B/Pl rats to 445 g for Osborne-Mendel rats; for five female rats, mean weights ranged from 163 g for S 5B/Pl to 301 g for Osborne-Mendel rats. Male rats fed the high fat ration ranged in weight from 346 g for S 5B/Pl to 693 g for Osborne-Mendel males. Females fed the high fat ration ranged in weight from 170 g for S 5B/Pl to 452 g for Osborne-Mendel rats. After 20 weeks of experiment (at 23 weeks of age), carcasses of both male and female rats fed grain contained from 10 (S 5B/Pl) to 16% fat (Sprague-Dawley). Rats fed high fat ranged from 14 (S 5B/Pl) to 40% (Osborne-Mendel) body fat. For rats of the same sex and age, body weight was influenced nearly equally by genetics (strain differences) and ration, but the percentage of body fat was influenced largely by the ration (74% of variation due to ration difference).

Influence of body weight, age, diet and sex on fat depots in rats.

AbstractWeanling male and female littermate Osborne Mendel rats were randomly separated into two groups. The control group was fed a grain ration. The second group was fed a high fat ration which ultimately produced obesity. Male and female rats were killed at weaning (body weight, 50–60 gm). Thereafter rats from both diet groups were killed after an initial weight gain of about 100 gm and subsequent gains of about 150 gm. The inguinal, forelimb (axillary), interscapular perirenal, genital, xiphoid, and mesenteric and omental fat depots were removed, weighed, and weights recorded. Fat depots usually increased in weight more rapidly than overall body weight. This was typical of younger rats from both diet groups, but more pronounced in rats fed the high fat ration. The perirenal depots increased in weight more rapidly than body weight throughout the 450+ days of the study. In both sexes and diet groups, from weaning through sexual maturity, the weight of the genital fat depots increased proportionately more rapidly than body weight. Thereafter, the weight gain more nearly paralleled the body weight gain. In both diet groups, with the exception of the interscapular depot, the subcutaneous depots increased rapidly in weight during the first 100 days of life. The weight gain of these depots maintained a close relationship to body weight gain after 100 days of age. The interscapular depot in obese females increased at a very rapid rate as the animals approached 900 gm of body weight.

Growth hormone effect on the role of fat in nitrogen metabolism.

Nitrogen balance of mice was affected adversely when they received protein and a carbohydrate-fat mixture at different times of day. Administration of growth hormone overcame this adverse effect, although in the dosage employed the hormone had no measurable effect when protein and carbohydrate-fat were administered simultaneously. In other experiments we showed that fat feeding reduced the loss of nitrogen. Administration of fat and growth hormone (in a dose which by itself was ineffective) reduced the nitrogen loss to minimal levels. In animals which had previously become adapted to high-fat rations, fat showed a large nitrogen-sparing action which could not be further enhanced by growth-hormone treatment. The data suggest that one function of growth hormone is to speed adaptation to efficient fat utilization which is reflected in nitrogen retention.

Effect of Feeding Milk Replacers with Varying Amounts of Fat for Hothouse Lamb Production

Three trials were conducted investigating the effects of feeding milk replacers to lambs. Trial I compared the growth of lambs nursing ewes with lambs fed a milk replacer. The lambs fed the milk replacer grew at the rate of 0.49 lb. per day, while those naturally nursed grew at the rate of 0.52 lb. per day over the 10-week experimental period. Trial II compared the performance of groups of lambs fed a reconstituted skimmilk ration, one group receiving an additional 20% fat in the ration. The lambs in the fat-supplemented lot grew faster, survived better, and had more desirable hothouse lamb carcasses than the lambs receiving the low-fat basal ration. Trial III compared the performance of two groups of lambs fed milk replacers containing 12% and 31% fat, respectively. The lambs receiving the high-fat ration grew faster, were more efficient in feed conversion, and produced higher grading hothouse lamb carcasses.

Influence of Feed upon the Composition of Milk. II. Low versus High Fat Rations

Summary Based on a 12-wk. mild weather switch-back feeding trial involving two groups of three Holstein and two Jersey cows each, this information was obtained. The per cent S.N.F. and the per cent lactose in milk from Holstein cows fed a high fat ration with 6% Marcol B-75 (Ration M) were significantly lower than when fed a control ration (Ration B) which contained 63% more crude fiber and no added fat. No significant differences in composition of milk were observed with the Jersey cows when on Rations M and B. The per cent fat was significantly higher in milk produced by Holsteins fed a high fat ration with 6% stabilized prime tallow (Ration T) than when fed Ration B. However, the per cent S.N.F. and S.N.F.-lactose were significantly higher on Ration B than on Ration T with this breed. With the Jersey, the only significant difference was a higher per cent fat in milk with Ration T than with Ration B. Holsteins fed on Ration M produced 75 and 70% of all milk samples below Texas minimum requirements for 3.25% fat and 8% S.N.F., respectively. With Ration B the values were 39 and 43%, and with Ration T, 9 and 61% for fat and S.N.F., respectively. Based on a 13-wk. mild weather continuous feeding trial involving two groups of five Holstein and five Jersey cows each, the following information was obtained. The per cent fat, S.N.F., and S.N.F.-lactose in milk of Holsteins fed a high fat ration with 6% stabilized prime tallow (Ration T) were significantly lower than for the control group fed the regular herd ration (Ration H) without added fat. However, this was true only for Period II (7th to 13th wk. of trial). With the Jersey group the per cent of the alcohol-soluble portion of milk fat was significantly higher with Ration T than with Ration H in Period I (1st to 7th wk. of trial).

EFFECTS OF HIGH FIBRE, AND PELLETED AND NON-PELLETED HIGH FIBRE-HIGH FAT RATIONS ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BACON PIGS

A study involving 96 individually-fed growing-finishing pigs was conducted to determine the effects of high fibre, and pelleted and non-pelleted high fibre-high fat rations, on the performance and carcass characteristics of bacon type pigs.Rate of liveweight gain, and gains adjusted to equal feed intakes, decreased when the fibre level was increased by substituting ground mixed timothy-red clover hay for part of the barley in the control rations. Rate of gain increased in the finishing period with the introduction of 5 per cent of stabilized tallow into the high fibre rations.Pelleting the high fibre-high fat rations had little effect on the performance of the pigs in the growing period, while rate of gain increased in the finishing period as a result of the pelleting process. This increase in rate of gain was associated with increased feed intake.High fibre rations resulted in lower dressing percentage and loin fat thickness, and increased Advanced Registry belly and total scores. The addition of 5 per cent of stabilized tallow to the high fibre rations resulted in increased shoulder and loin fat thickness. Pelleting of the high fibre-high fat rations had no significant effect on carcass measurements, although the pigs fed pelleted rations consumed more feed per day and made more rapid gains in the finishing period than those fed the same rations non-pelleted.

Hypercholesteremia and atherosclerosis induced in rabbits by purified high fat rations devoid of cholesterol.

SummaryRabbits fed cholesterol-supplemented purified diets containing 20% of hydrogenated shortening or safflower oil showed lower plasma cholesterol levels on safflower oil diets, but only negligible differences between oils with respect to aortic atheroma production. Similar studies with cholesterol-free diets showed that rabbits on hydrogenated coconut oil are much more prone to hypercholesteremia than rabbits on safflower oil diets. In these latter studies aortic atheromatous lesions developed in all rabbits in 16 weeks on 20% of saturated fat as contrasted to negligible lesion production on 20% safflower oil.

Effect of Feeding Stabilized Beef Tallow on Milk Production and Composition

Summary Stabilized beef tallow was fed to lactating dairy cows and its effect on blood serum lipids concentration, milk production, and milk composition was observed. The concentration of blood serum lipids was significantly increased by feeding a concentrate mixture with 7% added beef tallow. Animals on the high-fat ration produced significantly more milk than those on the control ration. There were only minor differences in the composition of the milk produced by animals on the two rations.

Use of Stabilized Tallow in Swine Rations

Three trials with 104 pigs have been run to test their response to rations containing 5 and 10% stabilized Tenderers tallow and 10% stabilized lard. In one trial oxytetracycline supplement was tested at a level of 20 gm. per ton of ration. Tallow supplementation increased weight gain in all cases (10% tallow significant at the 1% level of significance and 5% tallow at the 5% level of significance). Feeding of 10% lard was without significant effect on weight gain. Backfat thickness was increased significantly on the high-fat rations but by no more than would be expected because of greater body weight. Results of feed consumption were variable, but there were no consistent indications of lowered consumption on the high-fat rations. Feed utilization was poor on the tallow rations in trial 1 where tallow had no replacement value. Feed utilization was increased in trials 2 and 3 by tallow and lard feeding but by no more than the difference in calculated total digestible nutrient content due to increased fat content. In one trial oxytetracycline supplement was without effect. A taste panel test in one trial was unable to distinguish between tallow-fed pork and controls and failed to detect off-flavor in tallow-fed pork.

LIFE SPAN OF MICE FED A HIGH FAT DIET AT VARIOUS AGES

The effect of a high fat diet on life span depends on strain and sex of the animal tested and is specifically due to the fat content, and not to the high caloric value, of the diet. In male mice of strain C57BL, feeding of a high fat diet from the ages of 1, 6, or 12 months on through life shortened the life span. If the high fat diet was given for a limited period of time, the effect on life span depended on the age at which these mice were placed on the high fat ration.

LIFE SPAN OF MICE FED A HIGH FAT DIET AT VARIOUS AGES

The effect of a high fat diet on life span depends on strain and sex of the animal tested and is specifically due to the fat content, and not to the high caloric value, of the diet. In male mice of strain C57BL, feeding of a high fat diet from the ages of 1, 6, or 12 months on through life shortened the life span. If the high fat diet was given for a limited period of time, the effect on life span depended on the age at which these mice were placed on the high fat ration.

TISSUE GLYCOGEN AND GLUCOSE ABSORPTION IN RATS ADAPTED TO COLD

Fasted rats previously fed a high fat ration and adapted to cold maintain their liver glycogen as efficiently as their controls kept at room temperature. On a high carbohydrate diet, fasting liver glycogen is markedly higher in the cold adapted animals. Glucose absorption rate on the high fat regime is nearly 70% higher following adaptation to cold.

TISSUE GLYCOGEN AND GLUCOSE ABSORPTION IN RATS ADAPTED TO COLD

Fasted rats previously fed a high fat ration and adapted to cold maintain their liver glycogen as efficiently as their controls kept at room temperature. On a high carbohydrate diet, fasting liver glycogen is markedly higher in the cold adapted animals. Glucose absorption rate on the high fat regime is nearly 70% higher following adaptation to cold.

The Choline Replacement Value of Ethanolamine in Chickens Kept on a High Fat Ration

PREVIOUS studies (Kummerow et al., 1948 and Hite et al., 1949) have indicated that the skin fat of turkeys which had been fed either ethanolamine or choline was more stable than the fat from unsupplemented birds. Ethanolamine, therefore, seemed to be functional in the metabolism of fat in poultry although it has been reported to be nonfunctional in growth and the prevention of perosis. Jukes (1941) found that ethanolamine could not replace choline when fed to chicks which were kept on a purified ration. On the other hand, McGinnis, Norris and Heuser (1944) found betaine and methoinine prevented perosis on a simplified ration, but not on a purified ration similar to the one used by Jukes.In the present study the choline replacement value of ethanolamine was tested with chickens kept on a ration which contained 25 percent linseed oil. The latter was added to the ration, as Sharpless (1940) .