High Fat Ration Research Articles

Blood-Glucose Levels of Rats Given High-Fat Diets after Administration of Neem Leaf Ethanolic Extract

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is a medicinal plant that contains antioxidants, antihyperlipidemia, and has antidiabetic activity. This research aimed to examine the effect of neem leaf ethanolic extract on blood glucose levels of white rats given high-fat rations. The male white rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) with two months of age were used. The treatment of test animals consisted of six treatment groups and four replications, namely: the control group (P0); given high fat rations + duck egg yolk 2.5 ml/200gBW (P1); given high-fat rations + 8 mg/200gBW simvastatin (P2); and P1+ the dose of neem leaf ethanolic extract of 75; 100; and 125 mg/200gBW (P3; P4; and P5). Blood-glucose levels were analyzed by colorimetric enzymatic method using Roche Diagnostics Cobas C reagents kits. Blood-glucose level was determined using Roche / Hitachi cobas c systems automatically. Homogeneous and normally distributed data of blood-glucose levels, body weight and feed consumption were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test with a significance level of 5% using SPSS 16.0 software. The results indicated that giving the neem leaf ethanolic extract of could reduce the blood glucose levels. In this study, it was concluded that the neem leaf ethanolic extract of could potentially be used as an alternative to cure diabetes mellitus.

The lipid profile of rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) induced by high fat ration after exposed to ethanolic neem (Azadirazchta indica) leaf extract

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of neem leaf ethanol extract as an herbal antihyperlipidemia agent on white rats induced by high fat ration. The white rat used was male Wistar strain with 2 months of age and average body weight of approximately 200 grams. The rats were divided into 6 groups of 4, namely: Negative control (P0) was given commercial ration, positive control (P1) was given high fat ration and duck egg yolk per oral 2.5 ml / g BW, P2 was given high fat ration and duck egg yolk per oral 2.5 ml / 200 g BW + 8 mg / g BW simvastatin in 1 ml of distilled water, P3 was given high-fat ration and duck egg yolk orally 2.5 ml / 200 g BW + 75 mg / g BW ethanol extract of neem leaf in 1 ml of distilled water, P4 was given high fat ration and duck egg yolk per oral 2.5 ml / 200 g BW + 100 mg / g BW ethanol extract of neem leaf in 1 ml of distilled water, and P5 was given high fat ration and duck egg yolk per oral 2.5 ml / 200 g BW + 125 mg / g BW ethanol extract of neem leaf in 1 ml of distilled water. The variables observed were total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and TG levels. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with 95% confidence level using SPSS 10.0 software. The results showed that administration of the ethanol extract of neem leaf (A. indica) can raise levels of HDL, lowering levels of LDL cholesterol and TG in blood serum of white rats (Rattus norvegicus L.).

MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF GREEN TEA ON OBESE RATS

The current study was conducted on 70 male albino rats for elucidation the role of different green tea either local (E) or imported (C) and capsulated like green tea (CAP) as well as two common active principle Epigallocatechin gallate (EPI) and polyphenols (POL) on high fat ration (HFR) fed rats. The results showed that EPI and POL were showing a significant improvement in lipid profile and anti-oxidant status of rats. Meanwhile, EPI and CAP groups revealed the highest improvement in kidney function, while the Egyptian, Chinese green tea leaves and POL groups showed a significant enhancement in hepato-billiary system. All the studied groups revealed a significant improvement in cardiac function. Moreover, MEST relative expression increased in HFR group and showed a significant down-regulation in all green tea groups but EPI revealed the lowest relative expression in MEST which suggested its effect on improving obesity in rats.

Recombination of Correlations between Bioelements in the Liver and Lungs during Modeling of Diet-Induced Obesity.

In rats with obesity induced by high fat ration, the concentrations of K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, and Sr were measured in the liver and lungs using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis. Recombinations of inter-element correlations in the liver and lungs of rats receiving or not receiving additional Zn were observed under fasting conditions and after eating lard. Sr and Ca made the most pronounced contribution in the redistribution of correlations in the liver of obese rats. In contrast to other bioelements, Sr had negative correlations with all study elements in the liver of obese rats during physiological starvation. Long-term administration of Zn to rats was followed by recombination of both fasting and postprandial inert-element correlations in the liver and lungs, but Zn concentration did not change under these conditions. Redistribution of correlations in the liver and lungs of obese rats under fasting conditions reflects fundamental changes in metabolic processes, while redistribution observed after fat meal indicates temporary (postprandial) changes.

Ratio Kadar Ldl/Hdl Tikus Putih Sprague Dawley Hiperlipidemia Setelah Diberi Cangkang Udang Laut (Penaeus monodon F.)

The objective of this study was to analyze the ratio of LDL/HDL level of Sprague Dawley rats induced by high fat ration after given of sea shrimp carapace (Penaeus monodon F.). The animals for this study were twenty adult male rats divided into four groups, i.e. group I as the control was fed with basal ration containing normal fat for 3 months, group II was fed ration containing high fat for 3 months, group III was fed ration containing high fat and given sea shrimp carapace 180 mg per kg body weight per day orally in 2 ml aquadest for 3 months, group IV was fed ration containing high fat for 3 months and after 1 month given sea shrimp carapace 180 mg per kg body weight per day orally in 2 ml aquadest for 2 months. Each group consisted of five animals. After 90 days, the rats were necropsied and the blood were collected to analyzes ratio of LDL/HDL level. LDL level and HDL level were measured using colorimetric enzymatic method and Roche/Hitachi cobas c systems automatically calculate. The difference between treatments was statistical analysis by Anava, and continued by Lowest Significant Difference Test to locate the difference. The result showed that high fat diet increased ratio of LDL/HDL level and Sea shrimp carapace decreased ratio of LDL/HDL level. Keywords: Sea shrimp carapace, Sprague Dawley rats, ratio of LDL/HDL level

Potensi Cangkang Udang Laut (Penaeus monodon F.) Terhadap Profil Lipid Tikus Putih Hiperlipidemia

The objective of this study was to analyze the potency of sea shrimp carapace (Penaeus monodon F.) on lipid profiles of Sprague Dawley rats induced by high fat ration. The animals for this study were twenty adult male rats divided into four groups, i.e. group I as the control was fed with basal ration containing normal fat for 3 months, group II was fed ration containing high fat for 3 months, group III was fed ration containing high fat and given sea shrimp carapace 180 mg per kg body weight per day orally in 2 ml aquadest for 3 months, group IV was fed ration containing high fat for 3 months and after 1 month given sea shrimp carapace 180 mg per kg body weight per day orally in 2 ml aquadest for 2 months. Each group consisted of five animals. After 90 days, the rats were necropsied and the blood were collected to analyzes lipid profiles. Lipid profiles were measured using colorimetric enzymatic method and Roche/Hitachi cobas c systems automatically calculate. The difference between treatments was statistical analysis by Anava, and continued by Lowest Significant Difference Test to locate the difference. The result showed that high fat diet decreased HDL level, but increased total cholesterol level and LDL level. Sea shrimp carapace increased HDL but decreased total cholesterol level and LDL level in rats by high fat induction. Keywords: Sea shrimp carapace, Sprague Dawley rats, lipid profiles

Supplementation of Cantharanthus roseus leaf extract as anti-inflammatory substance to hypercholesterolemic wistar derived-rats

The present study on supplementation of Cantharanthus roseus leaf extract (CRLE) to rats suffer from hypercholesterolemia was aimed to determine whether it has property as an anti-inflammatory substance assessed from concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the blood serum. A randomized pre-test and post-test design was employed, using 4 weeks old Wistar derived-rats at body weight ranging from 70 – 72 gram. The rats were initially fed with normal rat pellets for 1 month followed by high fat ration for 6 weeks in order to induce hypercholesterolemia condition. Then they were divided into 5 groups according to various treatments applied as follows. Group 1: control –

Experimental study of the efficiency of Dietressa preparation on body weight reduction in mice feeding high-fat ration.

We studied the efficiency of Dietressa on body weight reduction in C57Bl/6 male mice feeding standard high-fat ration (24%). After 5-month daily intragastric administration of Dietressa, body weight gain was the lowest in comparison with other groups and did not differ from that in mice receiving the reference substance sibutramine for 5 months. In contrast to sibutramine, Dietressa did not increase motor activity of animals in the open field test and produced no anorectic effect. The mean body weight gain per each 1000 kcal of consumed food in the group of animals receiving Dietressa was lower than in the control group and mice receiving sibutramine.

Characteristics of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Rat Hepatocytes during the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

We studied heme oxygenase-1 expression in rat liver during the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis simulated by feeding high-fat ration for 30, 90, and 180 days. Increased number of hepatocytes synthesizing heme oxygenase-1 was demonstrated at all stages of pathology development. Herewith, the intensity of enzyme expression by individual cells was reduced on experimental day 180 during the development of liver fibrosis.

High fat intake by ponies reduces both apparent digestibility of dietary cellulose and cellulose fermentation by faeces and isolated caecal and colonic contents

Inclusion of extra fat in the diet of horses, at the expense of an iso-energetic amount of non-structural carbohydrates, has been shown to decrease the apparent digestibility of the various dietary fiber fractions, but the mechanism was unknown. It was hypothesized that inclusion of extra fat in the diet depresses the caecal and/or colon microbial degradation of fiber, leading to a decrease in fiber digestion. The hypothesis was tested using six ponies fed either low fat or a high fat ration. In the ponies, the high fat ration lowered apparent NDFom digestibility by 0.089. The 12 ponies were killed and intestinal contents isolated to be used as inoculum with in vitro gas production technique. In general, groups mean maximum gas production from either cellulose or xylan by caecal, colon and faecal bacteria was lower when the ponies had been fed the high fat diet. Cumulative gas production by caecal fluid with xylan as substrate after 20 h of incubation was depressed when the donor animals had been fed the high fat diet. With cellulose as substrate, gas production by caecal contents was lowered by on average 20% after fat feeding of the ponies. There was a diet effect of cell-free caecal fluid on gas production from cellulose by a standard inoculum: fat feeding had an inhibitory impact. It is concluded that fat feeding in ponies inhibits microbial activity in the caecum, which in turn leads to a decrease in fiber digestibility.

Growth rate of sheep fed high fat ration

Incorporating high amount of fats into the ration for ruminants will affect the rumen microbes adversely and will reducefiber digestion potential. To correct such negative effects, the free fatty acids used for feed should be bond with Ca++, so it canpassing through the rumen savely (rumen by-pass fat). To test the Ca-fat utilization biologically, 20 growing male Garut shee pwere used and fed with 4 type of isocaloric-isoprotein concentrate feed which were allotted based on a randomized block desig nwith 5 replications. The concentrate (C)-A was a positive control diet, while C-B was substituted with 10% free fatty acids (negative control), C-C was substituted with 10% Ca-fat, and C-D with 15% Ca-fat. The concentrate feed was fed at 500 g/d, while forage (King grass) was 4 kg/d. Results of the experiment showed that the negative effect of free fatty acids can be corrected if it was given in the form of Ca-fat. Growth rate curve indicating a good growing pattern, with average daily gain was 100.18, 87.68, 112.86, and 115.00 g/d (P 0.05). Carcass production was relatively good, where for C-A, C-B, C-C, and C-D were 14.84, 14.68, 16.34, and 15.72 kg (P<0.05) respectively, with final live weights of 34.00, 31.74, 34.58, and 34.30 kg (P<0.05). It can be concluded that Ca-fat (rumen by-pass fat) can be used as an energy source component for growing sheep diet, and give the best result at 10% substitution rate in concentrate feed. Key words : Rumen by-pass fat, growth rate, carcass, sheep

Effect of Fat and Lactose Supplementation on Digestion in Dairy Cows. 2. Long-Chain Fatty Acids

Dairy cows fitted with rumen and proximal duodenal cannulae were given diets of 60% hay, 7% soybean and rapeseed meal, and either 33% concentrate (control diet) or 33% milk (lipid-supplemented diet: “milk” diet). Amounts of total long-chain fatty acids consumed, entering the duodenum and excreted in the feces were examined. Long-chain fatty acid intake was 192 and 764 g/d with the control and milk diets, respectively. The duodenal flow of long-chain fatty acids was greater (17.3%) than the amount consumed when the control diet was fed; with the milk diet, there was a net loss (−22.2%), mainly due to a decrease in total C16 and C18 acids. The extent of C18:2 hydrogenation in the rumen was reduced by the high fat ration, but for C18:3, hydrogenation was very high and unchanged. Apparent intestinal digestibility of fatty acids was high, especially on the milk diet (86.1%), although the amount of fatty acids absorbed (60.6 g/kg dry matter intake/d) was three times greater than with the control.

Evaluation of High Starch and High Fat Rations for Dairy Calves

Sixty-four Holstein calves were in a 3×2 factorial experiment of 12 wk starting at 3 days of age to evaluate growth performance when calves were fed control, high starch, and high fat pelleted diets separately or with a supplemental concentrate mix offered the first 6 wk. High starch and high fat diets were formulated to contain more digestible energy (3.48 Mcal/kg dry matter) than the control diet (3.31 Mcal/kg dry matter). Calves received whole milk the first 5 wk plus one of these rations ad libitum wk 1 thru 12. The control diet contained corn, oats, and soybean meal; the high starch diet contained corn and soybean meal; and the high fat diet contained corn and an extruded whole soybean product. All pelleted diets contained 20% ground alfalfa-bromegrass hay, 5% dry molasses, and 1% each of dicalcium phosphate, trace mineral salt, and antibiotic premix. The supplemental concentrate mix contained corn, oats, and soybean meal, 9% liquid molasses, minerals, and vitamins. Weight gains, feed intakes, and ratios of feed to gain were similar for all three pelleted diets with or without the supplemental concentrate mix during wk 1 thru 5, 6 thru 12, and 1 thru 12. Calves offered the supplemental concentrate mix during wk 1 thru 6 tended to consume more total feed than calves offered only pellets. Apparent digestibilities of control, high starch, or high fat diets measured for twenty 13-wk old male calves were generally highest for the control diet. Apparent digestibilities of the respective diets were: dry matter, 81.3, 77.7, and 76.1%; energy, 80.1, 76.5, and 75.9%; nitrogen, 83.4, 77.8, and 76.1%; and ether extract, 89.0, 80.0, and 90.0%.

Major Metabolic Determinants of Milk Volume, Mammary Efficiency, and Spontaneous Ketosis in Dairy Cows

Mammary uptakes of glucose and long-chain fatty acids are proposed to be the major metabolic determinants of milk volume production and mammary efficiency, respectively. Moreover, the ratio of glucogenic to lipogenic nutrients in the diet is proposed to be the major determinant of spontaneous ketosis. Experimental evidence and clinical observations are adduced in support of these three interrelated propositions. Their heuristic value would be demonstrable in tests of formulations of high-fat rations and administrations of articles, such as growth hormone preparations, intended to promote maximal production and efficiency with least risk of ketosis.

Increased fat consumption induced by morphine administration in rats

Patterns of caloric intakes and dietary self-selection of the three macronutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate were examined in male rats following the administration of morphine sulfate (0.0, 1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg, IP). Animals were given access to either ground Purina Chow or one of two dietary self-selection regimes, one with a high-fat ration (7.8 kcal/g) and the other with a fat ration isocaloric to the carbohydrate and protein rations (3.8 kcal/g). Animals received morphine injections at the beginning of a six-hour feeding period and nutrient intakes were measured at 1,2,4 and 6 hours postinjection. Similar patterns of macronutrient choice were observed for both animals maintained on the high-fat regime and animals with access to the isocaloric components following morphine injections. As a function of morphine injections, animals on both self-selection regimes increased fat intake while suppressing carbohydrate intake and exhibiting little modifications in protein intake.

Vagotomy blocks hypothalamic hyperphagia in rats on a chow diet and sucrose solution, but not on a palatable mixed diet.

Adult female rats were given ventromedial hypothalamic parasagittal knife cuts (VMH treatment) or control surgery (Con treatment), followed 10 days later by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (Vag treatment) or sham vagotomy (Sham treatment). The hyperphagia and obesity produced by the VMH cuts to rats on a chow diet was completely blocked by vagotomy (VMH-Vag group). Vagotomy also inhibited the VMH rats' overconsumption of a 20% sucrose solution during 1 hr/day and 24 hr/day tests, which contrasts with the effects of atropine treatment. However, when offered a selection of palatable foods (cookies, sweet milk, high-fat ration) in addition to chow, the VMH-Vag rats overate and gained considerably more weight than did the Con-Vag rats or the Con-Sham rats. The Con-Vag rats, on the other hand, gained less weight than did the Con-Sham rats on the palatable diet. The results indicate that intact subdiaphragmatic vagi are not essential for the expression of VMH hyperphagia and finickiness, and they therefore question the role of vagally mediated cephalic responses in the hypothalamic hyperphagia syndrome. On the other hand, the results indicate that in brain-intact animals vagotomy suppresses the development of diet-induced obesity.

High Fat Rations for Dairy Cows. Tallow and Hydrolyzed Blended Fat at Two Intakes

Tallow and blended animal-vegetable fat were mixed as 10% of diet concentrate and compared with a concentrate containing no added fat. Concentrate containing fat was fed at two percents of diet dry matter, 50% (supraenergetic) and 33% (isoenergetic). The dry matter of the control diet was 50% concentrate. Isoenergetic high fat diets contained more fiber than control or supraenergetic high fat diets.Change of body weight and intake of feed dry matter were not different among feed groups. Milk and 4% fat-corrected milk production were less when high tallow was fed. Milk fat percent was lowest on the high concentrate diet, intermediate with high grain-high fat feeding, and normal with high fat isoenergetic rations. Multiple regression analysis of digestibility data showed that fat did not influence diet digestibility negatively and that calcium positively influenced digestibility of all diet components.

Effect of Low Temperature, Diet Density, and Pelleting on the Preference of Broilers for High Fat Rations

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether a previously observed preference of broiler chicks for high fat vs. low fat rations would also be noted: 1) under cold conditions, 2) when energy and nutrient density are increased, and 3) when the physical texture of test rations is equalized by pelleting.In the first experiment conducted in unheated houses under winter conditions, diets compared were A) low-fat low density, B) high fat-high density, and C) high fat-low density. These were offered in pairs (A vs. B, A vs. C, B vs. C) to broiler chicks 4 to 7 weeks of age. A highly significant preference was shown for the high fat-high density diet over both low density diets and for the high fat-low density over the low fat-low density diet.In the second experiment high fat and low fat rations were presented in either mash or pelleted form. Regardless of physical texture, the high fat diet was again preferred by a highly significant (P≤ .01) margin.The relative position of feeders had no apparent influence on the pattern of feed consumption.

High Fat Rations for Dairy Cows. Effects on Feed Intake, Milk and Fat Production, and Plasma Metabolites

High fat diets (2.9 to 10.8% ether extract in total diet dry matter) for cows in early lactation were compared in two 4×4 Latin squares. In Trial I, grain concentrate was 42% of the ration dry matter. Total diets and their ether extract (percent) were: 1) control, 3.2; 2) ground raw soybeans, 5.9; 3) hydrolyzed fat, 5.7; and 4) hydrolyzed fat, 10.8. While dry matter intake of Holsteins was lowest with Diet 2 and highest with Diet 3, milk production, fat, and protein were not different. Jerseys produced the most fat-corrected milk per unit metabolic body size on Diet 4.In Trial II, two concentrations of total diet ether extract and crude protein were arranged factorially in isoenergetic diets. Ether extract (percent) and crude protein (percent) were, respectively: 1) 3.3, 13.6; 2) 2.9, 15.9; 3) 5.9, 13.5; and 4) 6.8, 16.3. In Diets 1 and 2, grain was 50% of dry matter fed; in Diets 3 and 4, grain was 33% of dry matter fed. Dry matter intake and milk production were not different among diets. Mean milk fat (percent) of low and high fat diets was 2.7 and 3.4. Consequently, 4% fat-corrected milk was higher with high fat diets.In 32 digestion trials, high fat diets increased digestibility of ether extract and did not reduce digestibility of any other nutrient. In some instances fat increased digestibility of crude protein but not nitrogen balance. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber was increased nonsignificantly.In Trial I, Diet 2 decreased rumen acetate to propionate ratio; in Trial II, the high grain (low fat) rations decreased acetate to propionate ratio and milk fat percent and increased body weight gain.Fat increased total lipid of plasma in Trial II but not in Trial I. Triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids were increased by fat in both trials. Glucose was not affected by fat in either trial. Rumen ammonia and plasma urea-nitrogen were increased but amino acids of plasma were unchanged by high protein diets in Trial II.Seven to eight percent fat can be included in lactation total diets to 1) increase diet energy density or 2) increase the forage to concentrate ratio to maintain milk fat percent, without negative effects on digestibility.

Correlation of an immunogenetically defined lipoprotein type with aortic intimal lipidosis in swine

Aortic lipidosis in response to the consumption of high-fat rations was studied in swine. The evaluation of 57 aortas suggests that intimal lipidosis in excess of 2% of the surface area is not due to chance but to the immunogenetic polymorphism of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) moiety. Statistical analysis of the data shows an effect of diet-genotype interaction ( P < 0.0003) on fatty streaking. Swine carrying the Lpp 5 allele at the main LDL locus have a greater tendency to develop more fatty streaking than swine with Lpp 8 when they are fed a high-fat ration composed of fatty acids low in cis unsaturation.