High Fasting Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

Addiction habits in a rural cohort of injection drug users and effects on serum lipid profile: Analysis of a repeated measures study from an eastern state of India.

Background Injecting drug use (IDU) is associated with several cardiometabolic risks. We aimed to measure the independent effects of IDU behaviour and related factors on serum lipid profile among people who inject drugs (PWIDs). Methods We did a longitudinal study with six follow-up measurements at an interval of 2 months among 104 PWIDs from 11 selected hotspots under two blocks in West Bengal, India. Generalized estimating equations with robust standard errors analysed the effect of addiction habits on lipid profile parameters. Results The mean (SD) age of the participants was 27.6 (5.24) years, 36.5% married and 44.3% were unemployed at the time of recruitment. At the baseline, the mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were 20.0 (1.82) kg/m2 and 112.0 (15.90) mg/dl, respectively. The mean duration of drug use was 2.5 (1.20) years. While 62.5% had normal triglyceride (TG), 14.4% had high total cholesterol (TC) and 69.2% had dyslipidaemia at the baseline. Adjusted for age, BMI, FBS and other addiction-related variables, models showed that longer duration of drug use (>3 years) resulted in higher levels of TG, higher TC-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio and dyslipidaemia. Tobacco use and high FBS level were also risk factors for dyslipidaemia. Conclusions Higher duration of IDU, tobacco use and higher FBS were associated with deranged lipid profile among PWIDs.

A Clinical Data Warehouse Analysis of Risk Factors for Inpatient Falls in a Tertiary Hospital: A Case-Control Study.

The aims of the study are to identify fall risk factors and to establish automatic risk assessments based on clinical data from electronic medical records of hospitalized patients. In this retrospective case-control study, we reviewed the electronic medical records of 1454 patients (292 and 1162 patients in the fall and nonfall groups, respectively) who were hospitalized at a 1800-bed tertiary hospital in South Korea between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. Patients' age, sex, and clinical department were matched, and all laboratory reports, clinical flow sheets, and nursing initial assessment records of case from the Clinical Data Warehouse system were analyzed. The collated patient records data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.4) and logistic regression. Overall, 65 risk factors, including low body mass index, low blood pressure, low albumin levels, high fasting blood sugar level, low red blood cell counts, and high potassium levels, that significantly increased the incidence of falls were identified. Falls were also associated with 21 items from the clinical flow sheet and nursing initial assessment, including frequent bowel movements, 24-hour urine tests, imaging tests, biopsy, pain, intravenous tubes, unclear consciousness, and taking medication. Fall risk factors identified via the Clinical Data Warehouse can be used to build an automated detection system to detect fall risk in electronic medical records, enabling nurses to assess the fall risk in addition to using the fall scale.

Insulin level, lipid profile, and HOMA index in lean and obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrinopathy characterized by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and increased ovarian androgen production. While obesity has been linked to the pathogenesis of PCOS, the condition is also observed in individuals with normal BMI. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the biochemical profile of lean and obese patients with PCOS. Fifty female patients with previously diagnosed PCOS were included in the study, attending the outpatient clinic at AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospital in Al-Najaf between September 2021 and March 2022. Blood samples were collected from each patient to assess insulin levels, lipid profiles, and fasting blood sugar. The results showed a comparable percentage of lean and obese PCOS patients, with a slightly higher proportion of obese individuals. Statistically significant differences were observed in obese patients with higher fasting blood sugar levels, insulin, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Additionally, the HOMA index, an indicator of insulin resistance, was higher in obese individuals. Lean PCOS patients exhibited metabolic, hormonal, and hematopoietic dysregulations comparable to or less pronounced than those affecting the obese phenotype. Regardless of BMI, insulin resistance is part of PCOS and must be treated immediately.

Efficacy of Polyherbal Formulation (<i>Phalatrikadi Vati</i>) in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus through Metabolic Correction – A Clinical Study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder worldwide; its incidents have grown notably in recent years. Over the last 50 years, lifestyle changes have led to a dramatic increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes around the world. India has been projected as the diabetic capital of the world. Diabetes and its complications pose a major threat to future public health resources throughout the world and are the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation. In the southern part of India, the mortality rate due to diabetes mellitus is in fifth rank amongst the ten vital causes of death. Despite recent advances in knowledge, preventing and controlling diabetes remain a major challenge. So the present study has focused on the disease pathogenesis and its regulation through Polyherbal formulation (Phalatrikadi Vati). Objectives: To determine the efficacy of Polyherbal formulation in reducing the subjective complaints in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by metabolic corrections and thereby controlling the blood glucose level in the body. Methods: A single arm open labeled trial with 1 month in duration. Participants: 25 patients of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 with diagnosed, high fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar levels. 500mg tablet was given in twice a day after food. Results: A total of 30 patients enrolled in the study and 25 patients completed the treatment. Significant relief of 68% in polyuria, 56% in urine turbidity, 84% in polyphagia, and 76% in polydipsia seen. There was a highly significant reduction in FBS with a mean difference of 31.84 mg and PPBS with a mean difference of 63.92 mg. Conclusion: The polyherbal formulation is a safe intervention and can be expected to reduce the symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and blood sugar levels. Future studies with larger sample sizes, longer duration of intervention and follow up needed for more accurate and reliable results.

Association between Vitamin D Status and Health Status of Adults in Western Libya

Vitamin D (VitD) is essential for health and preventing diseases. This study aimed to investigate the possible association between VitD status and health status in 306 Libyan male and female young adults (18–25 Y) and adults (26–65 Y). There were 89.54% of subjects that had VitD levels below normal (<30 ng/mL), of which 45.42% were VitD deficient (<10 ng/mL) and 44.12% were VitD insufficient (10–29.9 ng/mL). VitD deficiency was associated with higher fasting blood sugar (FBS), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels. Young adults had lower VitD levels than adults, which was associated with some health conditions. VitD insufficiency was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) values in adults, especially females, with higher FBS levels in adult males and higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in adult females. VitD deficiency in young adults was associated with higher TAG levels (more likely in adults) and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) values. Furthermore, VitD deficient adult females appeared to have a higher risk of sleeping problems, psychological disorders, headache, and osteoporosis, whereas their male counterparts appeared to be at a higher risk of developing obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Findings showed a serious prevalence of VitD inadequacy in the Libyan population, which appears to negatively affect health status and be associated with some disease conditions.

Risk factors for decreased hand grip strength in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Tabanan Public Health Center II

Introduction: The condition of decreased muscle mass and function in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) will lead to a significant effect on the decline in quality of life. A commonly found manifestation of sarcopenia is the presence of a decrease in the strength of the hand grip. Other research showed a significant inverse relationship between the strength of the hand grip and DMT2. But to date, there are still few studies that assess the factors that cause a decrease in the strength of the hand grip in DMT2 patients. This study aims to evaluate risk factors that are related to the strength of the decrease in the strength of the hand grip in patients with DMT2. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical research. The data was taken through interviews, physical examinations and data collection of laboratory examination results at the general polyclinic of the Tabanan Public Health Center II. The bivariate test used chi-square and the multivariate analysis with logistic regression was used in assessing the magnitude of influence between variables that have a meaningful relationship with HGS and looking for the magnitude of the adjusted odd ratio (AOR) value. Results: The study discovered a strong correlation between age (p=0.002), body mass index (p=0.002), and fasting blood sugar levels (p=0.001) and hand grip strength. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that the relationship of age more than 50 years to the decrease in hand grip strength was greater than high fasting blood sugar levels, while no significant relationship was found on excess nutritional status in this multivariate analysis (p=0.44). Conclusion: Age, body mass index, and fasting blood sugar levels are the risk factors for decreased hand grip strength in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Study of Virulence Factor Production in Candida Species Colonizer Isolated from Diabetic Patients

Candida is a yeast like fungus. It causes candidiasis which is a spectrum of disease from cutaneous, mucosal, systemic & multisystem dissemination. It is a coloniser of mucocutaneous surfaces of body but it is an opportunistic fungus causing severe type of infection. Objective of the study was to detect colonization of Candida species in diabetic patient & to detect virulence factors i.e., phospholipase, proteinase, esterase activity & homolysis activity in isolated strains of Candida from colonised diabetic patients. Throat swab and urine sample were collected from diabetic patients visiting the General Medicine OPD/Ward diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before six months and was submitted in microbiology department. Candida species were identified tested for production of virulence factors. Total 30 diabetes mellitus patients diagnosed 6 months before. In 41-65 years age groups, Candida colonization was found predominantly, 63% patients. Amongst these 78% had fasting sugar levels greater than the normal limits. The study revealed a strong correlation between higher fasting blood sugar levels and Candida colonization. The predominant isolate was Candida albicans in throat followed by Candida glabrata. Out of 27 Candida species isolates, 16 strains showed production of virulence factors. Amongst these 44 % (7/16) strains were positive for proteinase production, 38 % (6/16) were positive for esterase production, 13% (2/16) strains were positive for hemolysin and single strain (6%, 10/16) showed the production of phospholipase. The study concludes that Candida albicans was the predominant colonising species found followed by Candida glabrata in diabetic patients. Non-Candida albicans species can be seen as an emerging colonizing species in the diabetic patients and thereby are increasingly gaining clinical importance. Colonized or commensal Candida species showed in vitro production of virulence factor.

The impact of leptin and its receptor polymorphisms on type 1 diabetes in a population of northwest Iran

Background Diabetes comprises a serious disease with significant growth in the number of cases in recent years. Here, we cover the gap in information between leptin (LEP) and type 1 diabetes in the Iranian population. Aim To recognise LEP G2548A and LEP receptor Q223R polymorphisms in Iranian people and their association with type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Subjects and methods Characteristics such as fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured in 80 control non-diabetic individuals and 89 diabetic patients. Moreover, LEP G2548A and LEP receptor Q223R polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Results The frequency of the A allele was nearly three times greater in diabetes patients than in the control group. In addition, in the diabetes group, the AA genotype was five times greater than in the control group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, AA and AA + AG genotype models had higher FBS levels than the GG + AG and GG genotype models, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusion The LEP G2548A polymorphism could be related to type 1 diabetes susceptibility, but not LEPR Q223R polymorphism in the Iranian population. Importantly, further studies are essential to examine the impact of LEP G2548A and LEPR Q223R polymorphisms in the endocrinology area.

High Fasting Blood Sugar and Increased Waist Circumference as Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Older than 45 Years.

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus (DM) has a long-term impact on retinal micro-blood vessels, culminating in the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR); however; screening for DR is not widely used due to a lack of accessibility and economic constraints, especially in resource-limited settings. Thus, a longitudinal marker that is associated with the development of DR is required. This study sought to assess the association of DR with fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels and waist circumference.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for one year. All individuals diagnosed with Type 2 DM (T2DM) and ≥45 years of age were included in the study. Individuals with fasting blood glucose levels of <126 mg/dl and <3 years of diagnosis with T2DM were excluded from the study. Individuals having one or more retinal microaneurysms or retinal blot hemorrhages, with or without any additional abnormalities, were diagnosed with DR. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).ResultsThe prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among the study participants was 67.6 %. There was a significant association between increasing waist circumference (p = 0.009) and High FBS levels (p = 0.032) with the presence of DR.ConclusionApproximately two-thirds of the patients with T2DM aged >45 years and above have diabetic retinopathy. High FBS and waist circumference were associated with DR.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Related Factors in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) referring to the gastrointestinal and endocrinology clinics of Golestan and Imam Khomeini Hospitals, Ahvaz. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was performed on patients with NAFLD referring to the gastroenterology and endocrinology clinics of Golestan and Emam Khomeini hospitals, Ahvaz in the second half of 2020. Demographic information included age, gender, lumbar posture (while standing and the waist be in the upper edge of the iliac crest at the end of a normal exhalation using a non-elastic meter), grading fatty liver evidenced by ultrasound, and blood pressure and laboratory parameters, including triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was recorded in the checklist. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software. Results: This study was performed on 130 patients with an average age of 46.22 ± 14.27 years. Patients comprised 42 men (32.8%) and 88 women (67.2/%). Also, 63.84% of the patients with NAFLD had metabolic syndrome, and 56.2, 69.6, and 81.8% with grades 1, 2, and 3 of fatty liver, respectively had metabolic syndrome. There was a significant difference in terms of mean height and weight in both gender. There was a significant relationship between age and FBS, so that the levels of FBS increased statistically significantly with age (P &lt; 0.05). Gender had a statistically significant relationship with HDL and waist circumference (P = 0.038). There was no statistically significant relationship between blood pressure, TG, HDL, FBS, and waist circumference, and different grades of fatty liver (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The current study showed a significant number of patients with NAFLD had metabolic syndrome, so that the most common symptom of metabolic syndrome was low HDL levels, followed by high FBS levels, blood pressure, and TG levels and waist circumference size. Nevertheless, it was not probable to assess whether NAFLD precedes the progress of metabolic syndrome.

A STUDY OF SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS CASES AND ITS COMPARISON WITH THE SERUM CREATININE LEVELS

BACKGROUND:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a major non-communicable disease resulting from insulin resistance and is associated with cardiovascular,neurological and renal complications.Recent studies show association of hyperuricemia and Diabetes Mellitus.Uric acid increases oxidative stress that leads to vascular dysfunction and high intra glomerular pressure leading to renal complications.High serum creatinine is an indicator of renal compromise. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate serum uric acid and serum creatinine levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to find association between them. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted in Osmania general hospital. Fifty cases of established Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus formed the study group and 50 normal healthy individuals formed the control group. Serum uric acid, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) and serum creatinine were estimated by colorimetric enzymatic methods on Beckman coulter AU5800.Mean values were compared in cases and controls using student t- test.Study group was further studied under 2 subgroups with serum Uric acid &lt; 7 mg/dl and ≥7 mg/dl.In these 2 subgroups the association of Serum uric acid with FBS and creatinine was analysed statistically. RESULTS: Serum uric acid were found high in cases(7.63+/- 3.36)as compared to controls(4.48+/- 1.09) p value &lt; 0.001.Serum creatinine were also high in cases(1.59+/- 1.39 )as compared to controls ( 0.87+/- 0.29) p value &lt;0.005.Study subgroup with serum uric acid ≥7 mg/dl was associated with high creatinine and high fasting blood sugar levels when compared to subgroup with serum uric acid &lt;7 mg/dl. CONCLUSION: Our study showed increased serum uric acid and serum creatinine levels in cases when compared to controls.There was significant association between high serum uric acid and high creatinine levels in cases.Therefore,it is important to measure serum uric acid and serum creatinine levels in diabetics for early detection of renal pathology.

PRE DIABETES IN YOUNG MEDICAL STUDENTS

Abstract Introduction: A study was conducted among students of a public medical college in Lahore, Pakistan to determine proportion of pre diabetic students (Blood sugar levels between 100 mg/dl - 125 mg/dl, accord- Waseem M.1 Fourth Year MBBS Student Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore Bokhari F.A.2 Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore Jalal M.A.3 Fourth Year MBBS Student Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore Zahra Z.4 Fourth Year MBBS Student Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore Khalid M.5 Fourth Year MBBS Student Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore Aman M.6 Fourth Year MBBS Student Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore ing to American Diabetes Association) and its relation with body mass index, family history of Diabetes, die-tary habits, socioeconomic status and physical activity. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted at Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex in February 2013 on medical students of either gender. Data was collected on a validated questionnaire. Fasting blood sugar lev-els of 65 students (enrolled after taking informed con-sent) were taken by trained co investigators through standardized glucose meter. Results: A total of 65 medical students (43 males and 22 females) enrolled in this study. Their ages ranged from 18 to 23 years (mean age 20.56 ± 0.97 years). No student was found to be pre diabetic. Fasting blood sugar level in male participant with a family historyof diabetes was significantly higher (85 ± 6.228 vs. 79.857 ± 6.602, P = 0.016). Conclusion: In this study, no student was found to be pre diabetic, though male participants with a family history of diabetes had higher fasting blood sugar levels. However, a larger study sample is required so that any significant finding may be shown, if it exists. Data on prevalence of pre-dia-betes in youth in South Asia is scarce. The high incidence of diabetes in developing countries un-derlines the need to explore prevalence of pre dia-betes in the younger population. Key Words: Pre diabetes, Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG).

Assessment of the Relationship of Anthropometric Indices With Vitamin D, Zinc, and Fasting Blood Sugar Levels in Women With and Without Infection Following Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Case-Control Study

Objectives: It is necessary to prevent postoperative infection following abdominal hysterectomy. The present study aimed to assess the relationship of anthropometric indices with vitamin D, zinc (Zn), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels in women with and without infection following abdominal hysterectomy in order to determine the exact effects of these factors on infection. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in three teaching hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in an 18-month period leading up to 2020. The participants consisted of 90 women who were candidates for abdominal hysterectomy. Anthropometric indices and vitamin D, Zn, and FBS levels were measured before the surgery. These factors were compared in the two groups of women with and without infection using the independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient, and P&lt;0.05 was statistically significant. Results: No significant relationship was found between vitamin D, Zn, and FBS levels and anthropometric indices except for body mass index (BMI) that had a significant negative relationship with vitamin D blood levels (r = -0.20 and P = 0.043) while a significant positive relationship with FBS levels (r= +30 and P = 0.036) in infected patients. Therefore, patients with a higher BMI showed lower vitamin D whereas higher FBS levels in the group with infection. Conclusions: In general, vitamin D levels decreased and FBS levels increased by an increase in the BMI. These factors altogether increased the risk of postoperative infection following abdominal hysterectomy.

Association of AHSG gene polymorphisms with serum Fetuin-A levels in individuals with cardiovascular calcification in west of Iran.

Fetuin-A (AHSG) is a multifunctional secretory protein and acts as an ectopic valve and artery calcification inhibitor. We assessed the correlation between serum levels of Fetuin-A and both exon 6 (248 C/T) and exon 7 (256 C/G) mutations in patients with coronary artery calcification (CAC), mitral annular calcification (MAC), and aortic valve calcification (AVC). 184 patients and 184 healthy individuals as control group were included. The genetic variants of rs4917 and rs4918 for the AHSG gene were determined by PCR-RFLP and T-ARMS PCR techniques. Fetuin-A levels, fasting blood sugar (FBS), urea, creatinine, calcium phosphorus, and lipid profile were measured. Fetuin-A levels were remarkedly lower in individuals with AVC, MAC, and CAC comparing to the control group (p < 0.001). The CT + TT genotypes and the T allele (AHSG Thr248Met) were associated with the risk of calcification of heart valves and coronary artery by 1.31 and 1.27 times in the patient group, respectively. The frequency of CT genotype and T allele was considerably higher in the patient group comparing to the control group. Patients with T allele (CT + TT) had higher levels of FBS, urea, low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-C, phosphorus, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) while decreased levels of triglyceride, high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-C, calcium and fetuin-A in comparison to control group. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between serum FBS, urea, creatinine, HDL-C, calcium with fetuin-A, and a negative correlation between phosphorous level, SBP, and DBP with fetuin-A. T allele in rs4917 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the risk allele of calcification of heart valves and coronary arteries and fetuin-A levels correlates negatively with the occurrence of the disease.

Clinical and Metabolic Complications in patients with thalassemia undergoing transfusion therapy.

Background:The transfusions in patients with thalassemia are a double-edged sword as the patients develop complications due to inadequate transfusions and due to multiple transfusions. These complications vary from metabolic complications such as diabetes mellitus and clinical complications such as growth retardation, transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI), and iron overload. We selected Balasore district in Odisha which is a satellite center of AIIMS Bhubaneshwar and has a huge population of hemoglobinopathy patients especially thalassemia and this district in Odisha lags in terms of healthcare and health awareness.Materials and Method:In all, 123 patients with thalassemia major were included in this study for the evaluation of metabolic and clinical complications. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight with age and gender were used for evaluation of growth parameters as per World Health Organization (WHO) reference data. Children were termed wasted and stunted if the values were below 2 standard deviation of the reference WHO median. Blood samples were collected for TTI status and fasting blood sugar levels.Result:A total of 118 (95.9%) were detected to have under nutrition, 73 (59.3%) of the patients were HCV-positive, and 54 (48.6%) had high fasting blood sugar levels. Based on the HCV status, they were classified as HCV-positive and HCV-negative to compare the anthropometric and growth status in these patients. About 98.6% of the HCV-positive cases were undernutrition and 83.6% were stunted.Conclusion:There is an increasing trend of associated metabolic derangements in patients with thalassemia. The district-level health services have an urgent need for improvement in chelation regimes and screening technologies.

Determinants of Drug Resistance in Previously-Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Registered at a Chest Clinic in South Delhi, India.

Introduction Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a major concern to effective control of tuberculosis (TB) in India and the likelihood of drug resistance increases with repeated exposure to anti-TB drugs. India has emerged as one of the leading contributors of DR-TB in the world posing a major threat to TB control. In the current study, we aim to find the burden and factors associated with drug resistance in previously treated pulmonary TB patients.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 previously treated pulmonary TB patients registered with Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) centers under Nehru Nagar Chest clinic in Delhi, India. The participants were selected consecutively as they registered with the chest clinic. A predesigned, pretested, semi-structured questionnaire in the Hindi language used to collect socio-demographic data and factors associated with the development of drug resistance. Physical examination of all the participants was done (height, weight, pallor). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors of drug resistance.Results Of 230 previously treated pulmonary TB patients, 80 (34.8% (95% CI:28.7-40.9%)) were drug-resistant. Age (p=0.021), ever consumption of alcohol (p= 0.001), pallor (p=0.06), BMI (p=0.028), fasting blood sugar (p=0.001), treatment failure (p=0.005) and the number of prior courses of anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) taken (p=0.004) were significantly associated with drug resistance. On applying binary logistic regression analysis, independently associated factors with drug resistance were ever consumption of alcohol, pallor, high fasting blood sugar level, previous treatment failure patients and the number of prior courses of ATT (p<0.05).Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that patients who had pallor, high fasting blood sugar, treatment failure and who had two or more prior courses of ATT were more likely to have DR-TB. Identifying the risk factors for drug-resistant TB is essential in facilitating the government to draw public health interventions. Further research is warranted to explore the causal associations.

Perinatal Taurine Supplementation Prevents the Adverse Effects of Maternal Dyslipidemia on Growth and Cardiovascular Control in Adult Rat Offspring.

Maternal dyslipidemia induces metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in adult offspring. This study tests the hypothesis that perinatal taurine supplementation prevents the adverse effects of maternal dyslipidemia on growth and cardiovascular function in adult rat offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed normal rat chow and water with (Dyslipidemia) or without dyslipidemia induction (Control) by intraperitoneal Triton WR-1339 injection, three times a week for 4weeks. The female Control and Dyslipidemia rats were supplemented with (Control+T, Dyslipidemia+T) or without 3% taurine in water from conception to weaning. After weaning, male and female offspring were fed normal rat chow and water throughout the experiment. At 16weeks of age, body weights significantly increased in male but not female Dyslipidemia compared to other groups, while visceral fat content significantly increased in both male and female Dyslipidemia groups. Further, both sexes displayed similar high fasting blood sugar and normal plasma leptin levels among the groups. While plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides significantly increased only in female Dyslipidemia, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in both male and female Dyslipidemia groups. Mean arterial pressures and heart rates significantly increased, while baroreflex sensitivity decreased in male and female Dyslipidemia compared to all other groups. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not significantly different among male or female groups. These changes of the male and female Dyslipidemia group were ameliorated by perinatal taurine supplementation. The present study indicates that perinatal taurine supplementation prevents the adverse effects of maternal dyslipidemia on growth and cardiovascular function in both male and female, adult offspring.

Combined Ayurveda and Yoga Practices for Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Controlled Trial

Background: The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in India is a cause for national concern, particularly the spiraling cost burden to the country. As one approach to stop its increase, Yoga medicine has been widely implemented, finding popularity with all social strata. Here, we report a study suggesting that treatment with fresh herbal juices and Yoga can improve the levels of blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in people with pre-diabetes. Methods: Study design: 3-arm controlled trial 3 months in duration. Participants: 157 male prisoners with newly diagnosed, high fasting blood sugar (FBS) and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels. Group interventions: (1) Rasahara and Yoga, (2) Yoga, (3) no intervention. Assessments: FBS and PPBS levels were measured every 2 weeks; HbA1c and blood lipids were determined pre- and post-intervention. Results: Significant decreases occurred in the FBS (-21.13 ± 21.16 mg/dl) and PPBS levels (-15.02 ± 14.89 mg/dl) in group 1 (both p < 0.0001) and in the FBS level (20.62 ± 32.68 mg/dl) in group 2 (p = 0.0005), while the increases in group 3 attained significance only for the PPBS level (9.62 ± 21.83 mg/dl) (p = 0.0022). Observed changes in HbA1c were: group 1, -0.044 ± 0.059 mg/dl; group 2, +0.024 ± 0.456 mg/dl (not significant); and group 3, +0.365 ± 0.369 mg/dl (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study of Yoga for the treatment of diabetes shows that all male prisoners could benefit from the Yoga prison programs. Addition of Yoga programs to state and federal activities at all levels is now national policy in India. Follow-up studies should be carried out to obtain more robust results.

A Study of Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Apparently Normal Population in Rural Maharashtra

With the receding threats of communicable diseases, and looming over threats of Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus, the research in the later has been focused on detection of their preclinical stages. The co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors for both Type 2 Diabetes and CVD suggested the existence of a “metabolic syndrome”. From a clinical perspective, the importance of the metabolic syndromes is attributable to two factors: 1) it is extremely common, and 2) it is a target for the prevention of and therapy for the multiple disorders with which it is associated. In India, age-standardized prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome are 33.5%. Sedentary lifestyle, older age, female gender, obesity, inadequate fruit intake, hypercholesterolemia, and middle-to-high socioeconomic status significantly contribute to increased risk of metabolic syndrome. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in apparently normal population attending Medicine Outpatient Department of a tertiary care hospital and to analyse the risk factor profile of the individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. In our study 39 out of 150 subjects (26%) were found to have metabolic syndrome using ATP III Revised Criteria. The prevalence increased as the age advanced (51% in 40-59-year age group and there was female preponderance (37 vs 19%). High blood pressure, Body mass index, Waist circumference, Hypertriglyceridemia, high fasting blood sugar level, Low HDL cholesterol in blood, Aging &amp; High LDL cholesterol in blood were the risk factors associated with high prevalence of Metabolic syndrome.

Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder

Research has shown that the metabolic syndrome is more prevalent among patients with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder. Given the scarcity of research on the disorders, this paper aims to compare the prevalence of the syndrome among the two groups of patients. MethodsA total of 120 individuals participated in this cross sectional study: 60 patients with schizophrenia (26 males and 34 females) and 60 patients with bipolar I disorder (32 males and 28 females). The psychological disorders were diagnosed by some experienced psychiatrists according to the DSM-V. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to ATP III guidelines. ResultsMetabolic syndrome prevalence among schizophrenic and bipolar I patients was 28 and 36 percent, respectively; the disparity in prevalence is not significant. According to the results, compared to their male counterparts, females were more prone significant to metabolic syndrome. Moreover, diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher among bipolar I patients. On the other hand, schizophrenic males were observed to have higher fasting blood sugar levels in comparison to bipolar I males patients. Age, consumption of second generation antipsychotics or antidepressants, and the duration of the disorder were found to be related to metabolic syndrome. ConclusionThis study showed that metabolic syndrome is not more prevalent among bipolar I patients, compared to those with schizophrenia. Also, women are more likely to be affected by the syndrome. A number of factors such as age, consumption of medication, and duration of the disorder are associated with the likelihood of the syndrome.