High Energy Physics Research Articles

Role of Time-Varying Magnetic Field on QGP Equation of State

The phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and its associated thermodynamic properties of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) are studied in the presence of time-dependent magnetic field. The study plays a pivotal role in the field of cosmology, astrophysics, and heavy-ion collisions. In order to explore the structure of quark-gluon plasma to deal with the dynamics of quarks and gluons, we investigate the equation of state (EoS) not only in the environment of static magnetic field but also in the presence of time-varying magnetic fields. So, for determining the equation of state of QGP at nonzero magnetic fields, we revisited our earlier model where the effect of time-varying magnetic field was not taken into consideration. Using the phenomenological model, some appealing features are noticed depending upon the three different scales: effective mass of quark, temperature, and time-independent and time-dependent magnetic fields. Earlier the effective mass of quark was incorporated in our calculations, and in the current work, it is modified for static and time-varying magnetic fields. Thermodynamic observables including pressure, energy density, and entropy are calculated for a wide range of temperature- and time-dependent as well as time-independent magnetic fields. Finally, we claim that the EoS are highly affected in the presence of a magnetic field. Our results are notable compared to other approaches and found to be advantageous for the measurement of QGP equation of state. These crucial findings with and without time-varying magnetic field could have phenomenological implications in various sectors of high-energy physics.

Using k-means assistant event selection strategy to study anomalous quartic gauge couplings at muon colliders

The search for new physics beyond the Standard Model is one of the central problems of current high energy physics interest. As the luminosities of current and near-future colliders continue to increase, the search for new physics has increased the requirements for processing large amounts of data. Meanwhile, quantum computing which is rapidly evolving, has great potential to become a powerful tool to help search for new physics signals. Since the k-means algorithm is known to be able to be accelerated with the help of quantum computing, we investigate and propose an event selection strategy based on k-means algorithm to search for new physics signals. Taking the case of tri-photon processes at the muon colliders as an example, the event selection strategy is shown to be effective in helping to search for the signals of dimension-8 operators contributing to anomalous quartic gauge couplings. Compared with traditional event selection strategy, the expected constraints are generally tighter.

Atomically Thin Current Pathways in Graphene through Kekulé-O Engineering.

We demonstrate that the current flow in graphene can be guided on atomically thin current pathways by the engineering of Kekulé-O distortions. A grain boundary in these distortions separates the system into topologically distinct regions and induces a ballistic domain-wall state. The state is independent of the orientation of the grain boundary with respect to the graphene sublattice and permits guiding the current on arbitrary paths. As the state is gapped, the current flow can be switched by electrostatic gates. Our findings are explained by a generalization of the Jackiw-Rebbi model, where the electrons behave in one region of the system as Fermions with an effective complex mass, making the device not only promising for technological applications but also a test-ground for concepts from high-energy physics. An atomic model supported by DFT calculations demonstrates that the system can be realized by decorating graphene with Ti atoms.

On the spin-quantization-axis selection for the spin polarization modeling during laser–electron collision

Spin polarized electron beams have wide applications in high energy physics. The generation of such electron beams has recently attracted considerable attention where the collision of intense laser pulses with high energy electron beams is proposed as one of the potential methods. In previous numerical studies, different spin-quantization axes (SQA) are used, which lead to different calculation results in some configurations of laser interaction with an electron beam. To be consistent with the well-known Thomas–Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi (TBMT) equation, we have proposed a new SQA which is along the TBMT precession direction. We clearly show the difference among the three kinds of SQA selections by comparing the temporal evolution of the electron beam's polarization during the perpendicular collision of an electron beam with s-polarized two-color laser pulses, where the magnetic fields have a parallel component along the electron motion direction. Calculation shows that such differences could be experimentally measured by nowadays facilities. To get the maximum electron polarization degree in the two-color laser pulses based schemes, we also find the optimized condition for the two-color laser parameters. Our studies give a better understanding of spin-polarization calculation and will be beneficial for future experimental designs for electron polarization manipulation.

The μ-RWELL in High Energy Physics and beyond

The μ-RWELL, a resistive Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector with a single amplification stage, is crafted using a copper-clad polyimide foil intricately micro-patterned with a blind hole (well) matrix. This matrix is integrated into the readout Printed Circuit Board, complemented by a thin Diamond-Like-Carbon sputtered resistive film, in order to mitigate the transition from streamer to spark regimes, enabling the attainment of substantial gains (≥104). However, this arrangement diminishes the detector's capacity to withstand high particle fluxes.For low-rate applications, the simplest resistive configuration utilises a single resistive layer with edge grounding. This design, however, exhibits a non-uniform response under elevated particle irradiation. To overcome this behaviour, new current evacuation geometries have been developed. In this work, we examine the efficacy of various high-rate resistive layouts, trialled at the prestigious CERN H8-SpS and PSI πM1 beam testing facilities. These designs are tailored to meet the demanding requisites of detectors operating in the HL-LHC environment, as well as those of future experiments at the next generation colliders, such as the FCC-ee/hh and CepC.

Antimagnonics

Magnons are the quanta of collective spin excitations in magnetically ordered systems, and manipulation of magnons for computing and information processing has witnessed the development of “magnonics.” A magnon corresponds to an excitation of the magnetic system from its ground state, and the creation of a magnon thus increases the total energy of the system. In this perspective, we introduce the antiparticle of a magnon, dubbed the antimagnon, as an excitation that lowers the magnetic energy. On the fundamental side, the introduction of antimagnons paves the way to study phenomena from high-energy physics that are hard to observe with elementary particles, such as the Klein effect, black-hole horizons, and black-hole lasing, in a condensed-matter setting. On the application side, the introduction of antimagnons yields physical intuition for schemes to amplify magnons that may eventually find applications in magnonics, and this is often based on analogies of the aforementioned high-energy phenomena. We investigate the stability and thermal occupation of antimagnons and verify our theory by micromagnetic simulations. We hope that our work stimulates fundamental interest in antimagnons, as well as their applications to spintronic devices.

A monolithic active pixel sensor with node-based, data-driven, parallel readout for the high energy physics experiment vertex detector

We present the design of a prototype MAPS sensor MIC6_V1 based on a 55 nm Quad-well CMOS Image Sensor process for the CEPC vertex detector. A new node-based, data-driven, parallel readout architecture is implemented to achieve high spatial resolution, fast readout, and low power consumption. The size of MIC6_V1 is 2.8 mm × 2.8 mm, which contains a pixel matrix of 64 rows by 64 columns, and the pixel size is 23.6 μ m × 20 μ m. The integration time is 5 μs, and the hit arrival time measurement accuracy is 10 ns.

Studies of C2H2F4 and SF6 alternative gas mixtures for HPL RPC detectors for High Energy Physics applications

This research investigates the viability of replacing greenhouse gases C2H2F4 and SF6 with eco-friendly gas mixtures in Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors used at CERN LHC experiments. The study focuses on the addition of CO2 as a substitute of C2H2F4 to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and reduce operational costs. Initial performance studies with cosmic muons evaluate key parameters such as efficiency, current, streamer probability, prompt charge, cluster size, and time resolution of the detectors. Subsequent assessments take place at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility, emulating the LHC experiment background radiation. Furthermore, the study explores alternatives to SF6, including 3M NOVECTM 4710 and AMOLEATM 1224yd, presenting perforances results about these gas alternatives in High Pressure Laminate RPCs.

Electric Field Measurement Techniques And Their Practical Applications

Static, quasi-static and low frequency electric fields are being used in many fields of science and engineering. They are utilized in research studies of fundamental properties of materials, exploration of high-energy physics, in biology and medicine, etc., but also in a multitude of practical applications such as precipitation, painting, xerography, to name a few. In all these endeavors it is a good practice to find out what the electric fields are in terms of value, direction, and temporal and spatial distribution. This information can be crucial for making the application successful. Electric fields are also being created by many naturally occurring and man-made phenomena. The aim of this paper is to present different options for electric field evaluation and measurement. Aside from traditional approaches, new concepts using machine learning in electric field assessment and interpretation are discussed. As technologies progress, electric field detection methods become a part of sensor fusion realm by providing additional capabilities in process, environmental and situational awareness monitoring. They can provide unique information enhancing our knowledge and understanding. Examples of such sensor integrations are shown and explained.

Strong decays of the P c(4312) and its isospin cousin via the QCD sum rules* *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (12175068) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China

In this study, considering the conservation of isospin in the strong decays, we investigate the strong decays of the pentaquark molecule candidate and its possible higher isospin cousin in the framework of the QCD sum rules. Further, the pole residue of the Δ baryon with isospin eigenstate is obtained. If the possible pentaquark molecule candidate could be determined, it would shed light on the interpretations of the states in future experiments.

Charge-neutral, GeV-scale electron-positron pair beams produced using bremsstrahlung gamma rays

Matter-antimatter plasmas, such as electron-positron pair plasmas, are frequently observed in various astrophysical phenomena. In laboratory settings, electron-positron pairs have often been generated using high-Z converters irradiated by either direct laser pulses or laser-driven electron beams. Here we generate charge-neutral electron-positron beams with energies in the GeV range, utilizing bremsstrahlung gamma rays. Specifically, intense high-energy gamma rays produced electron-positron pair particles in a lead converter via the Bethe-Heitler process. The produced pair beams exhibited neutrality across all converter thicknesses throughout the energy spectrum spanning from 10 MeV to 1.8 GeV. Pairs with energies surpassing 1 GeV constituted up to 26% of the total kinetic energy within the spectrum. The experimental results were in good agreement with our Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations. These GeV-scale neutral pair particle beams have potential applications for understanding energetic astrophysical phenomena and high-energy particle physics.

Machine Learning based Reconstruction for the MUonE Experiment

As currently operating high energy physics experiments produce a huge amount of data, new methods of fast and efficient event reconstruction are necessary to handle the immense load. Storing the unprocessed data is not feasible, forcing experiments to process the data online employing the algorithms of quality provided for the offline analysis, but within strict time constraints. In the MUonE experiment the machine learning based event reconstruction techniques are being implemented and tested in order to provide efficient online reduction of data and to maximize the statistical power of the final physics measurement.

PC-JeDi: Diffusion for particle cloud generation in high energy physics

In this paper, we present a new method to efficiently generate jets in High Energy Physics called PC-JeDi. This method utilises score-based diffusion models in conjunction with transformers which are well suited to the task of generating jets as particle clouds due to their permutation equivariance. PC-JeDi achieves competitive performance with current state-of-the-art methods across several metrics that evaluate the quality of the generated jets. Although slower than other models, due to the large number of forward passes required by diffusion models, it is still substantially faster than traditional detailed simulation. Furthermore, PC-JeDi uses conditional generation to produce jets with a desired mass and transverse momentum for two different particles, top quarks and gluons.

Detector development for particle physics

In high-energy physics experiments, tracking and vertexing is nowadays mostly done using semiconductor detectors. Among the employed detectors are hybrid pixel sensors, passive sensors and recently also depleted monolithic active pixel sensors (DMAPS), which integrate the particle sensor with front-end electronics. Currently, the dominant material for the production of such sensors is silicon. However, the use of silicon carbide is currently being investigated. In this work we report on our progress on the development of silicon-based DMAPS. Further, we present two approaches for reading out passive silicon carbide detectors at particle rates from the kHz to the GHz range.

Nanocrystalline Lead Halide Perovskites to Boost Time‐of‐Flight Performance of Medical Imaging Detectors

AbstractTime‐of‐flight (TOF) technique, traditionally used in high energy physics (HEP) and positron emission tomography (PET), is now being explored for lower energy applications like computed tomography (CT). Regardless of the application, pushing the current boundaries in time resolution calls for novel technologies and materials exhibiting ultra‐fast time response. Semiconductor nanocrystals like cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbBr3), benefiting from quantum confinement effects, feature ultra‐fast decay and, when combined with a suitable bulk scintillator following a heterostructure concept, can also provide the necessary stopping power. In this work, thin films of CsPbBr3 on top of BGO, LYSO:Ce, and GAGG:Ce,Mg wafers are fabricated to test their impact on the single crystal scintillator time resolution under soft X‐rays excitation (about 10 keV). It is demonstrated that the CsPbBr3 layer significantly improves the overall time resolution in all cases, achieving up to a tenfold improvement with BGO and GAGG:Ce,Mg. Under 511 keV γ‐rays, a proof‐of‐concept of the heterostructure design for TOF‐PET using CsPbBr3 thin film deposited on GAGG:Ce,Mg bulk crystal is successfully tested. Shared events depositing energy in both materials are identified, resulting in more than twofold improved coincidence time resolution: 118 ± 4 ps full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) compared to the 272 ± 8 ps of solely GAGG:Ce,Mg.

Exotic spin-dependent interactions through unparticle exchange

The potential discovery of unparticles could have far-reaching implications for particle physics and cosmology. For over a decade, high-energy physicists have extensively studied the effects of unparticles. In this study, we derive six types of nonrelativistic potentials between fermions induced by unparticle exchange in coordinate space. We consider all possible combinations of scalar, pseudo-scalar, vector, and axial-vector couplings to explore the full range of possibilities. Previous studies have only examined scalar-scalar (SS), pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar (PP), vector-vector (VV), and axial-axial-vector (AA) type interactions, which are all parity even. We propose SP and VA interactions to extend our understanding of unparticle physics, noting that parity conservation is not always guaranteed in modern physics. We explore the possibilities of detecting unparticles through the long-range interactions they may mediate with ordinary matter. Dedicated experiments using precision measurement methods can be employed to search for such interactions. We discuss the properties of these potentials and estimate constraints on their coupling constants based on existing experimental data. Our findings indicate that for some particular values of the scaling dimension dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document}, the coupling between scalar or vector unparticles and fermions is constrained by several orders of magnitude more tightly than the previous limits. The underlying reason for this improvement is analyzed. Limits are also set on the newly proposed SP and VA interactions for continuous dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document} values, allowing the exploration of the dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document} dependence of the constraints. It turns out that the bounds exhibit an exponential decay trend with the increasing dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document}.

Review Paper- “Detail Evolution of RTE Food”

Biospark-healthcare Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 05 July 2021. It is classified as Non-govt companyand is registered at Registrar of Companies, Mumbai. Its authorized share capital is Rs. 150,000 and its paid up capital is Rs. 150,000. It is inolved in Manufacture of other food products Biospark-healthcare Private Limited's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on N/A and as per records fromMinistry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its balance sheet was last filed on 31 March 2022. Directors of Biospark-healthcare Private Limited are Jaiprakash Khanchand Vasdani, Neelkumar Rewachand Sujan,Vijay Jeevan Sujan and Prashant Kothari. Biospark-healthcare Private Limited's Corporate Identification Number is (CIN) U24290MH2021PTC363325 and its registration number is 363325.Its Email address is vijay.sujan@jnvgroup.co and its registered address is 4-A, 4TH FLOOR, 898 NOTAN PLAZA TURNER ROAD, BANDRA (WEST) MUMBAI Mumbai City MH 400050 IN. Current status of Biospark-healthcare Private Limited is - Active. The initial project proposal outlined a simple system of using a concept called “networked hypertext” to transmit documents and to communicate among staff in the high-energy physics community. Keywords – SUPPLY, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGMENT, INDIRECT SUPPLY, TAX TRANSPORT COMPLIANCE, TRANSPORTATION

Review Paper- “E-COMMERCE GROWTH IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET IMPACT ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT”

This research paper provides a comprehensive review of logistic and supply chain models, aiming to enhance the understanding of the intricate frameworks that govern the movement of goods and information within global business networks. The logistics and supply chain management (SCM) landscape has evolved significantly in recent years, driven by technological advancements, globalization, and the increasing complexity of business operations. This paper explores various models employed in logistics and supply chain management, focusing on their theoretical foundations, practical applications, and the impact of emerging trends on their effectiveness. The initial project proposal outlined a simple system of using a concept called “networked hypertext” to transmit documents and to communicate among staff in the high-energy physics community. Keywords – SUPPLY, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGMENT, INDIRECT SUPPLY, TAX TRANSPORT COMPLIANCE, TRANSPORTATION

Characterization of Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) for high energy physics applications

Ultra-fast silicon detectors (UFSD) are a specialized type of radiation detectors based on Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) that are designed to have extremely fast response times. This work presents detailed results on the study of 50μm thin-LGADs with different doping concentrations produced by Micron Semiconductors Ltd. A temperature dependent study of electrical characteristics and infrared laser measurements are presented in this work.

The k4Clue package: Empowering future collider experiments with the CLUE algorithm

High granularity calorimeters have become increasingly crucial in modern particle physics experiments, and their importance is set to grow even further in the future. The CLUstering of Energy (CLUE) algorithm has shown excellent performance in clustering calorimeter hits in the High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) developed for the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS experiment. In this paper, the suitability of the CLUE algorithm for future collider experiments has been investigated and its capabilities tested outside the HGCAL reconstruction software. To this end, a new package, k4Clue, was developed which is now fully integrated into the Gaudi software framework and supports the EDM4hep data format for inputs and outputs. The performance of CLUE was demonstrated in three detectors for future colliders: CLICdet for the CLIC accelerator, CLD for the FCC-ee collider and a second calorimeter based on Noble Liquid technology also proposed for FCC-ee. Excellent reconstruction performance was observed for single photon events, even in the presence of noise, and the results are compatible with the performance of the algorithms used currently as the baseline for shower reconstruction in future e+e−-colliders. Moreover, CLUE demonstrates impressive timing capabilities, outperforming the current baseline algorithms and this advantage remains consistent regardless of the number of input hits. This work highlights the adaptability and versatility of the CLUE algorithm for a wide range of experiments and detectors and the algorithm’s potential for future high-energy physics experiments beyond CMS.