High Levels Of Carbohydrates Research Articles

Fluorescence determination of acrylamide in potato chips based on P540 and P503 fluorescent reagents

Acrylamide is one of the potential environmental public health problems, resulting from its increased accumulation in the process of cooking foods content high level of carbohydrates that are fried or cooked at high temperatures. So, developing a precise and sensitive analytical method for detecting and determining acrylamide in foods is absolutely necessary and inevitable. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) are two main laboratory techniques for acrylamide determination. In this study, we tried to use a cheaper, faster, accurately method for measuring acrylamide in real food samples. P540 and P503 were used as fluorescent reagent to detect the concentration of acrylamide in potato chips samples from 4 companies. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used in this work. The results obtained for the detection of acrylamide in comparison with the HPLC-MS method showed that there is an acceptable overlap between the fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC method. The amount of acrylamide in four potato chips samples, obtained from the market in Tehran city, was determined using the proposed method. The optimum values of different parameters, were determined. Comparison between two methods, HPLC-MS and fluorescence spectroscopy were also described. The figures of merit for the proposed method were at the ideal range. The developed methods showed a high correlation coefficient (R2= 0.991). According to the results of the fluorescence emission spectroscopy and its comparison with HPLC-MS, performance and reliability of proposed method as a simple, efficient and rapid method with reduction of cost and time for determining acrylamide in potato chip samples were demonstrated.

Apple pomace biorefinery for ethanol, mycoprotein, and value-added biochemicals production by Mucor indicus

Apple pomace, a waste resulting after juice extraction, is often discarded in landfills, which can cause environmental issues. However, since apple pomace contains high levels of free sugars and structural carbohydrates, its conversion to fuels and biomaterials can mitigate environmental issues. In this study, an apple pomace feedstock-based biorefinery utilizing ethanolic Organosolv pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was conceptualized. Ethanolic based Organosolv pretreatment was performed at 24 different conditions to find the optimum conditions for maximum ethanol production. The resulting pretreated solids and pretreatment liquor were fermented to ethanol and/or biomass with filamentous fungi Mucor indicus. The pretreatment of apple pomace at 100 °C for 30 min with 50% ethanol and 0.5% sulfuric acid resulted in the highest ethanol yield of 244.9 g/kg of apple pomace. This yield included 47.2 g ethanol from pretreated solids and 197.7 g from pretreatment liquor, where the corresponding amount of pretreatment liquor and solids were subjected to fermentation. However, the aerobic fermentation of pretreatment liquor resulted in lower ethanol yield (117.4 g/kg of apple pomace) than the fermentation under anaerobic conditions, but high levels of mycoprotein (29.0 g/kg of apple pomace) and chitin and chitosan (8.7 g/kg of apple pomace) were produced.

Quality properties of sunn hemp (<i>Crotalaria juncea</i> L.) and maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) silages

Maize is an ideal forage crop for ensilage because of its high levels of fermentable carbohydrates, although it is low in protein. Sunn hemp is a legume with a high crude protein content with potential to be used in combination with maize to provide a silage with a higher protein content. Different percentages of sunn hemp-maize mixtures of 80-20, 60-40, 40-60 and 20-80 respectively were compared to silages of sole maize and sunn hemp. In the laboratory study, DLG classifications (color, smell, structure, total score and quality class), silage loss (%), silage pH, dry matter content, flieg score, crude protein content, crude ash content, NDF, ADF, metabolic energy (MJ kg-1 DM), dry matter intake, percent digestible dry matter and relative feed value were determined at the end of 60 days ensilage. The crude protein contents of silages increased as the sunn hemp ratio in the mixtures increased. In addition, pure sunn hemp silage and mixtures, especially 80% sunn hemp mixed with 20% maize, were found suitable for silage and it was concluded that sunn hemp and sunn hemp-maize silage mixtures could be used in animal husbandry.

Seaweeds of South Andaman: diversity, distribution, biochemical characterization and fatty acid profiling of some selected species

ABSTRACT The huge rise in seaweed-derived bioactive compounds demands immediate attention of under-explored seaweed species. The oceanic bio-resources in the tidal stretch of the Andaman Islands are relatively unknown. The present study explores seven intertidal regions of South Andaman Island to understand the species richness and existing seaweed biomass. Biochemical and fatty acid components were assessed for 15 seaweed species, commonly available in the study sites. A total of 67 species of seaweeds were collected during a one-year survey, most of which belonged to Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and a few in Phaeophyta. The species richness was higher in sandy and coarse substrata, while highest species density was found on rocky shores. The P value for species richness at 5.05E-15 also validated the variation in seaweed distribution and diversity in the selected locations. The nutritional composition varied significantly among the species and was mostly characterized by higher levels of carbohydrate especially in Gracilaria spp. Carbohydrate content ranging from 3.52–48.22% accounted for most of the nutrient component. The overall protein ranged between 2.41–18.67%, whereas the total lipid varied from 2.16–11.90% and about 10% of total lipid content was available in most species. The significant outcome of this study was the detection of 6.34% EPA in Boergesenia forbesii and 2.40% of gamma linolenic acid in Acetabularia acetabulum which could be of significant importance in the food, bioenergy, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Oligosaccharides improve the flesh quality and nutrition value of Nile tilapia fed with high carbohydrate diet

High level of carbohydrate in aquafeed could achieve cost-sparing effect, but it may cause adverse effects on flesh quality of aquatic products. An eight-week trial was conducted to investigate whether oligosaccharides-supplementation, including Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS), could systematically improve the growth performance, texture characteristics and nutrition composition of Nile tilapia fed with high-carbohydrate diet. The results indicated that GOS-supplementation improved the amino acid composition, while XOS-supplementation showed beneficial effects on growth performance. High-carbohydrate diet had adverse effects on fillet texture, while oligosaccharide-supplementation regulated the expression of muscle development-related genes to help restoring muscle texture properties. Furthermore, either high-carbohydrate or addition of oligosaccharides could change the intestinal microbiota composition and their metabolites. Further correlation analysis suggested that intestinal microbiota may account for the improvement in fish growth condition and texture characteristics. Application of oligosaccharides may be an innovative strategy for flesh quality modulation in aquaculture.

Screening of microalgal isolates of the Persian Gulf and evaluation of their potential as the promising bioethanol feedstock

ABSTRACT The high levels of carbohydrates in some microalgae make them a promising feedstock for bioethanol production. The pretreatment of microalgal biomass is one of the most important stages to improve cell disruption for increasing the accessibility to the intracellular compounds. The isolation and identification of newly isolated microalgae that produce high biomass and carbohydrate production were done in this research. Among six isolates, Chlorella S-4 and Picochlorum D-8 showed the highest specific growth rates of 0.189 and 0.215 (µ day−1), respectively, from which the former showed a suitable self-precipitation property. A combination of cell disruption methods, including acid-thermal, acid-thermal/sonication bath, and acid-thermal/freeze & thaw pretreatment was applied to disrupt the cell wall of isolated microalgae on a laboratory scale. The effectiveness of cell disruption methods was evaluated based on total carbohydrate measurement. The maximum carbohydrate content of 22% and 27% of dry weight with the productivity of 7 and 6 mg/L/d was obtained from Chlorella S-4 and Picochlorum D-8, respectively, using acid-high thermal pretreatment (121°C for 20 min). This study is trying to demonstrate the Persian Gulf native microalgae potential for possible bioethanol production.

Effect of synchronization of fermentation processes in body of young cattle

Indicators of rumen digestion of young cattle has been studied when fed with concentrates with high level of degradable protein and non-structural carbohydrates subjected to barothermal treatment. Extrusion of concentrated feed decreases degradability of concentrates protein by 26-28%. Correlation of indicators of rumen digestion in steers with the method of preparation for feeding with concentrates with high level of degradable protein and non-structural carbohydrates has been determined. So, in animals receiving feed subjected to barothermal treatment, the number of ciliates in rumen fluid increases by 5.4%, total nitrogen – by 2.9%, and concentration of ammonia and volatile fatty acids decreases by 8.1 and 3.4% Thus, processing of concentrates stimulates development of microflora of proventriculus and reduces the rumen protein loss. Barothermal treatment of concentrates with a high protein degradability and high level of non-structural carbohydrates increases productivity of animals and efficiency of feed. The average daily weight gain in animals of experimental group increases by 4.8-6.0%. As a result, the feed cost is reduced by 2.7-6.9%, and protein – by 2.6-5.7%.

Mineral profile and characterisation of cookies made from legume green grain flour

The aim of this work was to determine and compare the mineral composition and physico-chemical parameters of formulations of cookies developed by hand based on Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (mangalo—BFM), Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (cowpea beans—BFC) and Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth (pigeon pea—BFP) flours. The results indicate that the cookies have a high content of essential minerals (mainly K, P and Ca). Moisture (4.48-8.44%) was below the maximum value established by Brazilian legislation, and lipids (6.35-6.56%) and ash (3.33-3.96%) were like products found in the market and literature. High levels of protein (8.37-9.28%), fibre (3.88-6.39%) and carbohydrates (66.28-71.19%) give the product high nutritional potential. No oxidation products were detected. Water activity and acidity remained satisfactory for good food preservation for 45 days. Sensory evaluation indicates a satisfactory acceptability for the BFM and BFC (overall quality above 7). The desirability data indicated that the BFC obtained the best performance for the chosen parameters. Therefore, the elaborated cookies have high nutritional quality and the pulse flour has potential for the enrichment of food products.

Glucose injection into the yolk influences intermediary metabolism in adult Nile tilapia fed with high levels of carbohydrates

Nutritional programming is a concept proposed to be applied in the field of fish nutrition to improve the use of new diets in aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate for the first time the effects of a glucose injection into the yolk at the alevin stage on intermediary metabolism and growth in adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at 32–37 weeks later in the life. The early stimulus was performed through direct microinjection of 2 M glucose into yolk sacs of Nile tilapia alevin. Subsequently, in adult tilapia, the long-term effects of glucose stimulus on growth performance, blood metabolites, chemical composition in the liver and muscle, expression of genes involved in glucose transport and metabolism (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis) and related pathways (amino acid catabolism and lipogenesis) were investigated. Our results showed that, even though early glucose injection had no effect on growth performance in adult fish, very few significant effects on glucose metabolism were observed. Furthermore, to evaluate the potential metabolic programming after a dietary challenge, a 2 × 2 factorial design with two early stimuli (0.85% NaCl or 2 M glucose) and two different dietary carbohydrate intakes (medium-carbohydrate diet, CHO-M; high-carbohydrate diet, CHO-H) was performed between weeks 33 and 37. As expected, compared with the CHO-M diet, the CHO-H diet led to decreased growth performance, higher glyceamia and triglyceridemia, higher glycogen and lipid levels in the liver as well as down-regulation of gluconeogenesis and amino acid catabolism gene expressions. More interestingly, although early glucose injection had no significant effect on growth performance, it enhanced the capacities for lipogenesis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, particularly in fish that were fed the CHO-H diet. Thus, the nutritional programming of tilapia linked to glucose injection into the yolk of alevins is always visible at the adult stage albeit less intense than what we previously observed in juvenile.

Microbiome reduction prevents lipid accumulation during early diapause in the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens pipiens

The mosquito microbiome is critical to multiple facets of their biology, including larval development and disease transmission. For mosquitoes that reside in temperate regions, periods of diapause are critical to overwintering survival, but how the microbiome impacts this state is unknown. In this study, we compared the midgut microbial communities of diapausing and non-diapausing Culex pipiens and assessed how a reduced midgut microbiome influences diapause preparation. High community variability was found within and between non-diapausing and diapausing individuals, but no specific diapause-based microbiome was noted. Emergence of adult, diapausing mosquitoes under sterile conditions generated low bacterial load (LBL) lines with nearly a 1000-fold reduction in bacteria levels. This reduction in bacterial content resulted in significantly lower survival of diapausing females after two weeks, indicating acquisition of the microbiome in adult females is critical for survival throughout diapause. LBL diapausing females had high carbohydrate levels, but did not accumulate lipid reserves, suggesting an inability to process ingested sugars necessary for diapause-associated lipid accumulation. Expression patterns of select genes associated with mosquito lipid metabolism during diapause showed no significant differences between LBL and control lines, suggesting transcriptional changes may not underlie impaired lipid accumulation. Overall, a diverse, adult-acquired microbiome is critical for diapause in C. pipiens to process sugar reserves and accumulate lipids that are necessary to survive prolonged overwintering.

Rice bran-based bioplastics: Effects of the mixing temperature on starch plastification and final properties

The agro-food industry produces huge amounts of wastes and by-products with high levels of carbohydrates and proteins, basic food groups that, properly treated, can be employed for the development of bioplastics. These high added-value products represent an alternative to traditional polymers. In this research work, rice bran was mixed with glycerol and water obtaining homogeneous blends which then are processed into bioplastics via injection moulding. The mixing temperature aids starch plastification and thus, affects the properties of the final specimens. In this way, the mechanical characterization revealed improvements for the highest temperature (110 °C) used which, at the same time, exhibited poor physical integrity during water immersion. Although the mechanical properties of the dried system obtained at 80 °C are slightly inferior to those obtained for the non-dried 110 °C system, these specimens are considered more adequate since they exhibited higher physical integrity and, consequently, better operating conditions.

Metabolic responses of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) to different levels of dietary carbohydrate.

There are great differences in metabolic responses to different levels of carbohydrate among different carnivorous fish species. To explore metabolic responses of Chinese perch to moderate and high level of dietary carbohydrates, three diets containing 7.3% (LC), 17.5% (MC), and 27.5% (HC) of carbohydrates were provided to Chinese perch for 56days. The results showed that MC and HC groups exhibited an increase in weight gain (WG) and hepatic glycogen content, and a decrease in feed conversion efficiency, compared with the LC group. The MC and HC groups also showed the increase in mRNA levels of phosphofructokinase and citrate synthase related to the aerobic oxidation pathway, which might be responsible for the increase in WG. Moreover, compared with the LC group, the HC group exhibited high levels of plasma indices (glucose, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, total triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein) and liver lipid resulting from the increased mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis-related genes (ATP citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, and fatty acid synthase), low level of crude protein caused by inhibition of TOR pathway, and liver damage induced by low antioxidant capacity and infiltration of inflammatory cells, but the MC group did not. The above results indicated that 17.5% dietary carbohydrate might be utilized effectively in Chinese perch and part carbohydrates were converted into glycogen to maintain glucose homeostasis; 27.5% dietary carbohydrate could not be fully utilized. The 27.5% carbohydrate diet induced the up-regulation of aerobic oxidation, glycogen synthesis, and fat synthesis pathways which might not be sufficient to maintain glucose homeostasis.

Trichoderma reesei fungal degradation boosted the potentiality of date pit extract in fighting scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in male rats

Date pits are nutritious by-products, containing high levels of indigestible carbohydrates and polyphenols. To maximize the biological effects of the active ingredients, the hard shell of the polysaccharide must be degraded. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the protective potentials of date pits extract (DP) and fungal degraded date pits extract (FDDP) against scopolamine (SCO)-induced neurodegeneration in male rats. Date pits were subjected to fungal degradation and extraction, followed by the measurement of phytochemicals and free radical scavenging activities. Forty-two adult Sprague–Dawley male rats were divided into seven groups: three control groups administered with either saline, DP or FDDP; four groups with neurodegeneration receiving SCO (ip 2 mg/kg/day, SCO group) with no treatment, SCO with DP (oral 100 mg/kg/day, DP + SCO group), SCO with FDDP (oral, 100 mg/kg/day, FDDP + SCO group), and SCO with donepezil (DON, oral, 2.25 mg/kg/day, DON + SCO group). The treatment duration was 28 days, and in the last 14 days, SCO was administered daily. Morris water maze test, acetylcholine esterase activity, oxidative stress, markers of inflammation and amyloidogenesis, and brain histopathology were assessed.

Adaptations of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in response to high‐macronutrient diets in juvenile grass carp

It was previously shown that the influence of high-energy diets on growth and flesh quality of grass carp was closely related to energy resource. The mechanisms were explored in this study by investigating the hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism of grass carp. Juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with initial body weight (55.0 ± 2.5) g were fed with four purified diets for 11 weeks, with four replicates per diet and 20 fish per replicate. Three high-energy diets with high level of carbohydrate, fat and protein were prepared, and their gross energy was 11% higher than that of control diet. Results showed that the highest contents of hepatic crude fat, total saturated fatty acids, n-6 unsaturated fatty acids and glycogen, as well as the highest grade of hepatocyte steatosis were observed in grass carp fed the high-carbohydrate diet. Data on hepatic mRNA expression indicated that the high-carbohydrate diet increased the genes expression including pk, gck, g6pd, fas and acc-1, while the high-fat diet significantly increased the genes expression including pk, gck, fbp, pck, lpl and hsl. The high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets activated hepatic AMPK/ACC pathway, whereas inhibited TOR/SREBP-1 pathway. In conclusion, the high-carbohydrate diet had a stronger effect on the hepatic lipid accumulation than the high-fat diet in grass carp. The acceleration of lipolysis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver improved the utilization of the high-fat diet in grass carp. Besides, the high-carbohydrate diet can promote hepatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate shunt and inhibit gluconeogenesis in grass carp.

Influence of Carbohydrate on the Stages of Sleep – A Meta-Analysis

ObjectivesCarbohydrate is the nutrient most commonly said to influence sleep: it is proposed that a high intake increases the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, where it is metabolized into serotonin and melatonin. As this mechanism depends on the relative amount of carbohydrate and protein, studies were reviewed where diets differed in these macro-nutrients. MethodsThe Web of Science and Medline were interrogated using terms related to carbohydrate and sleep. Papers were retained if two diets, differing in the percentage of calories coming from carbohydrate, had been contrasted using either polysomnography or actigraphy. Measures considered with polysomnography included sleep onset time; sleep efficiency; rapid eye-movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS). Measures examined from actigraphy included: sleep efficiency; duration of sleep. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.2 (Cochrane) using a random-effects model. ResultsWith the polysomnography measures six studies met the inclusion criteria. A lesser consumption of carbohydrate was associated with more SWS (SMD = 0.47; CI 0.06 – 0.88; P = 0.02; I2 = 0%) and less REM (SMD = – 0.47, CI –0.87– –0.07, P = 0.02, I2 = 0%). A lower intake of carbohydrate was also associated with a shorter time before falling asleep (P = 0.03; I2 0%). Sleep efficiency is the percentage of time spent asleep, relative to the total time in bed. Using polysomnography there was a trend for better sleep efficiency to be associated with with a lower intake of carbohydrate, although it just missed significance (P = 0.06). However, using actigraphy those eating less carbohydrate were more sleep efficient (SMD = 1.25; CI 0.35 – 2.15; P = 0.007; I2 = 0%). ConclusionsNo study had the high level of carbohydrate needed to raise tryptophan; rather studies had enough protein to reduce the uptake of tryptophan. A novel possibility is that blood glucose levels modulate sleep. Glucose metabolism varies; it is less during SWS and greater with REM. There are many reports associating the nature of sleep with glucose tolerance. As several hormones control glucose levels, some stimulated by the level of glucose, there is a need to consider diet hormonal interactions. As SWS is believed to be restorative and aid plasticity, increasing SWS with lower carbohydrate have may functional implications. Funding SourcesNo external funding.

Physio-Anatomical Study of Polyploid Watermelon Grafted by Different Methods

Watermelon is one of the most desirable vegetable crops in the world. Recently, grafting is common in watermelons worldwide, but not all grafting methods are compatible with polyploids. In this study, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid from one watermelon variety, “Mi Mei”, were grafted on the “Xijiaqiangsheng” squash rootstock to study the effect of genome duplication on graft compatibility. Three grafting methods (splice, hole, and tongue) were used to determine graft compatibility. Significant differences in survival rates, hormones, antioxidants (AOX), sugars, and starch contents were observed between compatible/incompatible combinations. Compatible combinations with high survival rates showed high levels of hormones, AOX, carbohydrates, and low hydrogen peroxide H2O2 compared to incompatible plants. The hole grafting method was more efficient with diploid, while splice was efficient with a tetraploid, and both methods can be used for triploid. Compatibility is a combined effect of hormone, carbohydrate, and antioxidant activities. We predict that compatibility is a complex process and that further molecular studies must be performed to dig deep into this phenomenon.

Replacement of grain maize with spineless cactus in the diet of dairy goats.

Spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) is widely used in animal feed in semi-arid regions, due to the adaptive characteristics to such conditions and for having high levels of soluble carbohydrates. This research article describes the effect of replacing grain maize with spineless cactus in the diet of dairy goats on dry matter intake, water intake, milk yield, milk physicochemical characteristics and diet production costs. Eight multiparous Anglo Nubian goats were fed diets in which grain maize was replaced with spineless cactus at four levels (0, 33, 66, and 100%) in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. Milk yield was measured and samples collected in the last three days of each period for physicochemical analysis and for determining nutrient intake. Diet production costs were also determined. Replacing maize with spineless cactus did not influence dry matter intake. Water intake via the drinker decreased linearly in response to the increasing levels of spineless cactus in the diet. The replacement of maize with spineless cactus did not change milk yield or physicochemical parameters. Total feed cost and the percentage of revenue losses from feed decreased with the replacement. Therefore, spineless cactus can fully replace grain maize in the diet of dairy goats, as it does not change dry matter intake or milk yield, but rather reduces feed costs and the drinking-water intake of goats.

Technical Facts on the Current Scenario and Future Potential of Jackfruit Processing

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) is one of the important underutilized fruit belonging to the family Moraceae and is the largest edible fruit. Jackfruit is often called as “poor man’s bread fruit” because it is cheaply available in large quantities during the season. Jackfruit seeds are normally discarded or steamed and eaten as a snack or used in some local dishes; seed flour is used in some biscuit factories in various bakery products, etc. The use of jackfruit bulbs, seeds, and its other parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. It contains high levels of carbohydrates, protein, starch, calcium, vitamins, free sugar (sucrose), fatty acids, ellagic acid, and amino acids like arginine, cystine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, theanine, and tryptophan. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antifungal activity. This chapter describes an overview of the functional, medicinal, nutritional, and health aspects of jackfruit.

The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Korean Mint Flower

Edible flowers have been used in the food and beverage industries because of their high nutritional value, flavor, and scent. For the storage of edible flowers used in these industries, drying is a necessity to store the materials more easily and prevent the damage of metabolites in the flowers. However, drying may affect metabolite retention because drying conditions can differ according to the various methods. In this study, Agastache rugosa flowers were dried using four different methods (oven drying at 25 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 1 °C, 80 ± 1 °C, and freeze drying) and primary and secondary metabolites were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). Freeze-dried flower samples contained higher levels of carotenoids (lutein, 13Z-β-carotene, β-carotene, and 9Z-β-carotene) and phenolics (rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid). Contrarily, the 80 °C oven-dried flower samples contained higher levels of most amino acids and flavonoids (including acacetin and tilianin) and at 25 °C and 50 °C contained higher levels of carbohydrates. Therefore, freeze-drying is a suitable method for retaining carotenoids and phenolics. In contrast, oven drying at 50 °C was highly recommended to retain amino acids and flavonoids.

ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ONIONS (Allium cepa) ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR ALBINO RATS

ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF ONIONS (Allium cepa) ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC WISTAR ALBINO RATS