Hierarchical Organizational Structure Research Articles

Дополнительная общеразвивающая программа социально-гуманитарной направленности «Я развиваюсь» для детей 4–5 лет

<p>The article is devoted to the description of the program “I am developing” for preschool children 4–5 years old. The implementation of the program is based on an interdisciplinary psychological and pedagogical approach and is aimed at revealing the internal resources of pupils (including those with disabilities), cognitive development, the development of regulatory functions, as well as the emotional, personal and communicative development of children. Classes are built in the stream of the neuropsychological approach and suggest an early start of corrective action in the created developmental environment. The basis of this developing psychological and pedagogical program is the theoretical provisions of L.S. Vygotsky, A.R. Luria about the patterns of development and the hierarchical structure of the brain organization of higher mental functions in ontogenesis (the theory of three functional blocks of the brain), as well as theoretical and applied research by A.V. Semenovich about neuropsychological correction according to the principle of “replacing ontogenesis method”. As a result of approbation of the program, results were obtained confirming an increase in the basic properties of voluntary attention, the development of basic cognitive functions (thinking, memory), the emotional-volitional sphere, communication skills, as well as the motor sphere (perseverance, impulsivity reduction, elimination of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic syndromes).</p>

Organisation-level and individual-level predictors of nurse-reported quality of care in primary care: A multilevel study in China.

Knowledge of the predictors of nursing quality and safety remains a gap in global primary care research. This study examines organisational-level and nurse-level predictors of nurse-reported quality of care from a management perspective. We recruited 175 primary care nurses in 38 community health centres (CHCs) varying by size and ownership in Jinan, Tianjin, Shenzhen and Shanghai. Guided by the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model, the organisation-level predictors comprised organisational structure, organisational culture, psychological safety and organisational support, while the nurse-level predictors included organisational commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour. Nurse-reported quality of care was measured by two questions: "How do you rate the quality of care that you provide?" and "Do you often receive complaints from patients or their family members at work?" Multilevel linear regression models were used to examine the predictors of nurse-reported quality of care. Among the four organisation-level predictors, organisational structure, psychological safety and organisational support were positive predictors of nurse-reported quality of care. Nurses working in CHCs with highly hierarchical organisational structures (Coef.=0.196, p=0.000), a high level of organisational support (Coef.=0.158, p=0.017) and a high level of psychological safety (Coef.=0.159, p=0.035) were more likely to report high quality of care or less likely to receive medical complaints. In terms of nurse-level predictors, nurses willing to increase their knowledge through continuous education were more likely to report good quality of care (Coef.=0.107, p=0.049) and less likely to receive medical complaints from patients (Coef.=0.165, p=0.041). Potential management levers to improve quality of nursing care include formalised organisational structures, strong organisational support and a psychologically safe environment as well as the provision of training to facilitate continuous education. Implementing these recommendations is likely to enhance the nursingquality in primary care.

GL-Tree: A Hierarchical Tree Structure for Efficient Retrieval of Massive Geographic Locations.

Location-based application services and location privacy protection solutions are often required for the storage, management, and efficient retrieval of large amounts of geolocation data for specific locations or location intervals. We design a hierarchical tree-like organization structure, GL-Tree, which enables the storage, management, and retrieval of massive location data and satisfies the user's location-hiding requirements. We first use Geohash encoding to convert the two-dimensional geospatial coordinates of locations into one-dimensional strings and construct the GL-Tree based on the Geohash encoding principle. We gradually reduce the location intervals by extending the length of the Geohash code to achieve geospatial grid division and spatial approximation of user locations. The hierarchical tree structure of GL-Tree reflects the correspondence between Geohash codes and geographic intervals. Users and their location relationships are recorded in the leaf nodes at each level of the hierarchical GL-Tree. In top-down order, along the GL-Tree, efficient storage and retrieval of location sets for specified locations and specified intervals can be achieved. We conducted experimental tests on the Gowalla public dataset and compared the performance of the B+ tree, R tree, and GL-Tree in terms of time consumption in three aspects: tree construction, location insertion, and location retrieval, and the results show that GL-Tree has good performance in terms of time consumption.

Proposal of Hierarchical Organization Structure for Negotiation Consensus in Multinational Joint-Client Megaprojects: Case of US Force Relocation Program in Korea

During negotiations in the initial stage of multinational megaprojects, technical issues are underemphasized compared to diplomatic or political perspectives despite varying relevant standards of participating countries. If the organization structures are established soundly while overcoming heterogeneous aspects of involved countries, decision making among countries satisfying both could be made timely and properly. With the aim of positive multilateral relationships and negotiations concerning engineering factors collectively, a framework is presented for identifying the roles and responsibilities of multinational joint clients with a hierarchical organization structure composed of a decision maker, senior responsible owner, project sponsor, and project manager. US forces relocation program in the Republic of Korea, a $1.4 billion megaproject, was analyzed where political and cultural aspects were attempted to melt down in a hierarchical organization. Results from interviewing high-level decision makers from both countries show that upper-level participants focus on political issues, while lower-level practitioners aim to achieve satisfactory technical quality. The involvement of engineers in earlier negotiation stages with upper-level counterparts is essential in establishing realistic goals. The uniqueness of the framework compared to previous factor-driven perspectives between different joint-client structures are as follows: Identical hierarchy of level from the countries supports defining roles with integrated scope management, and neutral consultative body for arbitrating conflict between countries and in-house departments within a country is required.

Sharing leadership behaviors in virtual teams: effects of shared leadership behaviors on team member satisfaction and productivity

PurposeVirtual collaboration in teams becomes increasingly popular at work. With the advantages of working in virtual teams come leadership challenges for which the shared leadership theory is discussed as a potential solution. While previous empirical studies investigating shared leadership in virtual teams generally confirm positive effects on team outcomes, this study aims to investigate in detail the leadership behaviors that are typically shared in these settings and how these shared leadership behaviors affect individual level outcomes.Design/methodology/approachIndividuals from different teams participated in a questionnaire study (n = 411). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the effects of shared task- and relations-oriented leadership behaviors on team member’s subjectively perceived productivity and satisfaction with leadership.FindingsResults indicate that shared task-oriented leadership behaviors have a significant positive effect on subjectively perceived productivity and satisfaction with leadership, while relations-oriented leadership behaviors have a significant negative effect. A hypothesis stipulating a moderating effect of task interdependence was not confirmed.Practical implicationsPractical implications include that in virtual teams with hierarchical organizational structures, it may be recommended that task-oriented leadership behaviors are shared among team members, whereas relations-oriented leadership behaviors should remain the responsibility of the official leader.Originality/valueThe findings complement previous research with new insights on behavioral dimensions of shared leadership and their effects on outcomes on the level of the individual.

Volunteer activity as a social and pedagogical phenomenon of the social formation of the personality

The article considers volunteer activity as an effective means of socialization, a socio-pedagogical phenomenon, as a means of social formation of personality, student youth as a separate socio-demographic group of society, distinguished by a set of age and psychophysiological characteristics, the quality of professional activity depends on the level of health. The criteria of volunteering are singled out, allowing to separate volunteering from other types of voluntary activity: own initiative; socially useful nature of the work; the volunteering entity does not expect a financial reward; activities carried out in free time; activities that are not directly related to protecting one's own interests and solving one's problems; activity expressed in work; activity that does not involve inclusion in the hierarchical organizational structure of a certain institution. It has been proven that volunteering is carried out for the well-being of the community or society, that is, volunteering is a socially useful activity that does not aim to achieve other goals than the public good, in the most general sense - the increase of human capital, volunteering is not an activity for the benefit of the state, it does not have a political color , is based on universal human values. The main motives of volunteer activity and the basic principles of the volunteer movement are shown; the principles of volunteering are defined. Forms of altruistic behavior, or types of orientation of volunteer activity, are highlighted: moral (selfless concern for others to satisfy one's own spiritual needs); parental (irrational selfless-sacrificing attitude towards younger ones); sympathetic (empathetic attitude, help is aimed at achieving a specific result); demonstrative (demonstration of altruistic acts in order to comply with certain social norms); parochial (selfless acts are extended only to a limited circle of people: family, friends, a separate social group, however, a positive attitude towards individual "own" people in this case is associated with hatred of «strangers»).

On the construction of optimal symmetrical hierarchical organizational structures

On the construction of optimal symmetrical hierarchical organizational structures

The Faces of Securities Regulation and State Authority: A Comparison Between the United States and China

This article examines how the organizational structures and purposes of securities regulators affect securities law and its enforcement. Securities regulators in different jurisdictions can have either hierarchical or horizontal organizational structures, and their mission can be either policy‐implementing or dispute‐resolving. The securities regulators in China and the United States are two typical examples. The two countries can be roughly categorized as activist and reactive states, respectively. This article shows that the organizations of regulators and the disposition of governments affect the ends of securities regulation and provides some evidence that they also affect the means, which would explain the express differences in securities enforcement as well as those applied in practice. While a reactive state mainly seeks to protect investors and facilitate capital formation, an activist state tends to consider other state goals, including industrial policies and redistribution of wealth. Additionally, hierarchically organized securities regulators tend to focus more on technical rules and routines, whereas horizontally organized regulators employ more flexible standards and are better equipped to deliver substantive justice. This article contributes to the literature of law and finance and cautions against the “capital‐market‐centrist” view.

Open for business: a quantitative analysis of teachers’ experiences of marketisation in international schools

ABSTRACT The global education reform movement has led to the development of quasi-markets and the promotion of business-like operation of schools with the goal of improving education for students and opportunities for teachers. While many types of schools have been influenced by marketisation, the international school market is a prime example of how such processes can be fully integrated into education. However, despite the prevalence of market reforms, little is known of their impact on educational employees. This research investigates the perspectives and experiences of teachers in compulsory-age international schools operated by large multi-national for-profit education management organisations to understand how business-like operations within a school market affect their daily work. Semi-structured interviews were used to create items to measure the business influences. Scales were then developed with Mokken Scale analysis and Rasch analysis. The two scales demonstrate distinct patterns of marketisation. The scale of direct business influences on teachers’ work includes items on competition between schools, increasing admissions and improving finances, while the scale of indirect influences includes items about job insecurity, hierarchical organisational structures, fear of repercussions when voicing professional opinions, and an emphasis on evidence of learning. Notably, these quantitative patterns were consistent across many different types of schools, both for-profit, non-profit private schools and government schools. These findings demonstrate the strength of researching teachers’ experiences to understand the impact of marketisation on education.

Remote sensing scene classification using an attention consistent network

Image scene classification in the remotely sensed (RS) society is an interesting subject that aims to allocate land use / cover semantic information. A big amount of Convolutional neural classification models for RS images have been proposed by the authors due to the massive behaviour of CNNs in features extracted. Despite their impressive results, there are still opportunities for advancement. To begin, local characteristics are just as important as global ones in identifying RS images. The CNNs' hierarchical organizational structure and multidimensional suitable capabilities make them good at trying to capture spatial information [1]. It's not uncommon for the feature maps to be overlooked, moreover. First and foremost, the ranges among RS image pairs must be minimised or maximised in order to achieve satisfying classifier performance. Despite this, the importance of these focuses in classification tasks is undervalued. We propose a new CNN called focus high quality infrastructure (ACNet) depending on the Siamese network in the this paper to improve the robustness discussed previous section. [3]To begin, the input data for ACNet are the picture groups achieved through spatial rotation as a result of the network's the double framework.

Power Relations in the Stadium Stands: Strengthening Gender Equality in Indonesian Football Club Supporters

Indonesian football competition is often seen as a masculine sport only suitable for men supporters. But now, women's supporter groups are increasingly popping up. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how hierarchical and power relations between women and men members in Brigata Curva Sud (BCS), a supporter base of PSS Sleman football club, which in 2017 was praised as the best ultras supporter in Asia. This study uses the power relation theory from Michel Foucault to analyze this phenomenon. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The research results showed that BCS had put gender equality as the foundation of its organization: First, BCS has a manifesto of "no leader just together, " which implies that BCS does not recognize a hierarchical organizational structure. Each member has the same rights and obligations in formulating the organization's future and making any agreed decisions. Second, there is no unequal power relation between women and men members in BCS. The only supreme power in the BCS that produces knowledge is a deliberative forum open to all members regardless of social background or gender.

Physical environmental designs in residential care to improve quality of life of older people.

Physical environmental designs in residential care to improve quality of life of older people.

Mechanizmy stratyfikacji płciowej w strukturach organizacji start-upów technologicznych

W badaniach podejmujących problematykę związków zachodzących pomiędzy płcią społeczno-kulturową a strukturami organizacyjnymi wyodrębniono dotychczas wiele różnych koncepcji obrazujących mechanizmy stratyfikacji płciowej w miejscu pracy. Opisy te oparte były jednak na wynikach badań hierarchicznych i zbiurokratyzowanych struktur organizacyjnych. Tymczasem organizacje ukierunkowane na wytwarzanie innowacji, wyrastające na gruncie neoliberalnego modelu gospodarki, podlegają istotnym przemianom. Nowe modele organizacji pracy (wykorzystujące zaawansowane technologie, bazujące na „płaskich strukturach” i samozarządzających się zespołach) tworzą przestrzeń do rekonfiguracji relacji nierówności płci w miejscu pracy. Celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie mechanizmów stratyfikacji płciowej w innowacyjnych organizacjach zawodowych – start-upach technologicznych. W oparciu o wyniki badań jakościowych w tekście wskazane zostały ograniczenia i możliwe reinterpretacje koncepcji wykorzystanych do opisu wzorów nierówności płci w start-upach (koncepcje „szklanej piwnicy”, „szklanych ścian” i „płciowej segregacji horyzontalnej”), zaczerpniętych z socjologicznej literatury przedmiotu.

Challenges facing Saudi public sector leaders during change

Organization change management has a poor success record and confronts leaders with many challenges, including employee resistance. The Saudi public sector is undergoing widespread changes under the government’s reform agenda, Vision 2030. However, there is little research on organizational change in the Arab world; what exists locks depth and pays little attention to leaders’ roles. This paper explores the challenges facing Saudi public sector leaders and the response strategies adopted in two public sector organizations undergoing a recent change. Qualitative data were collected by unstructured interviews with six department leaders and 21 subordinates involved in change implementation. Challenges faced included the hierarchical organizational and sectoral structure, bureaucracy, high power distance, constraints on leaders’ autonomy, the gender-sensitive national culture, and employee resistance. Leaders employed a variety of strategies to cope with and mitigate these challenges, to achieve change success, notably, improving communication to explain the change, provide clarity and alleviate concerns. Leaders also become less authoritarian and more employee-focused, applying flexibility, providing opportunities for employee participation, and using various motivational strategies to gain employee commitment and improve productivity limitations of the study are the small convergence sample reflecting one project in one sector and the inability to follow change progress over time. The insight afforded by rich qualitative data on experienced challenges and leader behavior enables implications to be drawn for motivational strategies and communication with other public sector organizations involved in change projects.

COVID Roundtable

COVID Roundtable

School Middle Leaders and Change Management: Do They Need to Be More on the “Balcony” than the Dance Floor?

The term “middle leader” in the context of English education has evolved into an overarching title to describe a leadership position for practitioners who have school wide responsibilities in addition to their classroom duties. Such responsibilities can consist of pastoral leadership; curriculum leadership; leadership of additional student support; leadership of a team or phase and leadership of a specific school improvement priority. Educational middle leadership is founded on the notion of bringing together the duty of contributing to a strategic leadership remit whilst remaining firmly within the role of a classroom practitioner. It is argued that this ‘space’ for middle leadership is due to the increasingly hierarchical organisational structures of schools; consequently, being viewed as the ‘middle layer’. However, it is often unclear how much real authority or autonomy middle leaders have either to act strategically or make leadership decisions for their school. Despite many studies having previously explored the impact of senior leadership in improving school systems through deploying varied leadership styles, there is an absence in literature underpinning what constitutes effective strategic middle leadership. This study explored and interrogated the strategic ability of middle leadership, to contribute to this discourse. It critically reflected on the effectiveness of middle leadership, in a small-scale context, when making sustainable curriculum changes to a primary school’s maths curriculum. The research methodology adopted was an autoethnographic approach. It used a documentary method, that consisted of a reflective journal, kept by the first researcher, who was also a maths curriculum middle leader within an English primary school. The reflective journal was used as an authenticated document for elucidation and analysis. The main findings suggested that collective leadership was appropriate for this research context. The study further evidenced the reality of how personal, yet important understanding leadership cultures are, in all levels of leadership. The conclusion pointed to the direction of middle leaders being more successful if they were strategic, and therefore must both find and develop systems that assist them to be located on the “balcony” rather than only the dance floor.

Local stability properties of complex, species-rich soil food webs with functional block structure.

Ecologists have long debated the properties that confer stability to complex, species‐rich ecological networks. Species‐level soil food webs are large and structured networks of central importance to ecosystem functioning. Here, we conducted an analysis of the stability properties of an up‐to‐date set of theoretical soil food web models that account both for realistic levels of species richness and the most recent views on the topological structure (who is connected to whom) of these food webs. The stability of the network was best explained by two factors: strong correlations between interaction strengths and the blocked, nonrandom trophic structure of the web. These two factors could stabilize our model food webs even at the high levels of species richness that are typically found in soil, and that would make random systems very unstable. Also, the stability of our soil food webs is well‐approximated by the cascade model. This result suggests that stability could emerge from the hierarchical structure of the functional organization of the web. Our study shows that under the assumption of equilibrium and small perturbations, theoretical soil food webs possess a topological structure that allows them to be complex yet more locally stable than their random counterpart. In particular, results strongly support the general hypothesis that the stability of rich and complex soil food webs is mostly driven by correlations in interaction strength and the organization of the soil food web into functional groups. The implication is that in real‐world food web, any force disrupting the functional structure and distribution pattern of interaction strengths (i.e., energy fluxes) of the soil food webs will destabilize the dynamics of the system, leading to species extinction and major changes in the relative abundances of species.

Sensing and seizing in the apparel industry: the role of dynamic capabilities in fostering sustainable strategic orientations

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how the dynamic capabilities sensing and seizing could support a sustainable (either instrumental or stewardship) strategic orientation in the apparel industry.Design/methodology/approachThrough qualitative and inductive research design, ten companies from the Sustainable Apparel Coalition, specifically focusing on brands, were researched. Employees in strategic positions were interviewed. Subsequently, thematic analysis was realized to extract findings from both instrumental and stewardship organizations.FindingsInstrumental organizations focus on increasing their brand, mainly by following market demands. They sense opportunities via a hierarchical organizational structure that allows for incremental innovation based on internal competition. Stewardship organizations believe in a collective approach toward conducting business effectively. While building a “sustainable case for business”, a stewardship-oriented company senses by involving their stakeholders and seeks unorthodox opportunities using a long-term internal compass as a beacon for decision-making.Originality/valueKey capabilities are revealed that allow businesses and managers to reach higher levels of sustainability in a specific sector: the apparel industry. Especially the capabilities of stewardship-oriented companies and its ambidexterity provide a fertile base for future research at the nexus of organization development and sustainability.

Human iPSC-derived mesodermal progenitor cells preserve their vasculogenesis potential after extrusion and form hierarchically organized blood vessels

Post-fabrication formation of a proper vasculature remains an unresolved challenge in bioprinting. Established strategies focus on the supply of the fabricated structure with nutrients and oxygen and either rely on the mere formation of a channel system using fugitive inks or additionally use mature endothelial cells and/or peri-endothelial cells such as smooth muscle cells for the formation of blood vessels in vitro. Functional vessels, however, exhibit a hierarchical organization and multilayered wall structure that is important for their function. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells (hiMPCs) have been shown to possess the capacity to form blood vessels in vitro, but have so far not been assessed for their applicability in bioprinting processes. Here, we demonstrate that hiMPCs, after formulation into an alginate/collagen type I bioink and subsequent extrusion, retain their ability to give rise to the formation of complex vessels that display a hierarchical network in a process that mimics the embryonic steps of vessel formation during vasculogenesis. Histological evaluations at different time points of extrusion revealed the initial formation of spheres, followed by lumen formation and further structural maturation as evidenced by building a multilayered vessel wall and a vascular network. These findings are supported by immunostainings for endothelial and peri-endothelial cell markers as well as electron microscopic analyses at the ultrastructural level. Moreover, endothelial cells in capillary-like vessel structures deposited a basement membrane-like matrix at the basal side between the vessel wall and the alginate-collagen matrix. After transplantation of the printed constructs into the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) the printed vessels connected to the CAM blood vessels and get perfused in vivo. These results evidence the applicability and great potential of hiMPCs for the bioprinting of vascular structures mimicking the basic morphogenetic steps of de novo vessel formation during embryogenesis.

Managing the digital transformation of the industrial sector

The article examines the issues of managing the digital transformation of the Russian industrial sector. The author notes that a new content of the industrial development strategy is currently on the agenda a digital strategy, for the development of which there are a number of prerequisites: the availability of the Internet, the use of digital services, mobile devices, and other digital technologies. The article deals with the issues of digital transformation management and the directions of its development. The author reveals the advantages of implementing digital transformation, suggests directions for implementing the roadmap for digital transformation of the industrial sector, and identifies trends in the digital transformation of the industrial sector. It is noted that digital transformation begins with the creation of a digital platform where the interests of industry, the state and science are united. Digital platforms are proposed to be organized by type of economic activity (FEA), using digital ecosystems. Digital platforms are proposed to be created in the areas of digital transformation, such as: uber-ization, the Internet of things, neural technologies, Big Data, network interaction with partners, blockchain, crowdfunding. The article reflects that one of the types of digitalization is uber-the transformation of the economy, which represents a digital service for the provision of services, the rejection of hierarchical multi-level organizational structures, to production and management structures based on the blockchain. Uber-ization of the economy is a digital management service that includes a whole range of other digital services. In this article, the author proposes a model of digital transformation of the industrial sector of the Russian Federation based on the creation of digital doubles that allow using such advantages as reducing the time of business processes, increasing the accuracy of calculations, and improving the quality of work performed. Digital transformation forms new forms of organizational, innovation and management activities, takes a leading position in the development of domestic industrial potential, new competitive advantages by improving business processes for knowledge and information management, increasing the number of technological innovations, and filling them with professional competencies.