Heterocyclic Organic Compounds Research Articles

Computational exploration of the copper(I)-catalyzed conversion of hydrazones to dihalogenated vinyldiazene derivatives.

This computational study explores the copper (I) chloride catalyzed synthesis of (E)-1-(2,2-dichloro-1-phenylvinyl)-2-phenyldiazene (2Cl-VD) from readily available hydrazone derivative and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). 2Cl-VD has been extensively utilized to synthesize variety of heterocyclic organic compounds in mild conditions. The present computational investigations primarily focus on understanding the role of copper (I) and N1,N1,N2,N2-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine (TMEDA) in this reaction, TMEDA often being considered a proton scavenger by experimentalists. Considering TMEDA as a ligand significantly alters the energy barrier. In fact, it is only 8.3 kcal/mol higher compared to the ligand-free (LF) route for the removal of a chlorine atom to form the radical ·CCl3 but the following steps are almost barrierless. This intermediate then participates in attacking the electrophilic carbon in the hydrazone. Crucially, the study reveals that the overall potential energy surface is thermodynamically favorable, and the theoretical turnover frequency (TOF) value is higher in the case of Cu(I)-TMEDA complex catalyzed pathway.

Influence of benzothiophene acceptor moieties on the non-linear optical properties of pyreno-based chromophores: first-principles DFT framework.

Herein, a series of heterocyclic organic compounds (PYFD1-PYFD7) are designed with different acceptor moieties at the terminal position of a reference compound (PYFR) for nonlinear optical (NLO) active materials. The optoelectronic characteristics of the designed chromophores were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the M06/6-311G(d,p) functional. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis revealed a significant decrease in the energy of the band gaps (2.340-2.602 eV) for the derivatives as compared to the PYFR reference compound (3.12 eV). An efficient transfer of charge from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was seen, which was further corroborated by the density of states (DOS) and transition density matrix (TDM) heat maps. The results of the global reactivity parameters (GRPs) indicated that all derivatives exhibited greater softness (σ = 0.384-0.427 eV) and lower hardness (η = 0.394-1.302 eV) as compared to PYFR, indicating a higher level of polarizability in the derivatives. Moreover, all of the derivatives showed significant findings in terms of nonlinear optical (NLO) results as compared to the reference chromophore. PYFD2 showed the most effective NLO response (α = 1.861 × 10-22 and βtot = 2.376 × 10-28 esu), including a lowered band gap of 2.340 eV, the maximum softness value of 0.4273 eV, and the lowest hardness value of 1.170 eV as compared to other chromophores. The incorporation of different acceptors and thiophene as a π-spacer in this structural alteration significantly contributed to achieving remarkable NLO responses. Therefore, our findings may motivate experimentalists to synthesize these designed NLO active materials for the current advanced technological applications.

1,3,4-Oxadiazole Scaffold in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery: An Overview.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the biggest challenges for the scientific community in the 21st century. With the increasing number of cases of diabetes and drug-resistant diabetes, there is an urgent need to develop new potent molecules capable of combating this cruel disease. Medicinal chemistry concerns the discovery, development, identification, and interpretation of the mode of action of biologically active compounds at the molecular level. Oxadiazole-based derivatives have come up as a potential option for antidiabetic drug research. Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic organic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in its ring. Oxadiazole hybrids have shown the ability to improve glucose tolerance, enhance insulin sensitivity, and reduce fasting blood glucose levels. The mechanisms underlying the antidiabetic effects of oxadiazole involve the modulation of molecular targets such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), α-glucosidase, α-amylase and GSK-3β which regulate glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. The present review article describes the chemical structure and properties of oxadiazoles and highlights the antidiabetic activity through action on different targets. The SAR for the oxadiazole hybrids has been discussed in this article, which will pave the way for the design and development of new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as promising antidiabetic agents in the future. We expect that this article will provide comprehensive knowledge and current innovation on oxadiazole derivatives with antidiabetic potential and will fulfil the needs of the scientific community in designing and developing efficacious antidiabetic agents.

Synthesis of potassium-modified g-C3N4/LaFeO3 nanocomposites as efficient visible-light photocatalytic for indole degradation

A composite photocatalyst KCN/LFO was synthesized using K-modified g-C3N4 (KCN) and LaFeO3 (LFO). The photocatalytic activity of the KCN/LFO was evaluated by degrading indole (heterocyclic organic compound). The KCN/LFO-10 (mass fraction of LaFeO3 with 10%) displayed the highest removal rate of indole. Indole was degraded to 97.366% after 60 min. The photocurrent and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results suggested that the close correlation between KCN and LaFeO3 can increasing the efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation. The capture experiment results demonstrated that ·O2− and ·OH is primary active substance, respectively. Moreover, the degradation efficiency of KCN/LFO-10 to indole remains stable at 87% after four successive experiments of indole photocatalytic degradation. This work presents an effective method for addressing the pollution caused by heterocyclic organic compound.

Preparation, Characterization, and Antiangiogenic Evaluation of a Novel 5-Fluorouracil Derivative Solid Lipid Nanoparticle with a Hen's Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay and Wound Healing Response in HaCaT Keratinocytes.

5-Fluorouracil is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, and it is commonly used as a chemotherapeutic agent in many cancers. The present goal is to analyze and characterize the physicochemical and biological properties of a new therapeutic formulation of 5-FUD-Gal under simulated chronic wound and oxidative stress conditions. After synthesis of a new 5-fluorouracil derivative, preparation and characterization of the formulation were carried out. The antiangiogenic effect, wound healing, and oxidative stress responses were conducted with a HET-CAM assay and in vitro cell culture technique. The results initially demonstrated that 5-FUD-Gal synthesized by a series of reactions and the SLN formulation were prepared successfully. A strong cell protective effect above 98% cell viability was detected at 20 μM at 48 h. The wound closure of the HaCaT scratch assay was calculated to be 90.12 and 98.98% at 10 and 20 μM concentrations, respectively, at 48 h. Moreover, the strongest effect of 5-FUD-Gal-F was observed at 20 μM concentration on chicken embryos. This study provides novel insights that a new derivative of semisynthetic 5-FUD-Gal-F can be further evaluated as a therapeutic chemical compound in cancer disease.

Chiral Recognition of Chiral (Hetero)Cyclic Derivatives Probed by Tetraaza Macrocyclic Chiral Solvating Agents via 1H NMR Spectroscopy.

In the field of chiral recognition, chiral cyclic organic compounds, especially heterocyclic organic compounds, have attracted little attention and have been rarely studied as chiral substrates by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy. In this paper, enantiomers of thiohydantoin derivatives, representing typical five-membered N,N-heterocycles, have been synthesized and utilized for assignment of absolute configuration and analysis of enantiomeric excess. All enantiomers have been successfully differentiated with the assistance of novel tetraaza macrocyclic chiral solvating agents (TAMCSAs) by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Surprisingly, unprecedented nonequivalent chemical shift values (up to 2.052 ppm) of the NH proton of substrates have been observed, a new milestone in the evaluation of enantiomers. To better understand the intermolecular interactions between host and guest, Job plots and theoretical calculations of (S)-G1 and (R)-G1 with TAMCSA 1a were investigated and revealed significant geometric differentiation between the diastereomers. In order to evaluate practical applications of the present systems in analyzing optical purity of chiral substrates, enantiomeric excesses of a typical substrate (G1) with different optical compositions in the presence of a representative TAMCSA (1a) can be accurately calculated based on the integration of the NH proton's signal peaks. Importantly, this work provides a significant breakthrough in exploring and developing the chiral recognition of chiral heterocyclic organic compounds by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Indole signaling enhances biofilm formation and quorum sensing in sequencing biofilm batch reactors

Indole is a heterocyclic organic compound that acts as a signaling molecule to regulate biofilm formation (BF) by microorganisms. However, the potential roles of indole in BF among microbial communities in wastewater treatment systems remain unknown. In this study, the effects of indole signaling on BF and quorum sensing (QS) of the complex microbial communities in sequencing batch biofilm reactors were systematically explored. The results showed that indole at 200 mg/L increased BF along with concentrations of homoserine lactones. High-throughput sequencing revealed the underlying mechanism of notable differences in the BF capacity of microbial communities between the indole-treated and control groups. The indole-related metabolic and QS functions of the genera in the biofilm were annotated based on the QS-related protein database and previous studies. Relative abundance analysis showed that the QS-related genera, such as Acinetobacter, that produce indole oxygenase were significantly enriched in the indole-treatment group. In addition, bioinformatics analyses revealed that indole at 200 mg/L enhanced BF, QS, and protein efflux. Based on a phylogenetic molecular ecological network, QS was positively correlated to indole treatment of Burkholderia, suggesting that indole promotes QS and BF. This study provides new insights into the effects of indole signaling on BF of microbes and sheds light on its potential regulatory mechanism in wastewater treatment plants.

Bio-sorption capacity of cadmium and zinc by Pseudomonas monteilii with heavy-metal resistance isolated from the compost of pig manure

The tolerance of Pseudomonas monteilii X1, isolated from pig manure compost, to Cd and Zn, as well as its capacity for biosorption, were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Cd and Zn for the strain were 550 mg/L and 800 mg/L, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that organic acids and derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and organic heterocyclic compounds were the main metabolites. The glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism pathway were significantly enriched under Cd2+ stress. The isothermal adsorption and adsorption kinetics experiments determined that the strain had adsorption capacities of 9.96 mg/g for Cd2+ and 23.4 mg/g for Zn2+. Active groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups on the cell surface, were found to participate in metal adsorption. The strain was able to convert Zn2+ into Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O crystal. Overall, this study suggested that Pseudomonas monteilii has potential as a remediation material for heavy metals.

Molecular analysis of secondary organic aerosol and brown carbon from the oxidation of indole

Abstract. Indole (ind) is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic volatile organic compound commonly emitted from animal husbandry and from different plants like maize with global emissions of 0.1 Tg yr−1. The chemical composition and optical properties of indole secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and brown carbon (BrC) are still not well understood. To address this, environmental chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the oxidation of indole at atmospherically relevant concentrations of selected oxidants (OH radicals and O3) with or without NO2. In the presence of NO2, the SOA yields decreased by more than a factor of 2, but the mass absorption coefficient at 365 nm (MAC365) of ind-SOA was 4.3 ± 0.4 m2 g−1, which was 5 times higher than that in experiments without NO2. In the presence of NO2, C8H6N2O2 (identified as 3-nitroindole) contributed 76 % to all organic compounds detected by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer, contributing ∼ 50 % of the light absorption at 365 nm (Abs365). In the absence of NO2, the dominating chromophore was C8H7O3N, contributing to 20 %–30 % of Abs365. Indole contributes substantially to the formation of secondary BrC and its potential impact on the atmospheric radiative transfer is further enhanced in the presence of NO2, as it significantly increases the specific light absorption of ind-SOA by facilitating the formation of 3-nitroindole. This work provides new insights into an important process of brown carbon formation by interaction of two pollutants, NO2 and indole, mainly emitted by anthropogenic activities.

An Oxidoreductase-like Protein is Required for Verticillium dahliae Infection and Participates in the Metabolism of Host Plant Defensive Compounds.

Verticillium dahliae, a notorious phytopathogenic fungus, is responsible for vascular wilt diseases in numerous crops. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenicity is crucial for controlling V. dahliae. Herein, we characterized a putative oxidoreductase-like protein (VdOrlp) from V. dahliae that contains a functional signal peptide. While the expression of VdOrlp was low in artificial media, it significantly increased during host infection. Deletion of VdOrlp had minimal effects on the growth and development of V. dahliae but severely impaired its pathogenicity. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in organic heterocyclic compounds and phenylpropane compounds in cotton plants infected with ΔVdOrlp and V991. Furthermore, VdOrlp expression was induced by lignin, and its deletion affected the metabolism of host lignin and phenolic acids. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that VdOrlp plays an important role in the metabolism of plant phenylpropyl lignin and organic heterocyclic compounds and is required for fungal pathogenicity in V. dahliae.

Differences of serum glucose and lipid metabolism and immune parameters and blood metabolomics regarding the transition cows in the antepartum and postpartum period.

This study aims to investigate differences in metabolism regarding the transition cows. Eight cows were selected for the test. Serum was collected on antepartum days 14th (ap14) and 7th (ap7) and postpartum days 1st (pp1), 7th (pp7), and 14th (pp14) to detect biochemical parameters. The experiment screened out differential metabolites in the antepartum (ap) and postpartum (pp) periods and combined with metabolic pathway analysis to study the relationship and role between metabolites and metabolic abnormalities. Results: (1) The glucose (Glu) levels in ap7 were significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.01). The insulin (Ins) levels of ap7 were significantly higher than pp7 (p = 0.028) and pp14 (p < 0.01), and pp1 was also significantly higher than pp14 (p = 0.016). The insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels of ap7 were significantly higher than ap14, pp7, and pp14 (p < 0.01). The cholestenone (CHO) levels of ap14 and pp14 were significantly higher than pp1 (p < 0.01). The CHO levels of pp14 were significantly higher than pp7 (p < 0.01). The high density lipoprotein cholesterol (DHDL) levels of pp1 were significantly lower than ap14 (p = 0.04), pp7 (p < 0.01), and pp14 (p < 0.01), and pp14 was also significantly higher than ap14 and ap7 (p < 0.01). (2) The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels of ap7 were significantly higher than pp1 and pp7 (p < 0.01); the immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels of pp1 were significantly higher than ap7 and pp7 (p < 0.01); the interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels of pp7 were significantly higher than ap7 and pp1 (p < 0.01), the interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of ap7 and pp1 were significantly higher than pp7 (p < 0.01). (3) Metabolomics identified differential metabolites mainly involved in metabolic pathways, such as tryptophan metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and lysine degradation. The main relevant metabolism was concentrated in lipid and lipid-like molecules, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids, and their derivatives. The results displayed the metabolic changes in the transition period, which laid a foundation for further exploring the mechanism of metabolic abnormalities in dairy cows in the transition period.

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids-Pros and Cons for Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications.

Heterocyclic organic compounds named pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) belong to a group of alkaloids and are synthesized by either plants or microorganisms. Therefore, they are naturally occurring secondary metabolites. They are found in species applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries, thus a thorough knowledge of their pharmacological properties and toxicology to humans is of great importance for their further safe employment. This review is original because it synthesizes knowledge of plant and microbial PAs, which is unusual in the scientific literature. We have focused on the Boraginaceae family, which is unique due to the exceptional richness and diversity of its PAs in plant species. We have also presented the microbial sources of PAs, both from fungi and bacteria. The structure and metabolism of PAs have been discussed. Our main aim was to summarize the effects of PAs on humans, including both negative, toxic ones, mainly concerning hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as potentially positive ones for pharmacological and medical applications. We have collected the results of studies on the anticancer activity of PAs from plant and microbial sources (mainly Streptomyces strains) and on the antimicrobial activity of PAs on different strains of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). Finally, we have suggested potential applications and future perspectives.

Small Organic Molecular Electrocatalysts for Fuels Production.

In recent years, heterocyclic organic compounds have been explored as molecular electrocatalysts in relevant reactions for energy conversion and storage. Merging mimetics of biological systems that perform hydride transfer with rational synthetic chemical design has opened many opportunities for organic molecules to be tuned at the atomic level conferring them interesting reactivities. These molecular electrocatalysts represent an alternative to traditional metallic materials and metal complexes employed for water oxidation, hydrogen production, and carbon dioxide reduction. This minireview describes recent reports concerning design, catalytic activity and the mechanism of synthetic molecular electrocatalysts towards solar fuels production.

Exploration the effect of selenophene moiety and benzothiophene based acceptors on optical nonlinearity of D–π–A based heterocyclic organic compounds in chloroform solvent: A DFT approach

Currently, fullerene-free organic chromophores find widespread use in the endeavor to enhance the efficacy of NLO materials. Considering the significance of NF organic systems, we fabricated a push-pull series of heterocyclic organic compounds (DTPD1-DTPD8) from DTPR by molecular engineering with benzothiophene acceptors at one terminal. Owing to the larger size, greater charge transference and higher polarizability nature of selenophene than that of thiophene, the π-spacer was replaced with selenophene. The effect of selenophene moiety and benzothiophene based acceptors on optical nonlinearity of DTPD1-DTPD8 was explored through quantum chemical study. DFT approach at M06/6-311G(d,p) functional was employed in order to explore the optoelectronic properties of designed chromophores. The FMOs findings disclosed a substantial reduction in band gaps (2.107–3.057 eV) in derivatives than that of DTPR (3.12 eV). An effective charge transference from donor to acceptor via spacer was observed in HOMO/LUMO which further supported by DOS and TDM heat maps. GRPs findings revealed that all derivatives had higher softness (σ = 0.327–0.475 eV-1) with lower hardness (η = 1.04–1.53 eV) than that of DTPR which expressed the higher polarization in derivatives. Significant advancements in nonlinear optical (NLO) outcomes were obtained for all the derivatives as compared to reference chromophore. Particularly, DTPD6 exhibited the efficient response [ <α> = 1.561×10–22, βtotal = 2.111×10−27esu] among all tailored chromophores owing to its unique characteristics such as reduced band gap (2.107 eV) highest softness value (0.475 eV) with lowest hardness value at 1.04 eV. This structural modification by utilizing selenophene π-spacer and benzothiophene acceptor played a protruding role in attaining promising NLO responses. Thus, this study tempted the experimentalists to synthesize the proposed NLO materials for the modern optoelectronic high-tech applications.

Small organic molecular electrocatalysts for fuels production

In recent years, heterocyclic organic compounds have been explored as molecular electrocatalysts in relevant reactions for energy conversion and storage. Merging mimetics of biological systems that perform hydride transfer with rational synthetic chemical design has opened many opportunities for organic molecules to be tuned at the atomic level conferring them interesting reactivities. These molecular electrocatalysts represent an alternative to traditional metallic materials and metal complexes employed for water oxidation, hydrogen production and carbon dioxide reduction. This minireview describes recent reports concerning design, catalytic activity and the mechanism of synthetic molecular electrocatalysts towards solar fuels production.

Molecular structure, physicochemical properties, impact of solvents ionization potential, electron occupancy, inhibition constant, and stabilization energy investigations of 4-acetamido benzoic acid

A novel heterocyclic organic compound, 4-Acetamido benzoic acid (4AMBA) had a wide range of applications in the field of drug discovery arena. The molecular structural stability conformation had been carried out using the Molecular Potential Energy Surface (MPES) scan with chosen suitable dihedral angle. For both the calculated and experimental procedures, the identifications of the chemical bonds of pertinent functional groups were investigated using spectral measurements (FT-IR and FT-Raman). The DFT/B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) basis set, which is a highly compatible technique, was implemented to execute the quantum computational studies. Further, to enhance the molecular (inter and intra) interactions, reactivity regions between the atoms were performed using reactivity sites such as MEP, NBO, NLMO, NHO, and Hirshfeld surface analysis. In addition, the topological analysis for the various solvents and the electronic properties of the appropriate wavelength, the energy gap of the UV–Visible spectrum (both theoretical (various solvents) and experimental), FMO theories (HOMO and LUMO) energies and topological analyses were attained. The significant features that explain the biological behavior of the header composite were computed with the least possible binding energy using protein-ligand interactions with appropriate protein receptors, such as 1J1R, 1G1K, and 1J1Q.

Some 2-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1H-benzimidazole derivatives overcome imatinib resistance by induction of apoptosis and reduction of P-glycoprotein activity.

Imatinib (IMA) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) introduced for the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) therapy. Emergence of IMA resistance leads to the relapse and failure in CML therapy. Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic organic compound which is widely investigated for the development of anticancer drugs. In this study, we aimed to explore the anticancer effects of some 2-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1H-benzimidazole derivatives on K562S (IMA-sensitive) and K562R (IMA-resistant) cells. To analyze the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the compounds, K562S, K562R, and L929 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of the derivatives. Cytotoxic effects of compounds on cell viability were analyzed with MTT assay. Apoptosis induction, caspase3/7 activity were investigated with flow cytometry and BAX, BIM, and BAD genes expression levels were analyzed with qRT-PCR. Rhodamine123 (Rho-123) staining assays were carried out to evaluate the effect of compounds on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity. The hit compounds were screened using molecular docking, and the binding preference of each compounds to BCR-ABL protein was evaluated. Our results indicated that compounds triggered cytotoxicity, caspase3/7 activation in K562S and K562R cells. Rho-123 staining showed that compounds inhibited P-gp activity in K562R cells. Overall, our results reveal some benzimidazole derivatives as potential anticancer agents to overcome IMA resistance in CML.

Unveiling the novel role of ryegrass rhizospheric metabolites in benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation

Rhizoremediation is a promising remediation technology for the removal of soil persistent organic pollutants (POPs), especially benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). However, our understanding of the associations among rhizospheric soil metabolites, functional microorganisms, and POPs degradation in different plant growth stages is limited. We combined stable-isotope probing (SIP), high-throughput sequencing, and metabolomics to analyze changes in rhizospheric soil metabolites, functional microbes, and BaP biodegradation in the early growth stages (tillering, jointing) and later stage (booting) of ryegrass. Microbial community structures differed significantly among growth stages. Metabolisms such as benzenoids and carboxylic acids tended to be enriched in the early growth stage, while lipids and organic heterocyclic compounds dominated in the later stage. From SIP, eight BaP-degrading microbes were identified, and most of which such as Ilumatobacter and Singulisphaera were first linked with BaP biodegradation. Notably, the relationship between the differential metabolites and BaP degradation efficiency further suggested that BaP-degrading microbes might metabolize BaP directly to produce benzenoid metabolites (3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene), or utilize benzenoids (phyllodulcin) to stimulate the co-metabolism of BaP in early growth stage; some lipids and organic acids, e.g. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, might provide nutrients for the degraders to promote BaP metabolism in later stage. Accordingly, we determined that certain rhizospheric metabolites might regulate the rhizospheric microbial communities at different growth stages, and shift the composition and diversity of BaP-degrading bacteria, thereby enhancing in situ BaP degradation. Our study sheds light on POPs rhizoremediation mechanisms in petroleum-contaminated soils.

A Review on Synthesis, Lanthanide Complexes and Biological Activites of Hydrazone Derivatives of Hydrazinecarbothioamides

Hydrazinecarbothioamides are important intermediates with biological activities in organic chemistry synthesis, especially in the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds and compounds. The uniqueness in of synthesis and a wild range of pharmaceutical, medicinal biological potentials and properties, their preferred application as building brick in and the synthesis of heterocyclic and other important organic compounds and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have made them attractive derivatives of thiosemicarbazides in the recent years. In this review, a detailed account in terms of synthesis and applications of their hydrazone derivatives and their lanthanide complexes are presented .Further, the biological and analytical applications of newly reported ligands and their complexes are reported. The wide investigation of the lanthanide (III) coordination complexes with organic ligands are mainly due to their structures and strong potential biological and pharmacological properties of hydrazones as derivatives of hydrazinecarbothioamides possess sites that play important roles in the formation of heterocyclics and other biologically active scaffolds.

Intriguing Thiazolidinediones as PPAR γ Agonists: A Review

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by persistently elevated blood sugar levels. left untreatedover a long duration can cause multiple body disorders and may cause a person's early death. Though a traditional disorder, typeII diabetes prevalence is increasing daily, especially in the adolescent population worldwide. Peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor (PPAR) is a group of receptors consisting of three isoforms (PPAR α, PPAR β/δ, and PPAR γ. PPAR γ is involved inglucose metabolism by facilitating insulin's actions. Thiazolidinedione is a heterocyclic moiety standing pre-eminent in treatingdiabetes mellitus as a PPAR Gamma activator. Thiazolidinedione is a five-membered heterocyclic organic compound, athiazolidine derivative consisting of two carbonyl groups at positions 2 and 4 of the thiazolidine ring. Thiazolidinediones possessan idiosyncratic scaffold featuring a hydrogen bond acceptor region and hydrogen bond donating region at the third and fifthpositions. Thiazolidinedione is an indispensable pharmacophore with many pharmacological activities like antiproliferative,antiviral, antibacterial, tyrosine kinase inhibitory, aldose reductase inhibitory, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, antitubercular, antihyperlipidemic, etc. Many drugs have been introduced but later have been reticent because ofserious side effects like liver toxicity, CVS toxicity, etc. Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone have been marketed medications fortreating type II diabetes. This review article deliberates all the cardinal points of thiazolidinediones as PPAR agonists in treatingdiabetes mellitus, which were precluded in some articles. We aim to have an all-embracing review of thiazolidinediones as PPARgamma agonists. The review's objective is to inspire researchers to develop a more superior, secure, and efficient anti-diabeticmedication by thoroughly understanding the molecular mechanisms of thiazolidinediones at the PPAR gamma receptors, theirrisks, and the effect of the various substitutions on the thiazolidinedione.