Heterocyclic Organic Compounds Research Articles

Exploration the effect of selenophene moiety and benzothiophene based acceptors on optical nonlinearity of D–π–A based heterocyclic organic compounds in chloroform solvent: A DFT approach

Currently, fullerene-free organic chromophores find widespread use in the endeavor to enhance the efficacy of NLO materials. Considering the significance of NF organic systems, we fabricated a push-pull series of heterocyclic organic compounds (DTPD1-DTPD8) from DTPR by molecular engineering with benzothiophene acceptors at one terminal. Owing to the larger size, greater charge transference and higher polarizability nature of selenophene than that of thiophene, the π-spacer was replaced with selenophene. The effect of selenophene moiety and benzothiophene based acceptors on optical nonlinearity of DTPD1-DTPD8 was explored through quantum chemical study. DFT approach at M06/6-311G(d,p) functional was employed in order to explore the optoelectronic properties of designed chromophores. The FMOs findings disclosed a substantial reduction in band gaps (2.107–3.057 eV) in derivatives than that of DTPR (3.12 eV). An effective charge transference from donor to acceptor via spacer was observed in HOMO/LUMO which further supported by DOS and TDM heat maps. GRPs findings revealed that all derivatives had higher softness (σ = 0.327–0.475 eV-1) with lower hardness (η = 1.04–1.53 eV) than that of DTPR which expressed the higher polarization in derivatives. Significant advancements in nonlinear optical (NLO) outcomes were obtained for all the derivatives as compared to reference chromophore. Particularly, DTPD6 exhibited the efficient response [ <α> = 1.561×10–22, βtotal = 2.111×10−27esu] among all tailored chromophores owing to its unique characteristics such as reduced band gap (2.107 eV) highest softness value (0.475 eV) with lowest hardness value at 1.04 eV. This structural modification by utilizing selenophene π-spacer and benzothiophene acceptor played a protruding role in attaining promising NLO responses. Thus, this study tempted the experimentalists to synthesize the proposed NLO materials for the modern optoelectronic high-tech applications.

Small organic molecular electrocatalysts for fuels production

In recent years, heterocyclic organic compounds have been explored as molecular electrocatalysts in relevant reactions for energy conversion and storage. Merging mimetics of biological systems that perform hydride transfer with rational synthetic chemical design has opened many opportunities for organic molecules to be tuned at the atomic level conferring them interesting reactivities. These molecular electrocatalysts represent an alternative to traditional metallic materials and metal complexes employed for water oxidation, hydrogen production and carbon dioxide reduction. This minireview describes recent reports concerning design, catalytic activity and the mechanism of synthetic molecular electrocatalysts towards solar fuels production.

Molecular structure, physicochemical properties, impact of solvents ionization potential, electron occupancy, inhibition constant, and stabilization energy investigations of 4-acetamido benzoic acid

A novel heterocyclic organic compound, 4-Acetamido benzoic acid (4AMBA) had a wide range of applications in the field of drug discovery arena. The molecular structural stability conformation had been carried out using the Molecular Potential Energy Surface (MPES) scan with chosen suitable dihedral angle. For both the calculated and experimental procedures, the identifications of the chemical bonds of pertinent functional groups were investigated using spectral measurements (FT-IR and FT-Raman). The DFT/B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) basis set, which is a highly compatible technique, was implemented to execute the quantum computational studies. Further, to enhance the molecular (inter and intra) interactions, reactivity regions between the atoms were performed using reactivity sites such as MEP, NBO, NLMO, NHO, and Hirshfeld surface analysis. In addition, the topological analysis for the various solvents and the electronic properties of the appropriate wavelength, the energy gap of the UV–Visible spectrum (both theoretical (various solvents) and experimental), FMO theories (HOMO and LUMO) energies and topological analyses were attained. The significant features that explain the biological behavior of the header composite were computed with the least possible binding energy using protein-ligand interactions with appropriate protein receptors, such as 1J1R, 1G1K, and 1J1Q.

Some 2-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1H-benzimidazole derivatives overcome imatinib resistance by induction of apoptosis and reduction of P-glycoprotein activity.

Imatinib (IMA) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) introduced for the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) therapy. Emergence of IMA resistance leads to the relapse and failure in CML therapy. Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic organic compound which is widely investigated for the development of anticancer drugs. In this study, we aimed to explore the anticancer effects of some 2-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1H-benzimidazole derivatives on K562S (IMA-sensitive) and K562R (IMA-resistant) cells. To analyze the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the compounds, K562S, K562R, and L929 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of the derivatives. Cytotoxic effects of compounds on cell viability were analyzed with MTT assay. Apoptosis induction, caspase3/7 activity were investigated with flow cytometry and BAX, BIM, and BAD genes expression levels were analyzed with qRT-PCR. Rhodamine123 (Rho-123) staining assays were carried out to evaluate the effect of compounds on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity. The hit compounds were screened using molecular docking, and the binding preference of each compounds to BCR-ABL protein was evaluated. Our results indicated that compounds triggered cytotoxicity, caspase3/7 activation in K562S and K562R cells. Rho-123 staining showed that compounds inhibited P-gp activity in K562R cells. Overall, our results reveal some benzimidazole derivatives as potential anticancer agents to overcome IMA resistance in CML.

Unveiling the novel role of ryegrass rhizospheric metabolites in benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation

Rhizoremediation is a promising remediation technology for the removal of soil persistent organic pollutants (POPs), especially benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). However, our understanding of the associations among rhizospheric soil metabolites, functional microorganisms, and POPs degradation in different plant growth stages is limited. We combined stable-isotope probing (SIP), high-throughput sequencing, and metabolomics to analyze changes in rhizospheric soil metabolites, functional microbes, and BaP biodegradation in the early growth stages (tillering, jointing) and later stage (booting) of ryegrass. Microbial community structures differed significantly among growth stages. Metabolisms such as benzenoids and carboxylic acids tended to be enriched in the early growth stage, while lipids and organic heterocyclic compounds dominated in the later stage. From SIP, eight BaP-degrading microbes were identified, and most of which such as Ilumatobacter and Singulisphaera were first linked with BaP biodegradation. Notably, the relationship between the differential metabolites and BaP degradation efficiency further suggested that BaP-degrading microbes might metabolize BaP directly to produce benzenoid metabolites (3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene), or utilize benzenoids (phyllodulcin) to stimulate the co-metabolism of BaP in early growth stage; some lipids and organic acids, e.g. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, might provide nutrients for the degraders to promote BaP metabolism in later stage. Accordingly, we determined that certain rhizospheric metabolites might regulate the rhizospheric microbial communities at different growth stages, and shift the composition and diversity of BaP-degrading bacteria, thereby enhancing in situ BaP degradation. Our study sheds light on POPs rhizoremediation mechanisms in petroleum-contaminated soils.

A Review on Synthesis, Lanthanide Complexes and Biological Activites of Hydrazone Derivatives of Hydrazinecarbothioamides

Hydrazinecarbothioamides are important intermediates with biological activities in organic chemistry synthesis, especially in the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds and compounds. The uniqueness in of synthesis and a wild range of pharmaceutical, medicinal biological potentials and properties, their preferred application as building brick in and the synthesis of heterocyclic and other important organic compounds and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have made them attractive derivatives of thiosemicarbazides in the recent years. In this review, a detailed account in terms of synthesis and applications of their hydrazone derivatives and their lanthanide complexes are presented .Further, the biological and analytical applications of newly reported ligands and their complexes are reported. The wide investigation of the lanthanide (III) coordination complexes with organic ligands are mainly due to their structures and strong potential biological and pharmacological properties of hydrazones as derivatives of hydrazinecarbothioamides possess sites that play important roles in the formation of heterocyclics and other biologically active scaffolds.

Intriguing Thiazolidinediones as PPAR γ Agonists: A Review

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by persistently elevated blood sugar levels. left untreatedover a long duration can cause multiple body disorders and may cause a person's early death. Though a traditional disorder, typeII diabetes prevalence is increasing daily, especially in the adolescent population worldwide. Peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor (PPAR) is a group of receptors consisting of three isoforms (PPAR α, PPAR β/δ, and PPAR γ. PPAR γ is involved inglucose metabolism by facilitating insulin's actions. Thiazolidinedione is a heterocyclic moiety standing pre-eminent in treatingdiabetes mellitus as a PPAR Gamma activator. Thiazolidinedione is a five-membered heterocyclic organic compound, athiazolidine derivative consisting of two carbonyl groups at positions 2 and 4 of the thiazolidine ring. Thiazolidinediones possessan idiosyncratic scaffold featuring a hydrogen bond acceptor region and hydrogen bond donating region at the third and fifthpositions. Thiazolidinedione is an indispensable pharmacophore with many pharmacological activities like antiproliferative,antiviral, antibacterial, tyrosine kinase inhibitory, aldose reductase inhibitory, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, antitubercular, antihyperlipidemic, etc. Many drugs have been introduced but later have been reticent because ofserious side effects like liver toxicity, CVS toxicity, etc. Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone have been marketed medications fortreating type II diabetes. This review article deliberates all the cardinal points of thiazolidinediones as PPAR agonists in treatingdiabetes mellitus, which were precluded in some articles. We aim to have an all-embracing review of thiazolidinediones as PPARgamma agonists. The review's objective is to inspire researchers to develop a more superior, secure, and efficient anti-diabeticmedication by thoroughly understanding the molecular mechanisms of thiazolidinediones at the PPAR gamma receptors, theirrisks, and the effect of the various substitutions on the thiazolidinedione.

A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF SUBSTITUENT EFFECT 1, 3, 4-THIADIAZOLE ON CORROSION INHIBITION

A theoretical study of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole with nine various derivatives in gaseous and aqueous phases was investigated by employing the density functional theory (DFT) at 6-311++(d, p) basis set and Becke’s three parameters hybrid exchange-correlation functional (B3LYP). The molecules are calculated using quantum computational chemistry calculations such as Gaussian09 software. This paper is to determine the chemical reactivity for various heterocyclic organic compounds and to understand the process of corrosion inhibition. The quantum chemical properties such as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy gap (∆E), dipole moment (μ), global hardness (η), global softness (S), electronegativity (χ), electrophilicity (ω), nucleophilicity (ɛ), chemical potential (CP) and electrons transferred from inhibitors to metal surface (ΔN) were calculated. Dynamic simulation approximations to demonstrate the corrosion inhibition performances of studied inhibitors against the corrosion of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole in the gaseous and aqueous phases can be given as 1&lt;9&lt;8&lt;3&lt;4&lt;5&lt;6&lt;7&lt;2 and1&lt;3&lt;9&lt;8&lt;3&lt;4&lt;5&lt;6&lt;7&lt;2

Synthesis, spectroscopic and hydrogen storage studies of mono or bimercury(II) mixed ligand complexes of amines with 2-cyanoamino thiophenolate ligand

Organic heterocyclic compounds play a significant role in coordination chemistry due to their ability to act as donor atoms for coordinating with various metal or metal ions. In this study, particular attention was given to the conversion of the 2-aminobenzothiazole ligand into 2-cyanoaminothiophenolate (LH) through a ring-breaking reaction. This transformation was achieved by reacting 2-aminobenzothiazole with phenyl mercury(II) acetate in the presence of sodium hydroxide, resulting in the formation of the complex [pHHg(LH)]n. During this process, mono-deprotonation of 2-aminobenzothiazole occurred, accompanied by facial carbon-sulfur bond breaking. This complex was used as a synthon to prepare four new mononuclear and binuclear complexes, which were [pHHg(LH)(apmy)2] (apmy= 2-aminopyrimidine) and [PhHg(LH)(bipy)] and [pHHg(LH)(μ-Cl)2Hg(bipy)] and [pHHg(LH)(μ-Cl)2Hg(phen)]. The prepared complexes were characterized using melting point, elemental analysis, FTIR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR. The results showed that the 2-cyanoamino thiophenolate ligand exhibited a monodentate behavior across the thiol sulfur atom, while the nitrile group remained free. The complex [pHHg(LH)(μ-Cl)2Hg(phen)] was used to study its ability to store hydrogen at different temperatures in order to study the thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy and entropy). The study proved that the highest stored value was 1.92 wt.% H2. It was noted that this ratio can be stored at lower pressures as the temperature decreases, proving that the storage is of a physical type with the value of R2= 0.92602 for the Van't Hof plot. The enthalpy value was 0.1131118 (kJ/(mol H2) while the entropy value was 0.60649754 (J/mol H2. K).

Treatment of coking wastewater using a needle coke electro-Fenton cathode: optimizing of COD, NH4+-N, and TOC removal and characterization of pollutants.

Coking wastewater is a typical organic refractory wastewater characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N, and total organic carbon (TOC). Herein, coking wastewater was treated using a heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) system comprising a novel iron-loaded needle coke composite cathode (Fe-NCCC) and a dimensionally stable anode. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The predicted and actual COD removal rates were 92.13 and 89.96% under optimum conditions of an applied voltage of 4.92 V, an electrode spacing of 2.29 cm, and an initial pH of 3.01. The optimized removal rate of NH4+-N and TOC was 84.12 and 73.44%, respectively. The color of coking wastewater decreased from 250-fold to colorless, and the BOD5/COD increased from 0.126 to 0.34. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show that macromolecular heterocyclic organic compounds decomposed into straight-chain small molecules and even completely mineralized. The energy consumption of the EF process was 23.5 RMB Yuan per cubic meter of coking wastewater. The EF system comprising the Fe-NCCC can effectively remove pollutants from coking wastewater, has low electricity consumption, and can simultaneously reduce various pollution indicators with potential applications in the treatment of high-concentration and difficult-to-degrade organic wastewater.

Effects of feeding exogenous vitamins and microelements on follicular development and molecular function of granulosa cells in donkeys

In mammalian ovarian physiology, vitamins and microelements are essential for follicular development, ovulation, and the synthesis and secretion of hormones and growth factors. However. the molecular mechanisms by which they influence maturation and growth of follicles in donkeys are still unknown. Here, we investigated how vitamins and microelements affected the development of follicles and the proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). For this experiment, 40 jennies (average body weight: 292.946±33.543 kg, age: 3∼4 years) were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n=10) and fed 50% (A), 75% (B), 100% (C), and 150% (D) of a mixture of vitamins A, D and E and microelements once a day (dose 5 ml) for two consecutive months. After that, ultrasonography was applied to record the change in follicular dynamics in three estrous cycles. Using a transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration device to obtain follicular fluid (containing GCs) from the follicles (Ф=30mm-35mm), multi-omics analysis revealed its molecular mechanisms and physiological functions. The results showed that the time required for growing follicles to reach ovulation (Ф>40mm) was shortened in the vitamin D group compared to the three other groups(P<0.05). Of note, the follicles (Ф=30mm-35mm) in the vitamin C group had less discrete diameters and developed more evenly and had significantly more twin ovulations than the other three groups (P<0.05). The omics analysis showed that945 metabolites, including organic acids and derivatives (24.44%), lipids and lipid-like molecules (24.34%), organic heterocyclic compounds (13.44%), and benzenoids (12.06%) were identified in follicular fluid. The results also revealed 232, 207, 210 and 202 differential cumulative metabolites (DAMs) in group A vs. group B, group B vs. group C, group C vs. group D and group A vs. group C, respectively. The DAMs were most significantly enriched in protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, mineral absorption, aspartate-arginine biosynthesis, and ovarian steroid synthesis process. Meanwhile, nine DEGs (INSR, CYP19A1, ALOX5, PLA2G4A, ADCY6, CYP1B1, PRKACB, CYP17A1, and PLA2G4F) associated with the secretory function of GCs were involved in the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway, and they were significantly correlated with estradiol (E2), cholesterol, progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T)(P<0.05). Furthermore, STEAP2, CYBRD1, ATP1B3, ATP1A1, SLC26A6, SLC5A1, SLC6A19, SLC40A1, and TRPV6 were closely associated with the mineral absorption of GCs, and they had a positive correlation with glycine and L-methionine (P<0.05). In conclusion, exogenous supplementation of jennies with vitamins A, D and E and micronutrients can contribute to follicular growth and ovulation and this was associated with the interaction and expression of key genes related to -metabolites in ovarian steroidogenesis and mineral absorption pathways.

An Insight into the Recent Synthetic Approaches of Benzimidazole Motifs Based on Divergent Substrate Scope

Abstract: Simple heterocyclic moieties are quite famous in synthetic organic chemistry due to their bioavailability, ease of laboratory synthesis, and variety of applications in multidisciplinary fields. Benzimidazole is an N-containing benzofused chemical compound with the formula C7H6N2 and belongs to the family of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds. It is a potent bioactive molecule with prominent therapeutic activities and found to have prior importance in medicinal chemistry. Several advanced investigations in this area also proved that benzimidazole and its derivatives have significant antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antifungal, and anti-carcinogenic activities. It has also gained popularity in material science as well. Because of its versatile applications, numerous research groups paid considerable attention towards the synthesis of benzimidazoles. o-Phenylenediamine (OPD) is considered as the traditional substrate for benzimidazole synthesis. In this review, we discussed the synthetic approaches of benzimidazoles from OPD as a primary reactant with diverse substrates like aldehydes, alcohols, carboxylic acids/esters, etc. We have also briefed up reactions which uses the primary substrates such as o-nitroanilines and o-dinitro benzenes. This review report covers research findings which are published from 2016 till date and describes numerous practical and greener methods of synthesis. It also narrates innovative biocatalysts, photocatalysts and nano-catalysts, which are used for the synthesis of benzimidazoles.

Metabolomics-Based Analyses of Dynamic Changes in Flavonoid Profiles in the Black Mulberry Winemaking Process.

To overcome the fruit's perishability, mulberry wine has been developed as a method of preservation. However, dynamic changes in metabolites during mulberry wine fermentation have not been reported yet. In the present investigation, UHPLC-QE-MS/MS coupled with multivariate statistical analyses was employed to scrutinize the metabolic profiles, particularly the flavonoid profiles, throughout the process of vinification. In general, the major differential metabolites encompassed organic heterocyclic compounds, amino acids, phenylpropanoids, aromatic compounds, and carbohydrates. The contents of total sugar and alcohol play a primary role that drove the composition of amino acids, polyphenol, aromatic compound, and organic acid metabolites based on the Mantel test. Importantly, among the flavonoids, abundant in mulberry fruit, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, (-)-epiafzelechin, eriodictyol, kaempferol, and quercetin were identified as the differential metabolic markers during blackberry wine fermentation and ripening. Flavonoid, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were also identified to be the major metabolic pathways of flavonoids in 96 metabolic pathways. These results will provide new information on the dynamic changes in flavonoid profiles during black mulberry winemaking.

A comprehensive assessment of carbon steel corrosion inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline in the acidic environment: insights from experimental and computational studies.

1,10-Phenanthroline (PHN) is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic compound that is widely used in a variety of applications, including chemosensors, biological studies, and pharmaceuticals, which promotes its use as an organic inhibitor to reduce corrosion of steel in acidic solution. In this regard, the inhibition ability of PHN was examined for carbon steel (C48) in a 1.0M HCl environment by performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), mass loss, and thermometric/kinetic. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology of C48 immersed in 1.0M HCl protected with our inhibitor. According to the PDP tests, increasing the PHN concentration resulted in an improvement in corrosion inhibition efficiency. Besides, the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency is about 90% at 328K. Furthermore, the PDP assessments demonstrated that PHN functions as a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption analysis reveals that our title molecule mechanism is due to physical-chemical adsorption, as predicted by the Frumkin, Temkin, Freundlich, and Langmuir isotherms. The SEM technique exhibited that the corrosion barrier occurs due to the adsorption of the PHN compound through the metal/1.0M HCl interface. In addition, the computational investigations based on a quantum calculation using density functional theory (DFT), reactivity (QTAIM, ELF, and LOL), and molecular-scale by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations confirmed the experimental results by providing further insight into the mode of adsorption of PHN on the metal surface, thus forming a protective film against corrosion on the C48 surface.

Maternal separation leads to dynamic changes of visceral hypersensitivity and fecal metabolomics from childhood to adulthood

We assessed dynamic changes in visceral hypersensitivity and fecal metabolomics through a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) from childhood to adulthood. A mouse model of IBS was constructed with maternal separation (MS) in early life. Male mice aged 25, 40, and 70 days were used. Visceral sensitivity was assessed by recording the reaction between the abdominal withdrawal reflex and colorectal distension. Metabolomics was identified and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The visceral sensitivity of the MS group was significantly higher than that of the non-separation (NS) group in the three age groups. The top four fecal differential metabolites in the different age groups were lipids, lipid molecules, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic acids and derivatives, and benzenoids. Five identical differential metabolites were detected in the feces and ileal contents of the MS and NS groups at different ages, namely, benzamide, taurine, acetyl-L-carnitine, indole, and ethylbenzene. Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were the most relevant pathways at P25, whereas histidine metabolism was the most relevant pathway at P40 and P70. Visceral hypersensitivity in the MS group lasted from childhood to adulthood. The different metabolites and metabolic pathways detected in MS groups of different ages provide a theoretical basis for IBS pathogenesis.

Effects of extended transition milk feeding on blood metabolites of female Holstein dairy calves at 3 weeks of age: a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach

Transition milk (TRM) is a rich source of bioactive components that promotes intestinal development and growth, and reduces the susceptibility to diarrhoea in calves. The objective of this study was to characterise the effects of replacing pasteurised waste milk (none-saleable milk containing antibiotic and/or drug residues) with pasteurised TRM for 3 wk on blood metabolites of dairy calves at 21 d of age. A total of 84 healthy newborn female Holstein calves was blocked by birth order and assigned randomly to four treatment groups with partial replacement of pasteurised waste milk by TRM (second milking after parturition) at 0 (0 L/day TRM + 6 L/day milk), 0.5 (0.5 L/day TRM + 5.5 L/day milk), 1 (1 L/day TRM + 5 L/day milk), or 2 L (2 L/day TRM + 4 L/day milk) for a 21-day period. Serum metabolome was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis on a subset of 26 randomly selected individuals from calves fed pasteurised waste milk (CON, 6 L/d milk; n = 13) or TRM (2 L/d TRM + 4 L/d milk; n = 13) at 21 d of age. The identified metabolites (194 out of 265) were categorised according to chemical class and the number of metabolites per class in the serum, amongst which glycerophospholipids 16% (n = 43), fatty acyls 7% (n = 19), organic acids 7% (n = 18), organic heterocyclic compounds 5% (n = 13), benzenoids 5% (n = 12), sphingolipids 5% (n = 12), organic oxygen compounds 4% (n = 11), and nucleic acids 3% (n = 9), were the predominant types. Significant differences in metabolites were determined by the volcano plot. Applying the volcano plot, only two metabolites (ceramide and phosphatidylserine) were significantly different between CON and TRM. Overall, our results suggested that prolonged TRM feeding for 3 wk had little effect on the serum metabolome of the dairy calves. We speculate that the potential effects of feeding TRM for 3 wk compared with waste milk were spatially limited to affect the composition of the local gut microbial community and the growth or function of the intestinal epithelium, not allowing detection of the likely effects in the serum through a metabolomic approach.

Evaluating the functional, sexual and seasonal variation in the chemical constituents from feces of adult Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus)

Chemical signals deposited in feces play an important role in intraspecific and interspecific communication of many mammals. We collected fresh feces of adult wolves from wild breeding groups. All samples visually identified as belonging to wolves were subsequently identified to species level by sequencing a small fragment of mtDNA and sexed typing DBX6 and DBY7 sex markers. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), we identified 56 lipophilic compounds in the feces, mainly heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds, such as indole or phenol, but also steroids, such as cholesterol, carboxylic acids and their esters between n-C4 and n-C18, aldehydes, alcohols and significant quantities of squalene and α-tocopherol, which would increase the chemical stability of feces on humid substrates. There was variability in the number and proportions of compounds between sexes, which could be indicative of their function as chemical signals. We also found variability in different reproductive states, especially in odorous compounds, steroids and α-tocopherol. Feces with a presumed marking function had higher proportions of α-tocopherol and steroids than feces with non-marking function. These compounds could be involved in intragroup and intergroup communication of wolves and their levels in feces could be directly related with the wolf’s sex and physiological and reproductive status.

Nitrogenous Bases in Relation to the Colloidal Silver Phase: Adsorption Kinetic, and Morphology Investigation

The interaction between inorganic nanoparticles and biological molecules is of great importance in the field of biosystems and nanomaterials. Here, we report the adsorption process of a heterocyclic organic compound (nitrogenous base) on a microporous carbon (C) in the presence of a colloidal silver solution (AgNP solution) as an accompanying substance. Analysis of the potential colloid–biomolecule interaction as well as the subsequent phenomenon of changes in the morphology of the colloidal system in the presence of selected nucleotides was investigated. Adenosine nitrogenous base (Anb) was selected as a model molecule of the building block of DNA and RNA. The adsorption process of nucleotides from one- and two-component systems was monitored by cyclic UV-VIS measurements for obtaining time-dependent profiles and estimating the kinetic characteristics of uptake. We demonstrate the temperature-dependent course of the adsorption process with visible nucleotide-AgNP morphology determinants. The experimental adsorption kinetics were analyzed using selected theoretical models (intraparticle diffusion model, multiexponential equation, and many others). On the other hand, obtained Anb/C and Anb/AgNP/C composites were characterized by various techniques suitable for material surface and morphology characterization: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM and TEM/EDX), N2 physisorption measurements, and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments).

Fluid Components in Cordierite from the Rocks of Epidote-Amphibole Facies of the Muzkol Metamorphic Complex, Tajikistan: Pyrolysis-Free GC-MS Data

The composition of volatile components of cordierite from the Muzkol metamorphic complex was studied using shock destruction with pyrolysis-free gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with simultaneous IR and Raman spectroscopy. Applying the GC-MS procedure, the component relative concentrations (rel.%) and composition of different zones of cordierite crystals were determined. It was found that the substantially magnesian cordierite was formed with a predominantly aqueous-carbonic acid fluid (from 57.06 to 67.88 rel.% H2O, from 24.29 to 32.95 rel.% CO2). From the center towards the crystal periphery, the molar fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2/(H2O + CO2)) decreases from 0.36 to 0.26, whereas the alkane/alkene ratio increases from 0.80 to 0.88. At least 11 homologous series of organic compounds among the identified volatile components, in addition to water and carbon dioxide, were determined, including oxygen-free aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, cyclic alkanes and alkenes, arenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), as well as oxygen-containing (alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids) and heterocyclic (furans, dioxanes) organic compounds.

Low-temperature Structural Dynamics of Isatin in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Using Dielectric Spectroscopy

Structural and dynamical properties of heterocyclic organic compound isatin in the solution state with DMSO has been studied in the frequency region of 10 MHz to 50 GHz over the temperature range of 273.15–298.15 K using time domain reflectometry. High- and low-frequency relaxation has been observed for Isatin + DMSO. The high-frequency relaxation peak is due to free DMSO molecules while low-frequency relaxation peak is attributed to isatin. Dielectric permittivity, static dielectric constant, relaxation time, dipole moment, correlation factor along with thermodynamical parameters have been calculated. Molecular interaction has been discussed broadly under solute–solute, solute–solvent, and solvent–solvent category.