Herbicides Bentazon Research Articles

Selectivity of Herbicides Bentazon and Nicosulfuron for Crotalaria juncea Intercropped with Maize Culture

ABSTRACT The objective was to study the selectivity of herbicides bentazon and nicosulfuron, alone and in a mixture, to Crotalaria juncea, when established in intercropping with maize, as well as weed control and maize development in this production system. Two experiments were conducted in the field, in late harvest and in harvest periods. The experimental design was a randomized block, with 14 treatments and four replicates. Eight treatments with herbicides bentazon (720 and 960 g a.i. ha-1), nicosulfuron (16 and 48 g a.i. ha-1) and bentazon plus nicosulfuron (720 + 16; 720 + 48; 960 + 16; 960 + 48 g a.i. ha-1) were studied, besides six controls (single crop maize and sunn hemp, with and without weed control, intercropped maize and sunn hemp, with and without weed control). Herbicide bentazon alone, in both dosages evaluated, was selective to C. juncea. Nicosulfuron in the dosage of 48 g a.i. ha-1, alone or in a mixture with bentazon, promoted the best weed control. Maize interferes in the recoverability of sunn hemp plants treated with herbicides. C. juncea intercropped without herbicides or sprayed with bentazon negatively impacted maize yield in the harvest. The pulverization of bentazon (720 and 960 g a.i. ha-1) in late harvest and bentazon plus nicosulfuron (720 +16 and 920 + 16 g a.i. ha-1) in harvest provided the best results, considering maize yield, development and recovery of sunn hemp and weed management.

The inadequacies of pre-market chemical risk assessment's toxicity studies-the implications.

Industry provides essentially all the data for most (pre-market) chemical risk assessments (RA); academics study a chemical once it is marketed. For two randomly-chosen high production chemicals, despite new European Union mandates to evaluate all data, just 13% of the herbicide bentazon and 15% of the flame-retardant hexabromocyclododecane's published toxicity studies were found in their pre-market RA, and a systematic review on bentazon concludes it has greater hazards than indicated in its RA. More important, for both, academia's toxicity studies were designated as lower quality than industries were, despite showing hazards at lower doses. The accuracy of industry's test methods is analyzed and found to be replicable but insensitive, thus inaccurate. The synthetic pharmaceutical industry originated them, and by 1983 the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development mandated their test guidelines (TG) methods be accepted for any new study for pre-market RA. For existing studies, industry's "Klimisch" criterion is universally used to evaluate quality, but it only states that TG studies produce the best data. However, no TG can answer the realistic exposure effect hypotheses of academics; therefore, crucially in pre-market RA, tens of thousands of published experimental findings (increasingly at low dose) are ignored to determine the safe dose. Few appreciate this, so scientific debate on the most accurate elements of toxicity tests is urgently indicated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tolerância da mandioca a diferentes herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência

A mandioca apresenta ciclo longo e crescimento inicial lento, o que facilita desenvolvimento das plantas daninhas que irão competir com a cultura. Objetivou-se avaliar a tolerância da mandioca, cultivar Aciolina, a diferentes herbicidas, na fase inicial de desenvolvimento da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: haloxyfop (60 g ha-1 i.a), lactofen (180 g ha-1 i.a), chorimuron-ethyl (17,5 g ha-1 i.a), bentazon (576 g ha-1 i.a), bentazon + imazamox (600 + 28 g ha-1 i.a), imazethapyr (100 g ha-1 i.a), fomesafen (250 g ha-1 i.a), quizalofop-P-ethyl (62,5 g ha-1 i.a), lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl (180 + 62,5 g ha-1 i.a), fomesafen + quizalofop-P-ethyl (250 + 62,5 g ha-1 i.a), além de uma testemunha. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de intoxicação, altura e número de folhas, massa seca foliar, da haste, raiz, massa seca total e área foliar. Os herbicidas bentazon, fomesafen e fomesafen + quizalofop-P-ethyl provocaram injúrias elevadas, porém não comprometeram o desenvolvimento das plantas. O herbicida imazethapyr interferiu no desenvolvimento da cultura reduzindo em 58,03% a altura e em 35,87% a massa seca total das plantas. Foram observadas deformações nas folhas novas com o tratamento bentazon + imazamox. O uso do lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl resultou na morte das plantas, o uso do lactofen, reduziu todas as variáveis estudadas. A cv. Aciolina mostrou tolerância aos herbicidas haloxyfop, quizalofop-P-ethyl e chlorimuron-ethyl. Os herbicidas lactofen, imazethapyr, bentazon + imazamox e o lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl provocam danos severos a cultura da mandioca.

MACROPHYTE BIOASSAY APPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING PESTICIDES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the use of macrophytes Lemna minor and Azolla caroliniana as biomarkers of exposure (acute toxicity) for atrazine, bentazon + imazamox and clomazone, insecticide alpha cypermethrin + teflubenzuron and fungicides pyraclostrobin and mixture pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, as well as the risk for environmental intoxication. For this purpose, four plants of L. minor and five of A. caroliniana were selected in a 50 mL Hoagland medium. For both plants, the following concentrations were used: 0.10; 1.07; 3.44; 11.16; 36.40 and 118.0 mg L-1 of each test product and a control with three replicates. The results of this study demonstrated higher sensitivity of L. minor to the tested pesticides, when compared to A. caroliniana. L. minor can be used in the monitoring of herbicides bentazon, atrazine and clomazone and pyraclostrobin-based fungicide, and A. caroliniana can be used for pyraclostrobinbased fungicides, due to the sensitivity of these organisms when exposed.

Leaf anatomy of emerald grass submitted to quantitative application of herbicides

The aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post-emergence on Zoysia japonica Steud (Poaceae) and determine associations with the leaf anatomy of this grass. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were the application of the herbicides bentazon (720 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112.5 g ha-1), oxadiazon (875 g ha-1) and 2.4-D (698 g ha-1), plus a control treatment without herbicide application. Phytotoxicity was assessed every seven days after application (DAA) of the herbicides until the symptoms disappeared. Foliar anatomical analyses of the leaves in the collected grass were conducted until the 35th DAA. The quantitative characters of the keel and wing region of the blade of Z. japonica were assessed, as well as the biometric characters, which were submitted to an analysis of variance F test, and the averages were compared by Tukey’s test at a probability of 5%. The values of the anatomical characters of the foliar blade were tested by cluster analysis. The application of herbicides did not negatively influence the height of the plants but did reduce their dry mass. Toxic symptoms disappeared after 21 DAA, with the only symptoms of injury observed in plants treated with the herbicides oxadiazon and nicosulfuron. In addition, the cluster analysis indicated the formation of a unique discriminatory group. Thus, the results show that the herbicides applied to Z. japonica were selective for the species.

Effects of Peanut Stand Uniformity and Herbicide Regime on Weed Management and Yield

ABSTRACT Crop stand directly affects ability of any crop to compete with weeds. To capture this form of cultural weed control, final crop stands need to be uniform. Peanut stands are frequently non-uniform, despite the use of precision vacuum planters. Trials were conducted from 2009 through 2011 in Tifton, GA to determine the effect of non-uniform peanut stands on weed control, grade, and marketable peanut yield. Non-uniform peanut stands were established by modifying vacuum planter discs that created skips 18 cm wide and 36 cm wide at regular intervals and compared with peanut at a uniform stand. The weed control regimes chosen reflected differing degrees of residual weed control provided by flumioxazin or imazapic and addressed the need for residual weed control when peanut stands are non-uniform. Postemergence (POST) herbicides bentazon, paraquat, and 2,4-DB were chosen to test the theory that properly timed applications of non-residual herbicides will control weeds in skips without the need for preemergence (PRE) herbicides. There was no significant interaction between peanut stand uniformity and weed control regime for any parameter. Weed response to peanut stand was variable among species and inconsistent. Weed densities tended to be lower when the residual herbicides flumioxazin and/or imazapic were part of the herbicide regime. Peanut yields and percent total sound mature kernels were not affected by narrow (18 cm) skips, but were reduced two years out of three by wide (36 cm) skips. Peanut yields and grade were similar among weed control regimes that used PRE herbicides and POST herbicides with no residual weed control properties. These results indicate that weed control considerations are not a factor when peanut skips are <18 cm. The herbicide choices evaluated are capable of controlling weeds allowing peanut to compensate for non-uniform stands and not have yield reduction when skips are <18 cm.

Study of the decomposition and detoxification of the herbicide bentazon by heterogeneous photocatalysis: Kinetics, intermediates and transformation pathways

Study of the decomposition and detoxification of the herbicide bentazon by heterogeneous photocatalysis: Kinetics, intermediates and transformation pathways

Changes in Photosynthesis and Oxidative Stress in Wheat Plants Submmited to Herbicides Application

The use of herbicides, even in tolerant crops, can cause stress evidenced by increase phytotoxicity affecting growth and development. The objectives of this study were to evaluate herbicides effect from different mechanisms of action in photosynthetic and oxidative stress parameters, as well visual phytotoxicity and wild radish control in wheat crop, cultivar Quartzo. Two trials were conducted where the first one evaluated the photosynthetic parameters on wheat plants in two seasons collection, following the application of herbicides bentazon, clodinafop, iodosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D; and the second one evaluated wild radish (Raphanus sativus) control, wheat phytotoxicity and yield due to bentazon, iodosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D herbicides application. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration were negatively affected by metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D herbicides at 24 and 120 HAS (hours after spraying) compared to control. Oxidative stress was similar or lower to control, when herbicide was applied and, in general, there was no difference between application times. Lipid peroxidation, catalase activity and phenols were higher in the first collection time. The application of herbicides iodosulfuron and 2,4-D reduces chlorophylls and carotenoids in wheat. Herbicides bentazon, iodosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D are selective to wheat, cultivar Quartzo and do not affect wheat yield. 2,4-D, metribuzin and iodosulfuron are more efficient for wild radish control.

Antioxidant activity of rice plants sprayed with herbicides

ABSTRACT Understanding the physiological defense behavior of plants subjected to herbicide application may help to identify products with higher or lower capacity to cause oxidative stress in crops. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of herbicides in the antioxidant activity of rice plants. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replications. Treatments consisted of the herbicides bentazon (photosystem II inhibitor; 960 g ha-1), penoxsulam (acetolactate synthase inhibitor; 60 g ha-1), cyhalofop-butyl (acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase inhibitor; 315 g ha-1) and a control. After the herbicides application, samples of rice shoots were collected at 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours after application (HAA). The components evaluated were hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Bentazon (up to 24 HAA) and penoxsulam (48 and 96 HAA) reduced the CAT activity. Moreover, these herbicides increased the levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation and SOD activity, indicating a condition of oxidative stress in rice plants. The cyhalofop-butyl herbicide did not alter the antioxidant activity, showing that it causes less stress to the crop.

Preparation of photo-catalytic copolymer grafted asymmetric membranes (N-TiO2-PMAA-g-PVDF/PAN) and their application on the degradation of bentazon in water

Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N–TiO2) was prepared and supported on a novel copolymer grafted membrane matrix to avoid the problems associated with the removal of spent photocatalyst from treated water. Membranes of poly (methacrylic acid) grafted onto poly (vinylidene difluoride) and blended with poly (acrylonitrile) (PMAA-g-PVDF/PAN) were prepared through a dry–wet phase inversion technique. Methacrylic acid side chains were grafted onto an activated PVDF backbone by the method of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and then the novel photocatalytic asymmetric membranes of N–TiO2–PMAA-g-PVDF/PAN were prepared. The casting solutions were blended with 1–5 % N–TiO2 before immersion into the coagulation bath. PVDF and PAN offer several advantages which include: mechanical strength and toughness, chemical resistance, unaffected by long-term exposure to UV radiation, low weight, and thermal stability. N–TiO2 was prepared through sol-gel synthesis. The photocatalytic membranes were evaluated by degradation process of herbicide bentazon in water. Photodegradation studies revealed that the optimum photocatalyst loading was 3 % N–TiO2 and the optimum pH was 7 for the degradation of bentazon in water. UV–Vis, TOC and LC–MS analyses confirmed the successful photodegradation of bentazon. A bentazon removal efficiency of 90.1 % was achieved at pH 7. N–TiO2–PMAA-g-PVDF/PAN membranes were successfully prepared and characterized. These photocatalytic membranes showed great potential as a technology for the effective removal of pesticides from water. According to literature, N–TiO2–PMAA-g-PVDF/PAN asymmetric photocatalytic membranes have not been prepared before for the purpose of treating agricultural wastewater.

Adsorption of bentazone herbicide onto mesoporous silica: application to environmental water purification

Within the last few years, the presence of bentazone herbicide has been observed in many water resources. For the first time, removal of bentazone using mesoporous silica was investigated revealing reversible adsorption. The adsorption isotherm was well described using the Freundlich model. The affinity towards bentazone is strongly affected by pH in the range of 2-7, decreasing with the increase of the pH, becoming negligible at the neutrality. Regeneration of the adsorbent was possible, and a recovery as high as 70 % was obtained using CH3OH-NaOH solution. Furthermore, appreciable recovery (47 %) was also obtained using water. Applications on the purification of lake water and wastewaters, both characterized by a significant organic carbon load, spiked with 2 mg L(-1) bentazone were tested, observing removal yields in the range of 61-73 %. Taking advantage of the fast adsorption kinetics observed, an in-flow purification treatment was set-up, with quantitative removal of bentazone from polluted water.

Effects of Single Rainfall Events on Leaching of Glyphosate and Bentazone on Two Different Soil Types, using the DAISY Model

Core Ideas Modeling pesticide leaching during a single rainfall event with temporal variability. Short intense events (1 h) resulted in high glyphosate leaching to subsurface drains. Event volume controlled pesticide leaching at coarse sandy soil. The purpose of the present modeling study was to contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in pesticide leaching during a single rainfall event with temporal variability. Rainfall intensity of the first event after pesticide application has great effect on the amount of pesticide transported to groundwater and subsurface drains, especially in soils containing preferential flow pathways. One way to improve the understanding of single event properties on pesticide leaching is to use a transport model. The soil–plant–atmosphere model Daisy was used to simulate pesticide leaching during and after single rainfall events of different durations and intensities. Designed temporally variable single rainfall events based on the Chicago Design Rain were inserted in the original weather file. A combination of different intensities (13, 20, 24, 28, 34, and 39 mm h−1) at different event durations (1, 3, 5, and 9 h) where the intensity peak was placed in the middle of the event ware applied, resulting in 24 different design events. The model setup included two different soil types: a coarse sandy soil and a sandy loam containing macropores and subsurface drains. The fates of the herbicides bentazone [3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide] and glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] were simulated. The leaching dynamics of both pesticides showed high variability at the hourly level, illustrating the importance of high model resolution when estimating pesticide leaching. For the coarse sandy soil different intensities did not appear to have an effect, as pesticide leaching was controlled by event volume. In contrast, results for the sandy loam showed an effect of intensity, especially for glyphosate, at initially wet soil conditions. Short intense events (1 h) resulted in high leaching to drains (1.7% of matrix infiltration) compared to events of longer duration (up to 0.4% of matrix infiltration). This indicates that it might be more prudent to view leaching as a risk that occurs under certain conditions, rather than something that can be averaged.

Bentazone herbicide induces genotoxic effect and physiological disorders in non-targeted Allium cepa L.

Bentazone {3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide} categorized under thiadiazine group is a selective herbicide that is widely used for weed control in cereals, onions, garlic and other related crops. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted for 5 weeks to assess some of the responses of Allium cepa (a non-target plant) to herbicide treatment. Growth, physiological, cytotoxic and genotoxic parameters were determined. The result showed that bentazone significantly decreased plant growth and protein content; while level of malondialdehyde increased by 56.25 %. Chromosomal aberration and DNA damage were also associated with bentazone treatment on A. cepa. It was concluded that bentazone herbicide could cause genotoxicity and physiological disorders in non-targeted plants.

The role played by local pH and pore size distribution in the electrochemical regeneration of carbon fabrics loaded with bentazon

The role played by local pH and pore size distribution in the electrochemical regeneration of carbon fabrics loaded with bentazon

Similarities and Differences in Global Gene Expression Profiles between Herbicide and Pathogen-Induced PSII Inhibition

Plant pathogens, and photosynthesis inhibiting herbicides, can both damage photosystem II (PSII), causing it to be highly sensitive to damage by light energy, and to release high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This photoinhibition of PSII could possibly be the source of the strong oxidative burst associated with the pathogeninduced, hypersensitive defense response (HR). To examine a possible mechanism of how the HR-associated ROS burst could originate from PSII inhibition, we compared the transcriptome responses in soybean undergoing photoinhibition induced by HR, to soybean undergoing photoinhibition induced by the herbicide bentazon, which specially stops PSII electron flow by preventing QB from binding to D1. Most genes shared similar expression patterns between HR and bentazon treatments; however, interesting differences were also observed. The most striking differences were seen with genes related to photosynthesis, where these genes were uniformly down regulated in HR, but were mostly up in response to bentazon. Another interesting difference was seen in genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. These defense-related genes were mostly down or non-responsive to bentazon, but were generally induced in response to pathogen-induced HR, showing that soybeans activate the phenylpropanoidbased phytoalexins independent of PSII inhibition. We conclude that the PSII inhibition occurring during the HR is not being triggered simply by the inhibition of electron flow through the photosystem centers. Instead, it is more likely that the initial triggers of the HR halt the repair of damaged PSII which leads to enhancing photoinhibition and contributing the rapid production of ROS, sealing the fate of cells undergoing HR; and the triggers independently induce specific aspects of defenses such as the phenylpropanoid pathway.

If Photoinhibition of Soybean Photosystem II Enhances the Hypersensitive Response, It is Not Solely Due to Blockage of Electron Transfer Flow at D1

Previous studies have suggested that photoinhibition, through inactivation of photosystem II (PSII), could be beneficial to plants during defense to pathogens through enhanced reactive oxygen (ROS), especially during the hypersensitive response (HR). In this study, we addressed this question by focusing on a possible role of turnover and inhibition of the PSII subunit D1, in defense to the compatible and incompatible strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in soybean leaves. Expression of the D1 encoding gene, psbA, as well as 14 other chloroplast encoded genes, was down regulated in response to P. syringae. This down regulation is consistent with reduced production of PSII components leading to increased photoinhibition of existing photocenters, and is also consistent with multiple studies showing a concerted down regulation of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes during pathogen attack. However, although expression of the psbA transcript was reduced in response to pathogen within 8 hours of inoculation, the level of the psbA product, the D1 protein, showed no significant changes via western blots, and did not show any signs of degradation. Additionally, infiltrating leaves with the D1 inhibiting herbicide bentazon (competitive inhibitor of QB binding to D1, stopping photosynthesis by blocking electron transfer from QA to QB) together with P. syringae inoculation, showed that D1 inhibition did not enhance defense as expected (if photoinhibition enhanced defense), but actually rendered the host slightly more susceptible. The results reflect two possibilities. One is that PSII inhibition through blockage of electron flow through D1 of PSII, does not enhance resistance to P. syringae. The second possibility supported by the data is that the mechanism of photoinhibition during pathogen defense is not due solely to the blockage of electron flow, but through another means of stimulating photoinhibition, such as an inefficient degradation, removal, and replacement of damaged D1 from the PSII complex.

Screening e dose-resposta de herbicidas à malva e juta

A produção de fibra de malva (Urena lobata) e de juta (Corchorus capsularis) é demandada pela indústria como matéria prima na produção de telas, cordas, capas de livro entre outras aplicações. O ciclo de produção desta fibra é uma atividade sustentável, pois usa recursos renováveis das várzeas do Rio Solimões no Amazonas. O manejo da cultura aliado ao controle de plantas daninhas são condições para as espécies expressarem o máximo potencial produtivo. O uso de herbicidas seletivos se constitui numa alternativa eficiente e economicamente viável a esta finalidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas por meio de screening e a dose-resposta destes as duas espécies produtoras de fibras naturais. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação: o primeiro na forma de screening para avaliar herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência como bentazon, clethodim, fluazifop-p-butil, fomesafen, linuron, oxyfluorfen e sulfentrazone nas doses recomendadas para outras culturas; e o segundo, os herbicidas clethodim e fluazifop-p-butil, que foram seletivos à juta e à malva, em 7 doses. Os herbicidas bentazon, linuron, fomesafen, oxyfluorfen e sulfentrazone causaram morte de todas as plantas, enquanto o clethodim e fluazifop-p-butil foram moderadamente fitotóxicos. As duas espécies foram mais tolerantes ao fluazifop-p-butil que ao clethodim.

Treatment of bentazon herbicide solutions by vacuum membrane distillation

Treatment of bentazon herbicide solutions by vacuum membrane distillation

Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Response to Herbicides of Wild Bushbean (Macroptilium lathyroides)

Experiments were conducted in laboratory and screenhouse to determine the effects of light, temperature, salt and water stress, seed burial depth, and amount of rice residue on seed germination and seedling emergence of wild bushbean and to evaluate the response of that weed to commonly available POST herbicides in the Philippines. Germination (81 to 85%) was not influenced by light; however, it was higher at 30/20 C (88%) than at 25/15 C (82%) and 35/25 C (80%) day/night temperatures. The sodium chloride and osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination were 149 mM and −0.28 MPa, respectively. Seedling emergence (81%) was similar for seeds placed on the soil surface and for seeds buried up to 4 cm deep. No seedlings emerged from a burial depth of 8 cm. Rice residue applied on the soil surface up to 8 t ha−1did not affect seedling emergence (72 to 80%) of wild bushbean. The herbicide bentazon provided 100% control of wild bushbean when applied at the three- to five-leaf stages. However, to achieve 100% control by 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl, herbicides had to be applied at the three-leaf stage. The information gained from this study can help in developing components of integrated weed management programs for wild bushbean. A deep-tillage operation to bury weed seeds below their maximum depth of emergence and early application of an effective POST herbicide can help in managing this weed in rice fields.

Bentazon: Effect of Additives on the Crystallization of Pure and Mixed Polymorphic Forms of a Commercial Herbicide

The structure–properties relationships of two new polymorphic forms of the herbicide bentazon were investigated by X-ray diffraction, hot stage microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry; the relative thermal stability of all forms was explored, together with the effect of additives on the crystallization of one or a mixture of the three polymorphs.