Genus Helicobacter Research Articles

Detection of Helicobacter suis bacteria in pigs of different age groups

Currently, the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer in pigs remains largely unexplored. The origin of this pathology is most often associated with the type and the technologies of feeding, stresses and disorders of homeostasis of the animal body. The possible involvement of bacteria of the genus Helicobacter in the development of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer disease in pigs was suggested by the researchers relatively recently. The article comprises the results of investigations aimed at detection of Helicobacter suis bacteria and the contamination degree of porcine gastric mucosa in pigs of different age groups. The stomachs, obtained from suckling pigs, fattening pigs and sows in the slaughterhouse of the Mari El Republic, were examined. The study determined the dependence of pathomorphological changes in the gastric mucosa of pigs on the detection of H. suis in microscopic and biochemical tests as well as in PCR. Thus, no pathomorphological changes in the gastric mucosa of suckling pigs were detected. Severe hyperkeratosis, erosions, and ulcers were found on the stomach mucosa of fattening pigs and sows that were infected with H. suis bacteria. Sows also had ulcerative lesions in the non-glandular region of esophagus. In the biomaterial of suckling piglets the DNA of H. suis bacteria was found only in the pyloric region of the stomach, while in fattening pigs, the DNA of these bacteria was most often isolated from the fundal region, and in sows – from the fundal and cardial regions. This indicates a shift in colonization by helicobacters of the mucous membrane of the stomach from the pyloric to the cardiac sectionincreased with animal age. The obtained research data provide the additional evidence of the etiological role of H. suis in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer in pigs.

Polysaccharides from fermented Momordica charantia L. with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 ameliorate metabolic disorders and gut microbiota change in obese rats.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by overweight resulting from fat accumulation, along with disturbance of metabolism and gut microbiota. Fermentation, as a green processing method, is beneficial for improving the nutrition capacity of food components. Polysaccharides are considered as one of the important components in food and are also potential supplements for anti-obesity treatment. This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of polysaccharides from fermented and non-fermented Momordica charantia L. with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 (FP and NFP) on obese rats by serum metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis. Metabolomics results revealed that abnormal lipid metabolism was formed due to obesity. The supplement of FP and NFP improved the glycerophospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and amino acid metabolism of the obese rats, which alleviated the hypercholesterolemia and overweight in rats. Furthermore, the disorder of gut microbiota was ameliorated by FP and NFP. FP promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as phylum Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and genera Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. FP also reduced several harmful bacteria belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria and genera Helicobacter. The positive correlation of the weight loss and lowering of serum lipids with the increased beneficial bacteria further elucidated that the anti-obesity effect of FP in obese rats is associated with the regulation of gut microbiota and serum metabolites. The results of this study could provide information for developing probiotic products in the future that may have beneficial effects on the prevention or treatment of obesity.

Helicobacter delphinicola sp. nov., isolated from common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus with gastric diseases.

Gastritis and gastric ulcers are well-recognized symptoms in cetaceans, and the genus Helicobacter is considered as the main cause. In this study, we examined the gastric fluid of captive common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus with gastric diseases in order to isolate the organisms responsible for diagnosis and treatment. Four Gram-negative, rod-shaped isolates (TSBT, TSH1, TSZ, and TSH3) with tightly coiled spirals with 2-4 turns and 2-6 bipolar, sheathed flagella, were obtained from gastric fluids of common bottlenose dolphins with gastric diseases. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA, atpA, and 60 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp60) genes, demonstrated that these isolates form a novel lineage within the genus Helicobacter. Analyses of 16S rRNA, atpA, and hsp60 gene sequences showed that isolate TSBT was most closely related to H. cetorum MIT99-5656T (98.5% similarity), H. pylori ATCC 43504T (76.7% similarity), and H. pylori ATCC 43504T (78.0% similarity), respectively. Type strains of Helicobacter showing resistance to 2% NaCl have not been reported previously; however, these novel isolates were resistant to 2% NaCl. Culture supernatant of some isolates induced intracellular vacuolization in mammalian cultured cells. These data, together with the different morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates, reveal that these isolates represent a novel species for which we propose the name Helicobacter delphinicola sp. nov. with type strain TSBT (= JCM 32789T = TSD-183T). Future studies will confirm whether H. delphinicola plays a role in lesion etiopathogenesis in cetaceans.

Helicobacter genus in the intestine and liver of stray cats: the molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical study.

The study was designed to determine the presence of Helicobacter genus and three species of H. pylori, H. bilis, and H. canis, in the duodenum, ileum, colon, and liver of stray cats. Moreover, the histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses have been performed. Samples were taken from the duodenum, ileum, colon, and liver of 30 cats for molecular and histopathological evaluations. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out for the detection of the Helicobacter genus in the mentioned samples. Then, species-specific primers were used in Helicobacter-positive samples. Helicobacter genus prevalence rates in the duodenum, ileum, colon, and liver samples were 50%, 60%, 50%, and 43.3%, respectively. Helicobacter pylori, H. canis, and H. bilis were isolated from at least one tissue of 18 (60%), 13 (43.3%), and 8 (26.7%) of the cats, respectively. Immunohistochemical findings confirmed the presence of bacteria in the intestinal crypt or the mucosal layer of duodenum, ileum, colon, and hepatic sinusoids. In the present study, the concurrent infection of duodenum and liver was noticeable. Furthermore, the high prevalence of H. pylori in cats, as a well-known human pathogen, should be considered. High incidence of Helicobacter in gut and liver of Ahvaz stray cats is noticeable. According to the zoonotic importance of Helicobacter, more studies in the field of treatment and prevention are highly recommended.

Deep-amplicon sequencing (DAS) analysis to determine the presence of pathogenic Helicobacter species in wastewater reused for irrigation

Wastewater has become one of the most important and least expensive water for the agriculture sector, as well as an alternative to the overexploitation of water resources. However, inappropriate treatment before its reuse can result in a negative impact on the environment, such as the presence of pathogens. This poses an increased risk for environmental safety, which can subsequently lead to an increased risk for human health. Among all the emerging wastewater pathogens, bacteria of the genus Helicobacter are some of the most disturbing ones, since they are directly related to gastric illness and hepatobiliary and gastric cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic Helicobacter spp. in treated wastewater intended for irrigation. We used a next generation sequencing approach, based on Illumina sequencing in combination with culture and other molecular techniques (qPCR, FISH and DVC-FISH), to analyze 16 wastewater samples, with and without an enrichment step. By culture, one of the direct samples was positive for H. pylori. FISH and DVC-FISH techniques allowed for detecting viable Helicobacter spp., including H. pylori, in seven out of eight samples of wastewater from the tertiary effluents, while qPCR analysis yielded only three positive results. When wastewater microbiome was analyzed, Helicobacter genus was detected in 7 samples. The different molecular techniques used in the present study provided evidence, for the first time, of the presence of species belonging to the genus Helicobacter such as H. pylori, H. hepaticus, H. pullorum and H. suis in wastewater samples, even after disinfection treatment.

Evidence of viable Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria of public health interest associated with free-living amoebae in lettuce samples by next generation sequencing and other molecular techniques

Vegetables are one of the sources from which Helicobacter pylori can be acquired. This bacterium infects >50% of the global population and is a recognized type I human carcinogen. H. pylori enters into the viable but non-culturable state when it is in the environment, and therefore the use of molecular techniques is much convenient for its detection. Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoans found in vegetables. They are transmission vehicles for amoeba-resistant bacteria, among which H. pylori is included. The aim of this study is to study the occurrence and viability of H. pylori from lettuce samples, H. pylori internalized into FLA and the microbiome of FLA isolated from these samples. Special focus was pointed to human pathogenic bacteria.H. pylori was not directly detected in any lettuce sample by means of molecular techniques and neither by culture. However, intra-amoebic H. pylori DNA was detected by means of PMA-qPCR in 55% of the samples and viable intra-amoebic H. pylori cells in 25% of the samples by means of DVC-FISH technique. When FLA microbiome was studied, 21 bacterial genera were part of FLA microbiome in all samples. Helicobacter genus was detected as part of the FLA microbiome in two samples. Other bacteria of public health interest such as Aeromonas sp., Arcobacter sp., Legionella sp., Mycobacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. were detected as part of FLA microbiome along the analysed samples.This study demonstrates for the first time that H. pylori is internalized as well as alive inside FLA isolated from vegetables. Moreover, this study shows that FLA promote H. pylori detection in environmental samples. In addition, as far as we are aware, this is the first study which studies the microbiome of FLA isolated from vegetables. Among the FLA microbiome, bacteria of public health interest were detected, pointing out that FLA are carriers of these pathogens which can reach humans and cause a public health concern.

Repeated mild traumatic brain injury affects microbial diversity in rat jejunum

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) manifest into post-traumatic stress disorders such as anxiety comorbid with gut ailments. The perturbations in gut microbial communities are often linked to intestinal and neuropsychological disorders. We have previously reported anxiety and abnormalities in gut function in mild TBI (MTBI)-exposed rats. The current study demonstrates the changes in gut microbiome of MTBI-exposed animals and discusses its implications in intestinal health and behaviours. The rats were subjected to repeated MTBI (rMTBI) and microbial composition in jejunum was examined after 6 h, 48 h and 30 days of rMTBI. Significant reduction in bacterial diversity was observed in the rMTBI-exposed animals at all the time points. Principal coordinate analysis based on weighted UniFrac distances indicated substantial differences in gut microbial diversity and abundances in rMTBI-exposed animals as compared to that in healthy controls. The abundance of Proteobacteria increased dramatically with reciprocal decrease in Firmicutes after rMTBI. At the genus level, Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, and Streptococcus were found to be differentially abundant in the jejunum of rMTBI-exposed rats as compared to sham controls indicating profound dysbiosis from the healthy state. Furthermore, substantial depletion in butyrate-producing bacterial communities was observed in rMTBI-exposed animals. These results suggest that the traumatic stress alters the gut microbiome with possible implications in gut health and neuropsychopathology.

Abstract 2825: Two classic TCM formulas suppressed polyp counts in concurrence with improved gut microenvironment, and remodeled gut microbial composition of the ApcMin+ mice

Abstract Background: In this study we evaluated the anti-cancer effects and gut modulating properties of the two Chinese medicinal formulas, known as HuaiHuaJinYinJiu (SL) and Floris Sophorae Powder (FSP). SL is comprised of Sophorae Flos (HuaiHua) and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (JinYinHua) and has been traditionally prescribed for carbuncle treatment. The FSP is constituted of Sophorae Flos and Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis (ZhiZi) and has been used for the cure of hemafecia and abdominal pain. Methodology: A total of 27 ApcMin/+ mice were equally divided into three groups and each group were continuously gavage for 28 days with daily dosage of SL (1g/kg), FSP (1g/kg), and water respectively. At the end of the treatments, fecal samples were collected; mice were terminated and sampled for tissues for later investigations. Results: We observed that SL and FSP substantially reduced polyps by 32% and 37% in ApcMin/+ mice, respectively. Additionally, both formulas greatly strengthened the intestinal barrier of the ApcMin/+ mice by enhancing the population of Paneth and goblet cells, up-regulating E-cadherin, and down-regulating N-cadherin expressions. Meanwhile, SL and FSP remodeled the gut microbial composition by facilitating the growth of bacteria belonged to phyla Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, whereas suppressed the abundance of phyla Fusobacteria and Deferribacteres which are generally known for their pathogenesis. The growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria and bacteria in genus Helicobacter were inhibited in SL and FSP treated mice. We also detected the downregulation of the CagA - which is a cytotoxin-associated gene expressed highly in Helicobacter pylori and has been implicated with CRC development. SL and FSP, on the other hand, facilitated the growth of short-chain fatty (SCFA) producing bacteria that was positively correlated with upregulated expressions of the SCFAs-sensing receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a. We further found the downregulation of p-AKT, p-ERK, p-STAT3, and beta-catenin in the formula-treated mice. Inflammatory milieu of the SL and FSP treated mice were greatly improved by the polarization of M1 to M2 macrophages and modified with upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12) and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23). Conclusion: Collectively, this study presents strong evidences that the modulation of gut microbiota and the associated metabolites as well as the reversal of the inflammatory gut epithelial barrier might account for the anti-cancer effects of SL and FSP TCM formulas in the ApcMin/+ mice. [This study is supported by Macau FDCT 103/2016/A3 to WLW Hsiao] Citation Format: Wenrui Xia, Imran Khan, Xiaoang Li, Guoxin Huang, Wai Kit Leong, Wei lin Liao, W.L. Wendy Hsiao. Two classic TCM formulas suppressed polyp counts in concurrence with improved gut microenvironment, and remodeled gut microbial composition of the ApcMin+ mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2825.

Evaluation of a Novel Stool Antigen Rapid Test Kit for Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection.

The Quick Chaser H. pylori (QCP), which is a novel antigen detection kit for Helicobacter pylori, was developed recently. The previous examination kits targeted the catalase of H. pylori; however, this new test kit, to the best of our knowledge, is the first kit to target the flagellar protein of H. pylori The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of QCP compared with that of the already commercially available rapid test kit Testmate Rapid Pylori Antigen (TRP). TRP and QCP were utilized in 71 participants. The positive and negative concordance ratios of QCP to TRP were 100% (57/57) and 92.9% (13/14), respectively. Sensitivity based on the rapid urease test and culture test was 92.3%. Results of the dilution sensitivity test showed that QCP was eight times more sensitive to an H. pylori standard strain and the clarithromycin (CAM)-resistant clinical isolate and four times more sensitive to a CAM-susceptible clinical isolate than TRP. For the cross-reactivity test, 27 strains that exist in human feces, such as the Helicobacter genus, Bifidobacterium genus, Lactobacillus genus, and other resident bacteria, were selected. The results obtained using QCP were all negative, and no cross-reaction was observed. In conclusion, compared with TRP, QCP can detect H. pylori using clinical specimens with high sensitivity, regardless of CAM susceptibility and tolerance. No cross-reactivity was observed with other intestinal bacteria in humans. The kit is considered extremely useful in clinical settings.

Molecular Identification of Members of Campylobacteriaceae Family in Gallstone

Introduction : The role of Bacterial infections as one major cause of occurrence of gallstones has been admitted. Campylobacteraceae family consists of Helicobacter , Campylobacter and Arcobacter genus have been identified as significant bacteria in the appearance of gastric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of Campylobacteriaceae family bacteria in the gallstones of patients hospitalized in the surgery ward of Shahid Rajaei hospital in Tonekabon. Materials and Methods : Sample of gallbladder stone was collected form 36 patients. After culture in the BHI medium for the primary enrichment, DNA extraction was carried out and then, the presence of the desired bacteria was examined by PCR technique. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software (21) and Chi-square (x 2 ) test. Results : Of total 36 samples of the studied gallstone, 3 samples (8.33%) were positive from viewpoint of presence of Helicobacter , 5 samples (13.88%) were positive in terms of presence of Campylobacter and only 1 sample (2.77%) was positive with respect to the presence of Arcobacter . No significant relationship was observed between type of stone and presence of these bacteria. Conclusion : The results achieved from this research show the presence of DNA belonging to the Campylobacteraceae family in the gallbladder stone, using PCR technique. These bacteria have an etiological significance in the formation of the gallstones. Therefore, more studies are required to determine the role of these bacteria in the formation of gallbladder stone.

Helicobacter infection in the hepatobiliary system and hepatic lesions: a possible association in dogs.

Helicobacter infection has been associated with hepatobiliary diseases in humans and animals. The aims of this study were to identify Helicobacter species in the hepatobiliary tract of dogs and to elucidate the possible association of these bacteria in liver diseases. Twenty-seven gastric and hepatobiliary samples were collected from 33 dogs with hepatic lesions and 17 dogs with no liver histological changes. Warthin-Starry staining, immunohistochemical assay, and PCR were performed to detect the presence of Helicobacter. Helicobacter genus was detected in 21.2% of the samples with hepatic lesions. The main lesion was chronic hepatitis. Immunohistochemistry revealed infection in liver (1/5) and gallbladder (1/3) 32 samples. The sequence analysis of seven amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene of Helicobacter genus from hepatobiliary samples showed 97.8 to 100% of nucleotide identity with gastric helicobacter. One amplicon of the ureA and ureB gene of Helicobacter genus from the stomach showed 89.1 to 90.7% nucleotide identity with H. heilmannii. The presence of Helicobacter genus in liver samples showing hepatic lesions suggests the involvement of these bacteria in the etiology of hepatobiliary disease in dogs. DNA sequences were similar to gastric Helicobacter species, reinforcing the hypothesis of bacterial translocation from the stomach to liver by the biliary pathway.

Comparative genomics analysis to differentiate metabolic and virulence gene potential in gastric versus enterohepatic Helicobacter species

BackgroundThe genus Helicobacter are gram-negative, microaerobic, flagellated, mucus-inhabiting bacteria associated with gastrointestinal inflammation and classified as gastric or enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) according to host species and colonization niche. While there are over 30 official species, little is known about the physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of EHS, which account for most in the genus, as well as what genetic factors differentiate gastric versus EHS, given they inhabit different hosts and colonization niches. The objective of this study was to perform a whole-genus comparative analysis of over 100 gastric versus EHS genomes in order to identify genetic determinants that distinguish these Helicobacter species and provide insights about their evolution/adaptation to different hosts, colonization niches, and mechanisms of virulence.ResultsWhole-genome phylogeny organized Helicobacter species according to their presumed gastric or EHS classification. Analysis of orthologs revealed substantial heterogeneity in physiological and virulence-related genes between gastric and EHS genomes. Metabolic reconstruction predicted that unlike gastric species, EHS appear asaccharolytic and dependent on amino/organic acids to fuel metabolism. Additionally, gastric species lack de novo biosynthetic pathways for several amino acids and purines found in EHS and instead rely on environmental uptake/salvage pathways. Comparison of virulence factor genes between gastric and EHS genomes identified overlapping yet distinct profiles and included canonical cytotoxins, outer membrane proteins, secretion systems, and survival factors.ConclusionsThe major differences in predicted metabolic function suggest gastric species and EHS may have evolved for survival in the nutrient-rich stomach versus the nutrient-devoid environments, respectively. Contrasting virulence factor gene profiles indicate gastric species and EHS may utilize different pathogenic mechanisms to chronically infect hosts and cause inflammation and tissue damage. The findings from this study provide new insights into the genetic differences underlying gastric versus EHS and support the need for future experimental studies to characterize these pathogens.

In silico proteomic and phylogenetic analysis of the outer membrane protein repertoire of gastric Helicobacter species

Helicobacter (H.) pylori is an important risk factor for gastric malignancies worldwide. Its outer membrane proteome takes an important role in colonization of the human gastric mucosa. However, in zoonotic non-H. pylori helicobacters (NHPHs) also associated with human gastric disease, the composition of the outer membrane (OM) proteome and its relative contribution to disease remain largely unknown. By means of a comprehensive survey of the diversity and distribution of predicted outer membrane proteins (OMPs) identified in all known gastric Helicobacter species with fully annotated genome sequences, we found genus- and species-specific families known or thought to be implicated in virulence. Hop adhesins, part of the Helicobacter-specific family 13 (Hop, Hor and Hom) were restricted to the gastric species H. pylori, H. cetorum and H. acinonychis. Hof proteins (family 33) were putative adhesins with predicted Occ- or MOMP-family like 18-stranded β-barrels. They were found to be widespread amongst all gastric Helicobacter species only sporadically detected in enterohepatic Helicobacter species. These latter are other members within the genus Helicobacter, although ecologically and genetically distinct. LpxR, a lipopolysaccharide remodeling factor, was also detected in all gastric Helicobacter species but lacking as well from the enterohepatic species H. cinaedi, H. equorum and H. hepaticus. In conclusion, our systemic survey of Helicobacter OMPs points to species and infection-site specific members that are interesting candidates for future virulence and colonization studies.

Diversity analysis of luminal and mucosa-associated microbial communities in obese mice

Objective: Gut microbiota have been reported to be able to regulate host metabolism and is closely associated to obesity. The purpose of this study was to explore the differences between the diversity of luminal and mucosa-associated microbial communities in obese mice. Methods: Colonic luminal contents and colonic mucosa were separately collected from 10 obese mice fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks. DNA of gut microbiota was extracted and micro flora populations were analyzed by Illumina sequencing. Species annotation, diversity analysis, and species difference analysis were conducted. Results: The microbial flora from colonic contents had similar richness, evenness and overall structure to those from colonic mucosa (ACE index 250 vs. 285, Chao index 257 vs. 291, Shannon index 3.84 vs. 3.97, Simpson index 0.05 vs. 0.06, all P>0.05). However, there were differences in the microbial composition on specific levels. At the phylum level, colonic contents had higher abundance of Bacteroidetes (56.08% vs. 27.25%, P=3.21×10(-5)), while colonic mucosa had higher abundance of Firmicutes (49.09% vs. 34.27%, P=0.03) and proteobacteria (18.48% vs. 3.62%, P=0.000 9). At the genus level, butyrate-producing bacteria-Lactobacillus was more abundant in colonic content (LDA score=3.89), whereas gram-negative genus Helicobacter, Sphingomonas and Desulfovibrio were relatively abundant in colonic mucosa (LDA score=4.78, 3.59 and 4.11, respectively). Conclusion: There were differences in microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels between microbial flora from colonic contents and colonic mucosa, although they had similar richness, evenness and overall structure.

The effect of exposure to high altitude and low oxygen on intestinal microbial communities in mice.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exposure to high altitude and low oxygen on intestinal microbial communities using mice as an animal model. Fecal microbiota from mice housed in a control environment representing 2,200 meters (NC group) above sea level with 16% Oxygen and mice that were placed in a hypobaric chamber representing 5000 meters (HC group) above sea level with 11% Oxygen for 30 days, were analyzed by the HiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. The results showed a significant difference in beta diversity observed between the two groups, while no significant difference was observed in alpha diversity. Compared with the NC group, the relative abundance of class Epsilonproteobacteria, phlym Actinobacteria, class Erysipelotrichia and genus Helicobacter were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the relative abundance of genus Alistipes was increased in the HC group; Phenotypic analysis showed no significant difference in aerobic, anaerobic, facultatively anaerobic, potentially pathogenic, stress tolerant, mobile element, biofilms formation, gram negative and gram positive between HC group and NC group; Functional analysis results showed significant differences in 34 gene functional metabolic pathways (carbohydrate digestion and absorption, energy metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, etc) between HC group and NC group. Together, these findings suggest that exposure to high altitude and low oxygen had the potential to change the intestinal microbial communities, which potentially may modulate metabolic processes in mice.

Helicobacter pylori Infection and Hepatobiliary Pathology

Aim. The aim of this review is to analyze and systematize data on the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on hepatobiliary diseases.Background. Over the past two decades, a growing number of studies have been devoted to the possible involvement of H. pylori infection in the extragastric pathology. The presence of the bacterium was detected in many organs and tissues. Its relationship with the development of idiopathic iron-deficiency anemia, B12 deficiency anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is proved. The possible role of the bacterium in the development of hepatobiliary pathology is also discussed. The presence of the bacterium has been revealed in samples taken from the liver tissue, biliary tract, bile and gallstones of patients suffering from hepatobiliary diseases. The involvement of H. pylori in the formation of gallstones is considered possible. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is more often diagnosed in H. pylori infected individuals compared to those not infected. The progression of inflammation in the liver of any nature is noted in the presence of H. pylori infection. Different species of the Helicobacter genus, including H. pylori, are shown to contribute to the development of liver cancer. However, some researchers report data against the involvement of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of various hepatobiliary diseases.Conclusion. The results obtained by the authors cannot be considered unambiguous, thus requiring further research. Given the high prevalence of H. pylori infection and the significant incidence of hepatobiliary pathology, the confirmation of their relationship can be of great epidemiological, preventive and clinical importance.

Extra precision glide docking, free energy calculation and molecular dynamics studies of 1,2-diarylethane derivatives as potent urease inhibitors

For the latter half of the twentieth century, most medical professionals considered bacterial infection to be a primary cause of gastrointestinal ulcers in human beings. In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium most closely linked to ulcer development, as a type I carcinogen. Biological research has shown that there is a positive correlation between the number of species in the Helicobacter genus and the number of medical conditions associated with Helicobacter infection, both of which are increasing rapidly. N-Benzylaniline derivatives, frequently used in industrial manufacturing, are being considered as a strong candidate for ongoing drug modeling in search of novel therapies. The basic goal behind this study was to determine the potency of experimentally proved data, and to determine favorable substituents to enhance potency, and thereafter to support this finding through theoretical modification of the existing base skeleton by addition of suitable substituents. Ligands were investigated thoroughly by paying attention to the urease-inhibitory properties present in the selected series. Initially, docking was performed on ligands with protein to produce efficient docking poses. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were also performed to precisely understand the interactions between ligands and proteins. Thereafter, MM-GBSA was used in order to validate the methods and results. Good interaction was observed with amino acids Arg338, Ala169, Asp223, His322, and Asn168. This study also revealed that the electron rich hydroxyl group (-OH) substituent plays an important role during bond formation. In addition, various hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and pi-pi stacking bonds make significant contributions towards urease inhibition. Therefore, further research utilizing electron-rich moieties may lead to novel and efficacious urease inhibitors.

Oral and Cloacal Helicobacter Detection in Wild and Captive Orinoco Crocodiles (Crocodylus intermedius) in Venezuela.

Helicobacter species can colonize digestive tract of animals and humans and have been associated with gastrointestinal diseases; however, this genus has not been studied in crocodiles. Our objective was to detect by PCR Helicobacter genus and Helicobacter pylori in oral and cloacal swabs from Orinoco crocodiles of two wild (Cojedes River System and Capanaparo River) and two captive breeding centers (CBCs; Masaguaral Ranch and UNELLEZ) populations. Bacterial DNA was found in 100% of oral samples (10 wild and 10 captives), and in the 95% of cloacal samples (10 wild and 9 captives). In wild populations, Helicobacter spp. was not detected, whereas in CBCs, Helicobacter was detected in 10% of the oral samples, and 66.7% of cloacal samples. H. pylori was detected in two Orinoco crocodiles. Two cloacal non-pylori Helicobacter amplicons were sequenced, showing low similarity (≤97%) to Helicobacter sequences reported. This is the first report of Helicobacter species, including H. pylori in Crocodylus intermedius from CBCs.

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Prevalence, etiology, diagnostic

The analysis of scientific literature and different studies of recent years concerning diseases of the stomach in horses has been conducted in the article. The analysis of literature data indicates that the Equine gastric ulcer syndrome is a common disease especially among racehorses. This term is a condition in horses, characterized by ulcers in the terminal esophagus; proximal (squamous) stomach; distal (glandular) stomach; and proximal duodenum. The anatomy and physiology of the stomach, with particular reference to secretion of acid and mucosal protective mechanisms, are reviewed as well as the differing theories relating to the aetiopathogenesis of gastric ulceration. The prevalence of the disease in racehorses has been reported from 60 to 90%. In general, horses that are in active training for racing tend to have a prevalence of around 90%, whereas horses for pleasure in full work have a reported prevalence of approximately 60%. The recent years data indicate the influence of microorganism Helicobacter genus on ulceration in equine stomach, a new specific species of H. Equorum was identified by the PCR assay in horse faeces, but the relationship between different species of Helicobacter and stomach ulcers remains controversial. Recently, nutritional and dietary management factors, the features of the anatomical structure of the stomach, dental problems, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs etc. have been identified to play an important role in gastric ulceration in horses. Clinical signs of EGUS are not always noticeable. Depending on the degree of damage, сlinical signs in horses with EGUS include: acute and recurrent colic, poor body condition, partial anorexia, poor appetite, poor performance and attitude changes, diarrhea,, the disease is accompanied by weight loss, loss of appetite and decreased ability to work. This disease affects the physical condition of horses, slows the growth and development of foals. The introduction of new diagnostic tests and methods in veterinary practice, including gastroscopy, allows to diagnose ulcers on early stages, investigate and explore the causes of EGUS. The diagnosis requires a thorough treatment history, physical examination, and a minimum database. Identifying risk factors and clinical signs are also helpful in making a diagnosis. However, gastroscopy is the only definitive diagnosis for gastric ulcers currently available. in more detail. The article presents a 0‒5 gastric ulcer scoring system to determine a lesion prevelence.

Functional analysis of the Helicobacter pullorum N-linked protein glycosylation system.

N-linked protein glycosylation systems operate in species from all three domains of life. The model bacterial N-linked glycosylation system from Campylobacter jejuni is encoded by pgl genes present at a single chromosomal locus. This gene cluster includes the pglB oligosaccharyltransferase responsible for transfer of glycan from lipid carrier to protein. Although all genomes from species of the Campylobacter genus contain a pgl locus, among the related Helicobacter genus only three evolutionarily related species (H. pullorum, H. canadensis and H. winghamensis) potentially encode N-linked protein glycosylation systems. Helicobacter putative pgl genes are scattered in five chromosomal loci and include two putative oligosaccharyltransferase-encoding pglB genes per genome. We have previously demonstrated the in vitro N-linked glycosylation activity of H. pullorum resulting in transfer of a pentasaccharide to a peptide at asparagine within the sequon (D/E)XNXS/T. In this study, we identified the first H. pullorum N-linked glycoprotein, termed HgpA. Production of histidine-tagged HgpA in the background of insertional knockout mutants of H. pullorum pgl/wbp genes followed by analysis of HgpA glycan structures demonstrated the role of individual gene products in the PglB1-dependent N-linked protein glycosylation pathway. Glycopeptide purification by zwitterionic-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry identified six glycosites from five H. pullorum proteins, which was consistent with proteins reactive with a polyclonal antiserum generated against glycosylated HgpA. This study demonstrates functioning of a H. pullorum N-linked general protein glycosylation system.