Heavy Metal Salts Research Articles

PENERAPAN METODE RESISTIVITAS KONFIGURASI SCHLUMBERGER UNTUK MENDETEKSI PERSEBARAN AIR LINDI (STUDI KASUS TPA TERJUN MARELAN)

Leachate has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer because it contains high levels of minerals and organic matter. In the leachate there are several compounds, namely heavy metal compounds, salts, nitrogen compounds and various types of other organic matter. Leachate leachate also contains very fine suspended matter from the decomposition of microbes, usually consisting of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Chloride, Sulfate, Phosphate, Zn, Ni, CO2, H2O, N2, NH3, H2S, Organic acids , and H2. This study aims to find out how the subsurface layer in the Medan Marelan Falls Landfill area, the distribution of leachate in the Medan Marelan Falls Landfill. 1D resistivity measurements were only carried out in the Medan Marelan Falls TPA area. The geophysical method used in this study is the Schlumberger configuration. This research was conducted at three points along the 200 meter track. on line I is at a depth of 6.92 m with a resistivity value of 3.16 Ωm with a North to South flow direction. On track II it is at a depth of 1.15 m, 4.53 m, and 22.1 m with a resistivity value of 1.5 Ωm, 2.25 Ωm, and 5.05 Ωm respectively with the North to West flow direction. On track III it is at a depth of 1.19 m, 20.8 m, and 53.9 m with resistivity values of 1.54 Ωm, 3.51 Ωm, and 1.13 Ωm respectively with North to West flow direction. The distribution of leachate at the Medan Marelan Falls TPA which dominates is on track III marked with black to bluish color images.

Dielectric Properties of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metal Salts

Dielectric Properties of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metal Salts

Acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment using a novel tannic acid functionalized Boehmite/polyether sulfone nanofiltration membrane

This study focuses on the fabrication of TA-BM/PES membranes by the incorporation of tannic acid functionalized Boehmite nanoparticles into the PES membrane matrix through the phase inversion technique. The presence of TA-BM nanoparticles in the TA-BM/PES membranes was confirmed by analysis of the FT-IR spectra of the embedded membranes. The hydrophilicity, permeability, surface morphology, and fouling resistance properties of membranes modified with TA-BM nanoparticles were compared to those of the naked membrane. The fouling behavior of the modified membranes was assessed in the presence of a foulant solution containing 200 ppm BSA (bovine serum albumin) and 200 ppm Na2SO4. The flux recovery ratio results showed an improvement in all modified membranes, especially M2 membrane. The modified membranes shown remarkable efficiency in the rejection of heavy metal ions (over 72 %), sulfate (over 80 %), and salt (Na2SO4 > 84 % and NaCl>48 %). The M2 membrane was chosen as the most suitable membrane and shown effective performance in eliminating heavy metals (Fe2+ = 65.5, Mn2+ = 88.8, Mg2+ = 83.5 and Ca2+ = 78.6 %) as well as sulfate (SO42− = 83.5 %) from a synthetic acid mine drainage (AMD) wastewater. Based on the findings presented in this research, it can be concluded that the TA-BM/PES nanofiltration membrane has potential for effective use in the treatment of AMD wastewater.

Correlation of Heavy Metal Content in the Blood of Patients with Ovarian Cancer by Place of Residence

Introduction. Malignant ovarian tumours are an urgent problem in oncology today. Ovarian cancer (OC) is in the top ten in terms of prevalence, ranking 7th, and in the top five in terms of mortality, ranking 4th. The asymptomatic course of the disease is explained by the progression of ovarian cancer mainly due to peritoneal dissemination; that is the reason why the disease is diagnosed at late stages. The prognosis of the disease depends on its stage, the degree of differentiation of the tumour, the recurrence-free period, the size of the residual tumour after surgical treatment. Taking into account the above factors, this disease is interesting for scientists in terms of finding new factors for predicting its course and trying to influence them. Purpose: increasing the effectiveness of treatment of patients with ovarian cancer by individualizing supportive therapy taking into account the level of heavy metal salts in the blood.
 Methods. The study is based on the results of observation of 127 patients with ovarian cancer of stages I-IV. The duration of recurrence-free survival was studied and evaluated depending on the place of residence of patients with ovarian cancer. Results. The analysis of the recurrence-free survival of patients by the territorial principle was carried out: higher rates of cumulative survival of patients are recorded in virtually all studied intervals in patients living in Ivano-Frankivsk and Kalush districts (where a higher content of Zn in the blood of patients is recorded). Cox regressions in correlation with Zn variables were constructed for them.
 The Cox regression was calculated in correlation with the variables of Zn in the blood of patients with OC living in the Ivano-Frankivsk and Kalush districts at minimal values of the metal content in the blood. For the Ivano-Frankivsk district, it is predicted that at the 16th month of observation, the recurrence-free survival rate will be 0%. For Kolomyia district, the projected recurrence-free survival rate is even lower, with no patients remaining at the 9th month of follow-up. The predicted recurrence-free survival in correlation with Zn variables in the blood of patients with OC living in Ivano-Frankivsk and Kalush districts at the maximum values of the metal in the blood was determined. For the Ivano-Frankivsk district, it is predicted that 97% of patients will remain under observation at month 36. For Kolomyia district, the predicted recurrence-free survival rate at the 36th month of observation is 99%. Conclusions. A correlation was found between the zinc content in the blood of patients with OC and the place of residence in Ivano-Frankivsk region; according to the analysis of the obtained data set, the strongest correlation of recurrence-free survival of patients is observed with this element. Increased levels of zinc and copper in the blood of patients resulted in a longer duration of disease-free survival, so patients from Kalush and Ivano-Frankivsk regions have a more favourable prognosis.
 For chromium and copper, the place of residence of patients doesn’t play any role.

Identification and assessment of appropriate remediation management techniques for the recovery of soil-like material produced in landfill mining

Landfill mining has received major attention in recent years for the reclamation of waste disposal sites, including in developing countries such as India where significant efforts are being made to manage sites in this way. The bulk of the material obtained from landfill mining consists of fine-grained soil-like material (SLM) but its direct reuse in off-site applications is restricted due to the presence of harmful heavy metals, soluble salts and other pollutants. In this study, appropriate techniques for managing SLM to permit recovery and reuse are assessed. As a result, experimental investigation explores the efficacy of two remediation techniques considered appropriate for SLM management: electrokinetic remediation and phytoremediation. These were applied to SLM from a recently mined landfill and their ability to reduce heavy metal and other soluble salt burdens assessed. Electrokinetic remediation has shown considerable potential to mobilise and transport heavy metals and soluble salts through and from the SLM over an eight-week period. Phytoremediation experiments also demonstrated mobilisation and uptake of metals from the SLM over a similar duration although relatively low amounts were recovered as a result of the low biomass produced over this period. Both technologies have demonstrated potential for recovery of metals from SLM, as well as recovering the SLM itself as a potential resource.

IMPACT OF CHLORIDE AND LEAD ION CONTENT IN OPEN WATER SOURCES IN KYZYLORDA REGION ON POPULATION’S CANCER INCIDENCE

Relevance: In 2004-2013, the cumulative cancer incidence was about 200 cases per 100 thousand in Kazakhstan, while in the disaster area of Aral Sea – about 225 cases per 100 thousand. For comparison, cancer incidence in the prosperous region of Karaganda was 140 cases per 100,000 population. As of 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Kyzylorda was 17.73 compared to 5.81 per 100,000 population in 2015.
 Factors of the surrounding macro- and microenvironment are trigger factors for tumor initiation. Salt deposits of the dried Aral Sea in the form of solonchaks spread to the territory of the entire Kyzylorda region. Pesticides and process water have been discharged into rivers for many years, which has led to the accumulation of heavy metal salts in water and soil on the banks of the rivers and in the place of the dried-up Aral Sea, which in turn can affect the increase in cancer incidence.
 The study aimed to study the dependence of cancer incidence on water pollution by ions of chlorine and lead in open water bodies in the Kyzylorda region.
 Methods: Analysis of cancer incidence in 2021 by localization: intestines, stomach, sarcomas, lungs, and melanomas in the Kyzylorda region. Determination of the content of chlorine ions by titration with silver nitrate, spectrophotometric determination of lead ions in the open water sources. Comparative correlation analysis of the concentration of chlorine ions and lead with cancer incidence in this region.
 Results: The maximum permissible chlorine and lead ions concentrations in all studied open water sources of the Kyzylorda region exceeded the norm by 1.024-20.26 times and 1.4-14.1 times, respectively. The presence of chlorides in the water increased intestine cancer incidence by 17% with an approximation certainty of 0.38. The presence of lead in water increased the incidence of melanomas by 22%, with an approximation certainty of 0.79. The correlation coefficient was r=0.618; p=0.07 for exceeding chlorides’ MPC and bowel cancer incidence.
 Conclusion: Heavy metals like lead in water samples in regions with increased cancer incidence indicate a co-dependent relationship of these factors. Pollutants such as chlorides and lead increase intestine cancer and melanoma incidence.

Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Patterns of Indicator Bacteria in Surface Water Bodies of Kilis

The surface waters contaminated with coliform bacteria having antibiotic and heavy metal resistance have become an increasing public health risk. For this reason, it is aimed to detect the bacterial quality, the frequency of antibiotics, heavy metal resistance, and bioindicator bacteria in surface water sources taken from Kilis. The resistance profile of sixteen bacteria species belonging to class Gammaproteobacteria to standard antibiotics and heavy metal salts was investigated using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion techniques. The various physicochemical parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen amount, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of samples were also examined. The total coliform load was recorded as˃1100 (MPN)/100 mL and calculated comparatively lower values (53(MPN)/100 mL) of fecal contamination for both stations. A high level of resistance to clindamycin in a total of 16 strains was observed. Ampicillin (56.25%), cefotaxime (37.5%), and ceftazidime (31.25%) followed them. The trends in heavy metal resistance of isolates increased in the order of Cd2+< Pb2+

IMPACT OF CHLORIDE AND LEAD ION CONTENT IN OPEN WATER SOURCES
 IN KYZYLORDA REGION ON POPULATION’S CANCER INCIDENCE

Relevance: In 2004-2013, the cumulative cancer incidence was about 200 cases per 100 thousand in Kazakhstan, while in the disaster area
 of Aral Sea – about 225 cases per 100 thousand. For comparison, cancer incidence in the prosperous region of Karaganda was 140 cases per
 100,000 population. As of 2021, the incidence of colorectal cancer in Kyzylorda was 17.73 compared to 5.81 per 100,000 population in 2015.
 Factors of the surrounding macro- and microenvironment are trigger factors for tumor initiation. Salt deposits of the dried Aral Sea in the
 form of solonchaks spread to the territory of the entire Kyzylorda region. Pesticides and process water have been discharged into rivers for
 many years, which has led to the accumulation of heavy metal salts in water and soil on the banks of the rivers and in the place of the dried-up
 Aral Sea, which in turn can affect the increase in cancer incidence.
 The study aimed to study the dependence of cancer incidence on water pollution by ions of chlorine and lead in open water bodies in the
 Kyzylorda region.
 Methods: Analysis of cancer incidence in 2021 by localization: intestines, stomach, sarcomas, lungs, and melanomas in the Kyzylorda
 region. Determination of the content of chlorine ions by titration with silver nitrate, spectrophotometric determination of lead ions in the open
 water sources. Comparative correlation analysis of the concentration of chlorine ions and lead with cancer incidence in this region.
 Results: The maximum permissible chlorine and lead ions concentrations in all studied open water sources of the Kyzylorda region exceeded the norm by 1.024-20.26 times and 1.4-14.1 times, respectively. The presence of chlorides in the water increased intestine cancer incidence
 by 17% with an approximation certainty of 0.38. The presence of lead in water increased the incidence of melanomas by 22%, with an approximation certainty of 0.79. The correlation coefficient was r=0.618; p=0.07 for exceeding chlorides’ MPC and bowel cancer incidence.
 Conclusion: Heavy metals like lead in water samples in regions with increased cancer incidence indicate a co-dependent relationship of
 these factors. Pollutants such as chlorides and lead increase intestine cancer and melanoma incidence

The instability of coordinated As(III) thiolates, As(SPh)3 and R-As(SPh)2 (R = Me, 2-nitrophenyl), to heavy metal cations

The coordination ability of As(III) thiolates, having two kinds of Lewis base atoms [As(III) and S(II)], towards heavy metal salts was virtually not studied. We have found that As(SPh)3 (A), Me-As(SPh)2 (B), and 2-O2N-PhS-As(SPh)2 (C) with the acetates M(OAc)2 (M = Cd, Pb, Hg) gave the metal thiophenolate M(SPh)2 (except in the case of B and Cd(OAc)2 which gave PhS-Cd-OAc·Cd(SPh)2) and with HgCl2 gave (PhS-Hg-Cl)2·HgCl2. The thiophenolates of cadmium and lead(II) were not reactive towards their corresponding acetates and chlorides, while Hg(SPh)2 gave PhS-Hg-OAc and (PhS-Hg-Cl)2·HgCl2. Likely mechanisms for these reactions are suggested.

Conjugative Plasmid pPPUT-Tik1-1 from a Permafrost Pseudomonas putida Strain and Its Present-Day Counterparts Inhabiting Environments and Clinics.

A novel group of conjugative plasmids of Pseudomonas is characterized. The prototype plasmid pPPUT-Tik1-1 (153,663 bp), isolated from a permafrost strain of P. putida Tik1, carries a defective mercury transposon, Tn501, and a streptomycin resistance transposon, Tn5393. Ten plasmids and 34 contigs with backbone regions closely related to pPPUT-Tik1-1 have been found in GenBank. Two of these plasmids from clinical strains of P. putida and P. fulva are almost identical to the ancient plasmid. A characteristic feature of this group of plasmids is the presence of two genes encoding the initiators of replication (repA1 and repA2). None of these genes have high similarity with plasmid replication genes belonging to known incompatibility groups. It has been demonstrated that while pPPUT-Tik1-1-like plasmids have homologous backbone regions, they significantly differ by the molecular structure and the predicted functions of their accessory regions. Some of the pPPUT-Tik1-1-related plasmids carry determinants of antibiotic resistance and/or heavy metal salts. Some plasmids are characterized by the ability to degrade xenobiotics. Plasmids related to pPPUT-Tik1-1 are characterized by a narrow host range and are found in various species of the Pseudomonas genus. Interestingly, we also found shorter plasmid variants containing the same replication module, but lacking conjugation genes and containing other structural changes that strongly distinguish them from plasmids related to pPPUT-Tik1-1, indicating that the structure of the replication module cannot be used as the sole criterion for classifying plasmids. Overall, the results suggest that the plasmids of the novel group can be spread using conjugation in environmental and clinical strains of Pseudomonas and may play diverse adaptive functions due to the presence of various accessory regions.

Investigation of the hydrogen production of the PACER fusion blanket integrated with Fe–Cl thermochemical water splitting cycle

In order to meet the energy demand, energy production must be done continuously. Hydrogen seems to be the best alternative for this energy production, because it is both an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source. In this study, the hydrogen fuel production of the peaceful nuclear explosives (PACER) fusion blanket as the energy source integrated with Fe–Cl thermochemical water splitting cycle have been investigated. Firstly, neutronic analyzes of the PACER fusion blanket were performed. Necessary neutronic studies were performed in the Monte Carlo calculation method. Molten salt fuel has been considered mole-fractions of heavy metal salt (ThF4, UF4 and ThF4+UF4) by 2, 6 and 12 mol. % with Flibe as the main constituent. Secondly, potential of the hydrogen fuel production as a result of the neutronic evaluations of the PACER fusion blanket integrated with Fe–Cl thermochemical cycle have been performed. In these calculations, tritium breeding (TBR), energy multiplication factor (M), thermal power ratio (1−ψ), total thermal power (Phpf) and mass flow rate of hydrogen (m˙H2) have been computed. As a results, the amount of the hydrogen production (m˙H2) have been obtained in the range of 232.24x106 kg/year and 345.79 x106 kg/year for the all mole-fractions of heavy metal salts using in the blanket.

Tüketime Sunulan Su Ürünlerinde Enterokok İzolatlarında Ağır Metal Direncinin Genotipik ve Fenotipik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

The aim of this study was to genotypically and phenotypically evaluate the resistance to heavy metal salts of enterococci isolated from fisheries sold in our country's market for food safety. Using concentrations computed as 1000 ppm of seven heavy metal salts, copper (Cu+2), nickel (Ni+2), cadmium (Cd+2), zinc (Zn+2), lead (Pb+2), chromium (Cr+2), and iron (Fe+2) heavy metal resistance (MIK) tests were conducted on each of the enterococci isolates. As a result of the analyses made in this context, resistance to heavy metal salts such as copper, lead, nickel, and cadmium in many isolates and the presence of copper (tcrB) and cadmium (cadA) resistance genes in some isolates were determined. It is considered that the isolates and the fishery products from which these isolates were obtained may carry risks in terms of food safety and public health. In addition, genes encoding heavy metal resistance are also effective in antibiotic resistance. For this reason, it is stated that these microorganisms gain importance not only in applications such as bioremediation and biomining but also in the healthcare sector.

Paradoxical Effect of Combined Exposure of Semax and Ammonium Molybdate on Learning and Memory of Rats

The combined effect of semax with aqueous solutions of lead diacetate (10-7 M) and ammonium molybdate (10-5 M) on the formation of a conditional two-way avoidance reaction in rats in a shuttle chamber was studied. It was found that both heavy metal salts inhibit learning and memory; lead diacetate caused greater depression. Semax slowed down the production of the conditional reaction, but counteracted the negative influence of both metals on this process. At the same time, the influence of semax on the formation of the avoidance reaction in the presence of ammonium molybdate, which in itself inhibited avoidance, paradoxically intensified. With the combined effect of the peptide and ammonium molybdate, the formation of a conditional reaction occurred much faster than against the background of semax without combination with molybdenum. In general, the data obtained indicate that semax counteracts the neurotoxic effect of lead and molybdenum salts. Since the main mechanism of the neurotoxic effect of heavy metals is oxidative stress, the indicated positive effect of semax can, in our opinion, serve as confirmation of the presence of antioxidant properties in the spectrum of pharmacological activity of the peptide.

THE ROLE OF ANTHROPOGENIC DERMATOTOXICANTS IN THE FORMATION OF ACNE IN ADOLESCENTS

Abstract. Against the background of the steady pace of urbanization, the negative impact of anthropogenic toxic substances on human health is increasing every year. The most sensitive to the action of ecotoxicants is the child and adolescent organism. Given the acute reaction of the skin to the influence of toxic chemicals, aggravated by humoral changes in the body during puberty, the identification of criteria for the toxic etiology of acne is certainly relevant.
 The aim of the study was to determine the criteria of the predominantly toxicological mechanism of acne formation.
 To assess the effect of anthropogenic dermatotoxicants on the formation of acne, 595 children and various districts of the Moscow region were examined, of which 301 adolescents suffered from acne, and 294 practically healthy children made up the control group. The study used spectrometric, cytogenetic, biochemical and immunological research methods. The content of essential and toxic trace elements in adolescent hair samples was evaluated. A micronuclear test was performed in buccal epithelial cells. The testosterone level and the immunoregulatory index were evaluated.
 The results obtained in the study indicate at least two mechanisms of the formation of acne vulgaris in adolescents. The first is associated with a violation of the regulation of sex hormones, and the second with the dermatotoxicity of anthropogenic ecotoxicants. Adolescents with predominantly intoxicating etiology were characterized by low concentrations of selenium and zinc, high mercury and lead in hair samples, as well as an increase in the number of micronuclei in the buccal epithelium. Adolescents with predominantly hormonal etiology were characterized by an increase in testosterone levels and a decrease in the immunoregulatory index. At the same time, in adolescents with signs of genetic instability determined by the results of a micronucleus test, the clinical course of acne was significantly more severe than in children without pronounced karyopathology. Based on statistical processing of these data, prognostic algorithms were built to differentiate acne in adolescents by etiological factor.
 Thus, anthropogenic chemical toxicants, represented mainly by heavy metal salts, have an aggravating effect on the formation and course of acne in adolescents.

Detection of the Transposition Property of Genes that Confer Resistance to Antibiotics, Heavy Metals and Minimal Media (M9)

This study involved fifty four bacterial isolates of different species collected from patients with urinary tract infection in TIkrit city during February-June 2008. Bacterial isolates were identified by using morphological and cultural characteristics and biochemical tests.Results showed that17(31.48%) bacterial isolates were gram negative and the rest were gram positive. The resistant bacterial isolates were examined for 17 antibiotics belonging to various group of antibiotics and also to 5 salts of heavy metals, in addition to the ability of utilize of different sugar as carbon source. These isolates revealed different patterns of resistance and utilizing ability of sugar. Another character of plasmid DNA in the bacterial isolates was investigated. Character of plasmid DNA in bacterial isolates was also included in this study where the transposition property for genes coding for antibiotics and heavy metals resistance and utilizing ability of sugar was detected using the incubation temperature 40 °C to 90 minutes as inducer factor for transposing genes jumping. in this concern results showed that in all isolates genes coding for all antibiotics except (Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofurantion), heavy metal (HgCl2) and sugar (Lactose).

Dynamics of growth and accumulation of heavy metals of Pisum Sativum L. grown on polluted soil (vegetative experience)

The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of heavy metal salts (15 mg/kg CdCl2 and/or 50 mg/kg CoCl2) contamination of soddy-podzolic soil on the adaptive potential and phytoremediation activity of two pea genotypes contrasting in resistance: the cadmium-resistant mutant SGECDt and its wild line SGE. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions while maintaining a stable internal microclimate and an optimal degree of insolation in the room. The duration of the experiment was 85 days. A study of the dynamics of morphometric parameters, using the example of shoot and root biomass, showed that the SGECDt mutant demonstrated better resistance to toxicants: on average, the decrease in shoot biomass compared to control was 28.2%, and 5.5% for roots. Whereas on wild lines, the rates were 31.8% on shoots and 21.8% on roots, respectively. As expected, the tolerance of the mutant was best manifested in the variant with the introduction of cadmium ions. Thanks to mass spectrometric analysis, it was found that the content of cadmium in dry biomass of shoots increased with an increase in biomass in both genotypes. Moreover, in the mutant, it significantly exceeded the concentration of pollutant accumulation in the wild type, and practically did not change, starting from 30 days with separate or combined introduction of metals, and until the end of the growing season - 20-25 µg of dry biomass per gram of shoot. The content of cobalt, on the contrary, decreased in ontogenesis phases, with a slight superiority in metal fixation by the mutant, starting from 45 days after inoculation. With the simultaneous entry of both metals into the soil solution, synergism of action was not observed. The content of cobalt decreased even more in plants, while cadmium, on the contrary, increased. It can be concluded that the ion-exchange reactions between these pollutants differed in interactions in the "soil-plant" system by the type of antagonism. Among the optimal period for harvesting contaminated products for its further processing (phytomining), one can single out the budding phase - the beginning of flowering (45 days). During this period, the mutant plants simultaneously perform well detoxification (phytosanation) and active accumulation of atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

STUDIES OF FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS FOR THE PRESENCE OF HEAVY METAL SALT AND RADIONUCLIDES IN WATER BODIES OF THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

With the increase in production and processing industries, as well as the extraction of minerals in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it leads to pollution of the environment, ecology, wildlife and water resources of our country. All production capacities in agriculture and animal husbandry require water resources. As part of the research work, diagnostics were carried out on the content of salts of heavy metals and radioactive substances in the water bodies of the West Kazakhstan region, where they originate with transboundary rivers and an oil and gas field (KPO) is being produced. To carry out our research work, samples of fish products were taken from 15 reservoirs and 3 objects of domestic trade for laboratory testing for the content of salts of heavy metals (Pb, Cd) and radionuclides (Sr-90, Cs 134). Radioactive substances accumulate in the bones and muscles of fish, and subsequently enter the human body through ingestion. The risk of developing adverse effects on human health depends on the radiation dose. If the radiation dose is low, or if exposure occurs over a long period of time, the risk is much lower as the human body repairs damaged cells and molecules. Lead and cadmium harm the human nervous system and its mental development, it can cause kidney damage and lead to bone disease. It is necessary to constantly monitor the content of salts of heavy metals and radionuclides in fish and livestock products, since safe products are a guarantee of public health.

Synthesis of mesoporous silica and chitosan-coated magnetite nanoparticles for heavy metal adsorption from wastewater

The use of magnetic nano-sized adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from water possesses significant potential in water remediation sector. The goal of this study was to develop economically feasible magnetite nanoparticles with an appropriate surface functionalization that will simultaneously provide adsorption efficiency, hydrophilicity, and recyclability without compromising magnetic properties. Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were produced via the thermal decomposition process of iron oleate precursor due to monodispersity provided by this method. The particles were coated with mesoporous silica layers by utilizing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the surfactant. The coated particles were subjected to chitosan coating by stirring in chitosan solution. The success of the coating process was confirmed by performing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis between each step. The particles were used as an adsorbent in heavy metal salts solutions of known concentrations. The adsorption study was conducted with varying contact time and initial concentration and the data was analyzed for fitting to pseudo 1st order and pseudo 2nd order kinetic models, and the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to determine the adsorption characteristics. The kinetic model and isotherm fitting indicted that the adsorption occurred by monolayer chemical adsorption. The developed adsorbent exhibited a satisfactory adsorption capacity of 150.33 mg/g and 126.26 mg/g for Pb2+ and Cd2+ respectively which is a good indication for further exploration and analysis.

Dipeptide mimetics of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GK-2 and GSB-106 and their cytoprotective properties in the model of oxidative stress

Relevance. At the V.V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology. Zakusov dimeric dipeptide mimetics of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GK-2 and GSB-106, respectively, were created. GK-2 and GSS-106 were found to be similar to the corresponding full-length neurotrophinsin their mechanism of action and pharmacological properties, including pronounced neuroprotective activity in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this work was to obtain additional data on the cytoprotective properties of GC-2 and GSB-106 using infusoria. Methods. Oxidative stress in Paramecium caudatum was simulated by addition of heavy metal salts (cadmium chloride, lead acetate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate) to the medium in final concentration of 10 µM. GK-2 or GSB-106 in concentrations from 10-5 to 10-8 M were added to the medium with experimental cells 45 min before the application of oxidative stress initiator. Results. GK-2 and GSB-106 dipeptides in all studied concentrations protected cells from cell death. The maximum neuroprotective effect was shown by dipeptides in concentration of 10-8 M, thus preventing the infusoria death. Conclusion. GK-2 and GSB-106 at a concentration of 10-8 M fully protect Paramecium caudatum from death under oxidative stress induced by heavy metals.

Effect of heavy metals on changes in the biochemical profile of pea root exudates

By HPLC analysis, a comparative assessment of changes in the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the biochemical composition of low molecular weight root exometabolites in three different genotypes of peas (SGE, SGECDt and Sofya) at an early stage of vegetation under the influence of introducing into the environment toxic concentrations of heavy metals in the form of chlorides (cadmium and/or cobalt - 4 µM / 40 µM). Contamination of the nutrient substrate with salts of heavy metals caused an increase in the total yield of sugars and amino acids in the SGE and SGECDt genotypes. In the variety Sofya, this effect was manifested only in relation to sugars. No statistically significant difference was found in the total yield of organic acids between the three genotypes. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis identified a unique pea mutant SGECDt against the background of other genotypes with the joint introduction of salts of both heavy metals into the nutrient medium. A fractal analysis of the degree of structuredness of root exudation, using the example of the largest fraction of amino acids in terms of the number of components included in it, showed that the values of the correlation coefficients demonstrate an increase in the total plant biomass with a decrease in the indices of biosystemic determination. The lowest indicator of the plant system consolidation index in the absence of stress was found in the variety Sofya. Under the influence of HM, this numerical value did not change in any way, which may indicate the stagnation of plant growth and the transition to a state close to anabiosis. This can also be judged from the data of growth inhibition in the genotype and a decrease in the yield of amino acids. In the presence of HMs individually, the index of determination on pea SGE individually decreased, while in the SGECdt mutant, on the contrary, it increased. The combined effect of metals on SGECdt was multiplicative. Based on these indicators, it can be judged that the plant spends more energy to attract potential beneficial microflora in order to form an effective symbiosis and successfully counter metal-induced stress.