Heating Tap Water Research Articles

Studies Quantify Cement Sealing Performance Under Downhole Conditions

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 212542, “Quantifying the Sealing Performance of Plug and Abandonment Cement Systems Under Downhole Conditions,” by Roel F.H. Roijmans, SPE, Timotheus K.T. Wolterbeek, and Erik K. Cornelissen, Shell, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Reliable evaluation of cement-plug sealing performance requires testing under elevated temperature and pressure conditions representative of downhole conditions. In the complete paper, two laboratory setups designed for this purpose are described. In both setups, plugs are cured and tested under downhole conditions inside sections of steel pipe. Using this equipment, a strong positive correlation was found between the amount of interfacial stress buildup and the sealing performance of the set cement plug against gas flow. This demonstrates that cement systems that expand effectively under downhole conditions can reduce seepage risk after plugging and abandonment (P&A). Importance of Cement Testing Under Representative Downhole Conditions The authors devote the first part of the paper to making a case for including cement expansion additives (CEAs) in P&A cement slurry and explain the need for verifying the expanding properties of slurry design under elevated pressure and temperature conditions representative of downhole conditions. Cement-testing equipment currently used by the industry to determine shrinkage and expansion of cement systems includes the ring-mold test and the membrane test. However, these tests do not represent downhole conditions in terms of water access, confinement, pressure, and geometry, although test outcomes in terms of cement expansion can be influenced significantly by these factors (Table 1 of the complete paper lists factors that influence the CEA in creating interfacial stress). Two laboratory setups were designed to evaluate expanding cement slurry behavior under representative downhole conditions, namely small-scale tests on 2-in. plugs and large-scale tests on 8-in. plugs. Multiple cement slurries with varying amounts of CEA were cured and analyzed for sealing performance at representative downhole conditions, and the functionality of multiple CEAs was investigated by exposing them to heated tap water. The complete paper provides a discussion of experimental methodologies and setups for measuring CEA reactivity and for 2-in. and 8-in. cement-plug sealing-performance-evaluation setups. It also describes a modified ultrasonic cement analyzer (UCA) vessel. Results and Discussion Reactivity of CEAs. The reactivity in tap water of two commercially available calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO)-based CEAs was determined. The low-temperature CEA was analyzed at 35 and 70°C. The high-temperature CEA was analyzed only at 70°C. For the thermogravimetric analyses, the CEA was submerged in water (as opposed to cement slurry). As a result, ample water was always available with which the CEA could react. Inside a slurry, on the other hand, the reaction speed was slower because of a reduced amount of water.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pengukur Suhu Badan Tanpa Kontak Berbasis Arduino dengan Modul Inframerah dan Bluetooth

The measurement of body temperature is necessary to prevent the spread of Covid-19. However, it must be conducted without any physical contact. This study aims to help users measure body temperature more quickly and accurately to detect Covid-19 suspects at a safe distance. The monitoring processes use the HC-05 bluetooth module and an application made with the MIT App Inventor is installed on an Android smartphone. This experiment uses an Arduino Uno with MLX90614 infrared temperature sensor, 16x2 LCD for text display, a buzzer as a warning alarm if the temperature is over 38ºC, and a tripod slot. The test conducted for MLX90614 sensor involved temperature measurement for a heated tap water object and three participants. The results indicated that the instrument can measure temperature with an accuracy of 98.63% to 99.55% through an effective distance of 5 cm. The designed software ran well on several versions of Android devices. Bluetooth connection test results in a maximum distance of 20 m with an obstacle and 25 m without an obstacle. A one-time battery endurance test is also carried out, which shows that the device can run for 165 minutes, while the bluetooth module is able to transmit the data to smartphone for 210 minutes.

Calcium contained tap water phenomena: students misconception patterns of acids-bases concept

Acids and bases concept is very important and fundamental concept in learning chemistry. It is one of the chemistry subjects considered as an abstract and difficult concept to understand. The aim of this research was to explore student’s misconception pattern about acids and bases phenomena in daily life, such as calcium contained tap water. This was a qualitative research with descriptive methods. Participants were 546 undergraduate students of chemistry education and chemistry program, and graduate students of chemistry education in West Java, Indonesia. The test to explore students’ misconception about this phenomena was essay test. The results showed that there were five patterns of students’ misconception in explaining the phenomena of calcium carbonate precipitation on heating tap water. Students used irrelevant concepts in explaining this phenomena, i.e. temporary hardness, coagulation, density, and phase concepts. No students had right answer in explaining this phenomena. This research contributes to design meaningful learning and to achieve better understanding.

The effectiveness comparison of same balneotherapy applications with different frequency within different time periods in patients with fibromyalgia; a randomized controlled single blind study

Aim: To observe the short and middle term effects of intermittent and consecutive (traditional) regimens of same balneotherapy applications in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Material and Method: Fifty female patients who were diagnosed as fibromyalgia syndrome according to the American College of Rheumatology 2010 criteria were randomly assigned to either consecutive (group 1) or intermittent treatment (group 2) groups. After randomization 5 patients from each group dropped out from the study with different excuses. Both groups received 20 minutes of full body immersion in tap water (at 38°C) and 30 minutes of mud pack treatment (at 45°C) on back region. Treatments in group1 (n=25) were delivered 5 weekdays for 2 consecutive weeks, and for group 2 (n=25) 2 times weekly for 5 consecutive weeks (totally 10 sessions for both groups) in Hydroclimatology Therapy Unit. All patients continued to use their usual medical treatment. An investigator who was blinded to the interventions assessed all the patients before and after the treatment, at the first and the third month of follow-up. Outcome measures were pain, patient’s and physician’s global assessments on VAS, tender point count, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Beck Depression Index (BDI) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in both groups in terms of pain (VAS) and tender point count at the end of the treatment that lasted up to the 3rd month. Results were found to be the same for physician’s global assessments (VAS) except for after treatment evaluation. While there was a significant improvement in patient’s global assessment (VAS) and BDI at the 3rd month follow-up for group 1, group 2 was observed to have significant improvements during all the assessments for patient’s global assessment (VAS) and at 1st and 3rd month controls for FIQ. In between-group comparisons, group 2 was found to be superior for fatigue (at 1st month) and pain subscales (at 3rd month) of FIQ. Conclusion: The consecutive or intermittent delivery of ambulatory balneotherapy programs, consisting of full body immersion in heated tap water and mud pack treatment on back region, both are effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia. For some parameters evaluating pain and fatigue intermittent treatment seems to be superior.

Thermal energy from drinking water and cost benefit analysis for an entire city

The municipality of Almere is planning to develop a new carbon neutral neighbourhood. The area is located close to a treated water storage facility. By extracting enough thermal energy to provide 900 homes with energy for space heating and heating tap water, the temperature of the treated water is lowered by 1.16 °C. This could lead to an increase in the energy required to heat water for domestic purposes. The temperature of tap water is influenced by the temperature of the soil surrounding the drinking water distribution system. The rate at which the water temperature will reach the soil temperature depends on the pipe material, the pipe diameter and the flow velocity. With the help of a network model, the effect of a lower initial water temperature on every customer in Almere was determined. On average, all 75,000 connections would receive slightly cooler water. The energy to heat the extra 0.125 °C is equivalent to the energy required to heat approximately 85 homes. As the extracted thermal energy enables heating of 900 homes, the energy balance is very positive.

ANALISIS EKSPERIMEN LAJU ALIRAN VOLUME AIR TERHADAP TEMPERATUR AIR PANAS PADA HEAT RECOVERY SISTEM AC JENIS WATER CHILLER

Refrigerant in refrigeration machines will absorb heat from a room space and released the heat to the environment. The heat balancing in the system is heat released from condenser equal with heat absorbed from room space added by the heat equivalent from compressor work. Based on this heat cycle, the writer try to conduct research on using this heat rejection from condenser to heating tap water, focusing on water flow rate increased from 0.5 liter/min to 2.5 liter/min. From experiment and analysis result obtained that the maximum heat water temperature which can be reached is 47.5°C in 0.5 liter/min, with the equipment specifications are 2 HP- split air conditioning and the tank volume is 75 liters. The additional result is heating water temperature is fallen when the water flow rate is increased.

Carbon Dioxide Emission Savings Potential of Household Water Use Reduction in the UK

The relationship between household water use and energy consumption was examined to establish whether the conservation of water within a domestic environment offers significant potential for saving energy, thereby reducing household carbon dioxide emissions. Average UK water usage is 55,121 L ca-1yr-1. The supply of this volume of water and its subsequent treatment by the water companies is equivalent to just 38.6 kg CO2 ca-1 yr-1, although this is not currently included in the primary footprint. So water consumption per se does not significantly effect CO2 emissions. However, the heating water within the household using electricity requires 5,036 kWh ca-1yr-1, equivalent to a further 2,830 t CO2 ca-1yr-1 with 57% of energy associated with use of heated tap water. Using gas instead of electricity to heat water can reduce emissions by 63%, equivalent to an average reduction of 4.36 t CO2 yr-1 for a standard household (2.4 occupants). Water efficient appliances and the careful use of heated water in the home could reduce average household water use from 151 to 73 L ca-1d-1 as well as the volume of water required to be heated thereby reducing related emissions by 58% or 1,662 kg CO2 ca-1yr-1, where electricity is used. Maximum CO2 emission reduction is achieved by the use of solar collectors using gas as standby heating fuel. This, coupled with simple water conservation measures, emits as little as 130 kg CO2 ca-1yr-1 a potential saving of 2.7 t CO2 ca-1yr-1.

河川水，水道水及び加熱した水道水中の多環芳香族炭化水素

河川水，水道水及び加熱した水道水中の多環芳香族炭化水素

Drinking water consumption patterns in Sweden

Estimates on drinking water consumption are necessary in risk assessments on microbial hazards in drinking water. Large differences in consumption habits between countries have been reported. In order to establish estimates for the Swedish population, water consumption data from a waterborne outbreak investigation (157 people), a small water consumption study (75 people) and a large study on health and environmental factors (10,957 people) were analysed. A lognormal distribution for the daily direct/cold water intake in litres with mu = - 0.299 and sigma = 0.570 was fitted to the quantitative data, representing the general population. The average daily consumption of tap water as plain drinking water and as heated tap water, e.g. in coffee and tea, was 0.86 +/- 0.48 l and 0.94 +/- 0.69 l, respectively. Women consumed more cold tap water than did men, while men appeared to have a higher consumption of heated tap water. Cold tap water intake was highest in the oldest age group, (> or =70 years). The consumption of bottled water was very low (mean 0.06 l/d) when compared to other countries.

CO 2-heat pump water heater: characteristics, system design and experimental results

CO 2 is one of the few non-toxic and non-flammable working fluids that do not contribute to ozone depletion or global warming, if leaked to the atmosphere. Tap water heating is one promising application for a trans-critical CO 2 process. The temperature glide at heat rejection contributes to a very good temperature adaptation when heating tap water, which inherits a large temperature glide. This, together with efficient compression and good heat transfer characteristics of CO 2, makes it possible to design very efficient systems. A heating-COP of 4.3 is achieved for the prototype when heating tap water from 9°C to 60°C, at an evaporation temperature of 0°C. The results lead to a seasonal performance factor of about 4 for an Oslo climate, using ambient air as heat source. Thus, the primary energy consumption can be reduced with more than 75% compared with electrical or gas fired systems. Another significant advantage of this system, compared with conventional heat pump water heaters, is that hot water with temperatures up to 90°C can be produced without operational difficulties.

An environmental chamber for investigating the evaporation of volatile chemicals.

An inexpensive test chamber has been constructed that provides an environment appropriate for testing the effects of temperature and chemical interactions on gaseous emissions from test solutions. Temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation rate can be controlled and a well-mixed atmosphere can be maintained. The system is relatively simple and relies on heated tap water or ice to adjust the temperature. Temperatures ranging from 9 to 21 degrees C have been maintained. At an average temperature of 15.1 degrees C, temperatures at any location within the chamber vary by no more than 0.5 degree C, and the temperature of the test solution within the chamber varies by no more than 0.1 degree C. The temperatures within the chamber are stable enough to generate precise steady-state concentrations. The wind velocities within the chamber are reproducible from run to run. Consequently, the effect of velocity on the rate of evaporation of a test chemical is expected to be uniform from run to run. Steady-state concentrations can be attained in less than 1 hour at an air exchange rate of about 5 per hour.