Health Assurance Research Articles

A simple and accurate PCR method for detection of genetically modified rice

BackgroundLegislation regulating for labeling and use of genetically modified (GM) crops are increased considerably worldwide in order to health and safety assurance of consumers. For this purpose, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed for detection of GM rice in people’s food diet.MethodsIn this study, eighty-one non-labeled rice samples were collected randomly from different market sites of Tehran, Iran. In order to analysis, rice genomic DNA was extracted using MBST DNA extraction kit and subsequently, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) gene was used to confirm the quality of extracted DNA. Then, cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and Agrobacterium nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator were selected as screening targets for detection of GM rice sequences by PCR.ResultsAccording to our results, 2 out of 81 (2.4%) samples tested were positive for CaMV 35S promoter while no positive result was detected for NOS terminator.ConclusionThe obtained data indicated that this method is capable to identify the GM rice varieties. Furthermore, it can demonstrate the possibility of the presence of GM rice in Tehran’s market, thus putting emphasis on the requirement for developing a precise approach to evaluate this product.

THE NEED TO REFORM THE HOSPITAL PAYMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

One of the crucial health policies in hospitals is about physician payment methods. Indonesia had implemented the National Health Assurance since 2014 to achieve Universal Health Coverage by 2019. Most of hospital revenue is packaging from the National Health Insurance Agent (called BPJS). However, Fee-for-service (FFS) payment method is still dominant in many hospitals. How can hospitals make policy to rearrange the payment method to attain hospital performance? The purpose of this research is to analyze the payment system that can improve employee satisfaction and performances. Mix method was used to collect data and make an interpretation. Data collected from 185 respondents and four key informants. The result showed that the policy in private and public hospitals in Indonesia of the physician payment is diverse. Most of the hospitals use the pure FFS for self-employee physicians (part timer employee). For full time employee, they applied FFS mixed with salary, or remuneration. To improve employee satisfaction and performance, the hospitals should make a policy to link the FFS to pay for performances. The hospital should make the tailoring program by involving the physician in a designing method of the hospital remuneration.

PERILAKU GRIT BERDASARKAN DEMOGRAFI KARYAWAN FOOD MANUFACTURING CONSUMER GOODS (FMCG) DI BANDAR LAMPUNG

Achieving long-term goals is the main focus of every company as a manifestationof a firm sustainability. Employees as the backbone of the company need positive behavior and a strong desire to achieve this long-term goal. This positive character with long-term assurance is called grit. The current problem is the high level of turnover of company employees which is one indicator of the lack of attachment of employees in achieving the company's long-term goals. Grit is predicted to be able to support the achievement of the company's long-term goals and empirically able to reduce turnover rates. The purpose of this study is to test empirically whether there are significant differences in grit behavior based on employee demographics in one of FMCG company in Bandar Lampung. This study uses a mixed method with a scale for quantitative data and open questions for qualitative data. The total subjects involved in this study were 115 employees. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 program. The results showed that there were no significant differences in employee grit behavior in terms of age, sex, work period and education. The results of qualitative data analysis through data transformation found several possible main factors in working, such as good teamwork, assurance of occupational safety and health, adequate work facilities, a fair recognition system, a work environment that facilitates self-development, communication and good relations subordinate supervisors and consistent application of company regulations.

Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Ovarian Cancer among Two Egyptian Cohorts

Context: Ovarian cancer is a global health crisis, as it is one of the devastating diagnoses for the patient and family. Nurse is a key person in the effort of health promotion, screening, and early detection. As well as care through the illness continuum.
 Aims: This study aims to determine the risk factors of ovarian cancer among two Egyptian cohorts, and to determine the possible protective factors of ovarian cancer among two Egyptian cohorts.
 Methods: A descriptive exploratory (Case/control) prospective research design used to achieve the study aim. The study conducted in two clinical settings those are National Cancer Institute (for cases), and El-Minia General Hospital (for controls). The study recruited 80 cases with a confirmed diagnosis of ovarian cancer, and 456 healthy controls without ovarian cancer. A structured interview questionnaire used to collect data regarding the presence of possible risk and protective factors.
 Results: The results of the present study revealed a highly statistically significant difference between cases and controls regarding their educational level, family history of ovarian cancer, types of other cancers, hysterectomy, and eating a low-fat diet at p<0.001. The study also showed a statistically significant difference regarding age at menopause, the degree of relationship with colorectal cancer relatives, and history of endometriosis at p<0.05.
 Conclusion: The study signifies the level of education, hysterectomy, late age at menopause, and eating low fat diet as a protective-factors against ovarian cancer, while signifies the positive family history of ovarian cancer, and endometriosis as risk factors associated with ovarian cancer. The study recommended trained health care providers to monitor trends in ovarian cancer occurrence, disparities in care and health assurance assistance, provide screening and early detection activities, care, education for healthy women who are at risk for ovarian cancer.

Combating Diabetes and its Emerging Complications Utilizing Natural Phytochemicals

Introduction: Natural phytochemicals are considered a primary health care measure for many chronic diseases and for assurance of urban health and wellbeing. Diabetes and its related complications are major chronic diseases increasingly threatening human health and wellbeing. Till date, these diseases are not fully managed by the current therapies. Thus, there is an increasing need to find more safe and efficient therapies for diabetes and its related complications. Methods: An evidence-based review of the novel phytotherapies to diabetes and its related complications and discussing their main mechanisms of actions are the main aims of the current study. Data collection were done for the phytotherapies that were extracted, chromatographically standardized, fractionated and the main effective compounds were isolated and evaluated for their potentials against diabetes and its related complications. Special emphasis was given for the extracts and their isolated phytochemicals that had significant hypoglycemic and antinociceptive effects towards diabetes and its related complications, particularly diabetic-neuropathy. Results: The phytochemicals main mechanisms of action were found to be mainly due to their insulin secretagogue, beta-cells regeneration, anti-oxidant potentials. Conclusion: Therefore, clinicians should consider natural phytochemicals when treating chronic diseases and when reassuring better urban health and wellbeing.

Assessment health care services among health care workers in holy Karbala governorate

Background: Objective: Objectives of the study were to 1) Figuring out the degree of utilization, for the beneficiary health users, together with overall and detailed provider's satisfaction, with primary health care, services provided. 2) Suggesting a renovate plan, for Iraqi health system reform. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conduct in Health Directorate of Holy Karbala Governorate, Iraq,. A total 572 of health providers a self-administered questionnaire on factors associated with, job satisfaction, Were included in this study. The data collection carried out for a period of five months from January, 2, 2017 to the end of May 2017. Data collected by direct interview, with health providers using a questionnaire form that designed based on the study objectives, it administered to the participants and the, results consolidated and, tested for any statistical significance. Results: Total sample in this study were 572, health providers (65.4%, male and 34.6% female), the mean age of the study population was 36.8 ± 9.8 years, The study population was the age range, at the time of study were, between (21–60) years, (male: female ratio was 1.3:1) and the highest percentage (35.7%) were in the age group ( < 30) years. The most of the respondents were lived, in urban areas as represent, (58.7%). Regarding the distribution of health providers, as educational level about half of studied, sample (49.7 %) from College and more, while regarding health title more than half of studied sample (57.9%) were Paramedical staff. Regarding afternoon, work (56.0%) of health providers, have an afternoon work, (67.0%) agree with health insurance, and having a family doctor, for each area responsible for, family members' health, while (43.0 %) agree with prevent, mix of private and governmental work. Conclusion: The overall scores were acceptable regarding, assessment of health provider’s among, health care services in primary health care, centers, and conduct of health assurance program, in the health system of Iraq. A better educational program, on health, assurance, program should, conducted to improve awareness, , attitude, and practice toward health, assurance, program using, mass, media and health, education in all Ministries and community. Statistical analysis: Data input to computer file for, storage and Analysis, Statistical package for the, social sciences (SPSS) version 18 used for, data description and analysis, Descriptive statistic included the use of frequencies and percentages. The Chi-Square statistical test used, to test for associations between variables with the results, considered as statistically significant when the P value was equal or less than 0.05. Keywords : health care services, primary health care centers, health providers, health assurance program. DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-10-13 Publication date :May 31st 2019

Use of oral health care services in Peru: trends of socio-economic inequalities before and after the implementation of Universal Health Assurance

BackgroundOral health inequalities are profound worldwide. Despite major improvements in oral health, inequalities exist for many racial and ethnic groups, by socioeconomic status, gender, age, and geographic location. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate trends of socio-economic inequalities in access to oral health services in Peru before and after the implementation of Universal Health Assurance (AUS).MethodsAnalytical cross-sectional study based on the National Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty (ENAHO) 2004, 2008, 2010 and 2017. Two periods were defined before and after the AUS Law (2009). Use of oral health services was the dependent variable, for the general population and according to ages, the area of residence, and natural region. Measurements of inequality in the use of health services were made based on the concentration curves (CC), dominance test and concentration index (CI).ResultsWe included a number of 85,436 (2004), 88,673 (2008), 87,074 (2010) and 124,142 (2017) participants. The proportion of people who used oral health services was 8.4% (2014), 10.1% (2008), 10.6% (2010) and 10.4% (2017). Use of oral health services showed an increase in different age groups, urban and rural areas, and natural regions of residence during the study period. The CC were distributed below the line of equality, indicating an inequality of use of oral health services, in favor of the richest groups and dominance of the CC in 2017 over the previous years. Changes in the CI were statistically significant for < 5 years and in the rural area, and for the period 2010-2017 they were also significant in the general population, children aged 5-17 years, urban area, and Andean and Jungle regions, which indicates a reduction in the concentration of use of these services in these groups.ConclusionsThe use of oral health services in Peru increased and inequality decreased in the period 2004-2017, coinciding with the implementation of the AUS. However, the use of these services continue having a distribution in favor of the richest populations. It requires the introduction of new strategies and oral health programs in the Peruvian population, with the aim of closing the gap currently mediated by the economic possibilities.

Satisfaction Assessment on Healthcare Service of COB Healthcare Social Security Agency Patient in Hospital X

Background: Coordination of Benefit (COB) is a process of two or more insurers who warrant the same person for the same health insurance benefit. COB Healthcare Social SecurityAgency patient’s visit has been increasing in the last 3 years but the percentage of healthcare services utilization was below the normative standard (10.4%). This research aimed to assess satisfaction of COB Healthcare Social Security Agency patient in Hospital X. Method: This research conducted on 28 respondents as the research sample which visited the outpatient unit in Hospital X. This was descriptive analytic research with cross sectional design. Results: Research result showed that reliability and assurance indicator of COB Healthcare Social Security Agency patient in Hospital X satisfaction categorized as bad while in tangible, empathy and responsiveness indicator categorized as good or the patient satisfied. Conclusion: Research result showed that Hospital X should increase the satisfaction of health services in reliability and assurance of COB Healthcare Social Security Agency patient. The result could be used as an evaluation related to the healthcare service utilized by the COB Healthcare Social Security Agency patient in Hospital X. Research from this research hopefully could increase the visit and utilization of healthcare services by the COB Healthcare Social Security Agency patient in Hospital X.

Development of Total Hip Joint Replacement Prostheses Made by Local Material: An Introduction

Total Hip Joint Replacement Surgery is the procedure of surgical removal of cartilage in the hip joints damaged by disease osteoarthritis to replaced with artificial components. Total Hip Joint Replacement has been indicated to relieve pain in the pelvis due to degenerative joint disease. In Indonesia, this procedure has been practised, but due to the cost of expensive products resulting in limited only to upper classify patients. The high prices caused by importing prostheses products, the technological capabilities and the difficulty to meet the standards of medical devices. The regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 52, 2016 for standard rates in organising health services Health Assurance Program, explained that the action of these operations entered into the insurance claims BPJS program, but not for the prostheses. This paper discusses the introduction of the development of the hip joint prostheses made from a local material that’s SS 316L, PEEK and Ceramic Dental Stone. The result of this development is the product of the hip joint prostheses has a reasonable price with good quality so that it can become affordable for middle to lower patients.

Patterns and correlates of physical activity in adult Norwegians: a forecasted evolution up to 2025 based on machine learning approach

BackgroundAs other westerns countries, a large portion of Norwegians do not meet the minimum recommendations for weekly physical activity (PA). One of the primary targets of the WHO’s Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases is to reduce insufficient PA by 10% within 2025. In order to effectively increase the PA levels in the population, an in-depth understanding of PA habits within different sub-groups is therefore vital. Using a machine learning (ML) approach, the aim of this study was to investigate patterns and correlates of PA in adult Norwegians, as well as to construct a predictive model of future PA.MethodsData were retrieved from the Norsk Monitor survey, which consists of about 3000 items on individual characteristics and sociocultural factors. The dataset contained information about 52,477 adult Norwegians, collected between 1985 and 2013. Past patterns and changes of three PA components (Frequency, Duration, and Intensity) were initially assessed using a series of ANOVAs. A Conditional Mutual Information Maximization Method and a recursive feature elimination with cross-validation were then used to examine the factors associated with such patterns and changes. Finally, the future evolution of the three PA components up to 2025 was predicted using an autoregressive model.ResultsIn line with previous literature, the analysis of the PA patterns showed a progressive increment of the PA Frequency (which was greater in women), while the PA Duration and Intensity (which were in general higher among men) resulted fairly stable. The PA correlates identified by the ML analysis, which include men and women of different age groups, are presented and discussed. The autoregressive model predicted a general increment of the PA Frequency and PA Intensity by 2025, while the PA Duration is predicted to reduce. Different patterns emerged among the different sub-groups, overall suggesting smaller increments of PA in men and older individuals, as compared to women and younger individuals.ConclusionsThe findings of this study can inform public health efforts that aim at increasing PA levels in specific target groups. The ML approach is proposed as a useful tool in public health monitoring and assurance.

Participatory capacity building for improving quality of childcare centers in Thailand.

Childcare centers (CCCs) with good quality standards can be effective in reducing the risk of diseases being easily spread from person to person. The aim of the present study's program, adapted from a method used by the United Nations Development Program, was to increase the capacity of local administrators(s) and heads of CCCs to improve quality standards. This study was quasi-experimental, with a one group pretest-post-test design. In this study the authors describe the effects and impacts of the program in Chonburi Province in eastern Thailand. Six LAs and 48 CCC heads were trained regarding (1) knowledge of the Thai Department of Health quality standards, (2) implementation and assurance and (3) program evaluation. The program consisted of three sequential participatory workshops. Effects at the center level were increased overall knowledge of quality standards of CCCs (QCCC), and developed skills of improvement plans. The impact at the center level was CCCs achieving the QCCC. At the child level it was the reduction in the period prevalence of three diseases and two symptoms. The significant (p<0.05) effects and impacts at the center level were increased overall knowledge of QCCC in LAs and CCC heads and increased overall managerial skills of CCC heads. At the child level, the period prevalence of chickenpox and diarrhea symptom were reduced. Participatory capacity building is an appropriate way to enhance the managerial skills of LAs and heads of CCCs for improving quality of CCCs to meet the local authority and the Ministry of Public Health quality standards.

MARGINALIZATION OF WOMEN LABORERS AT OIL PALM INDUSTRY OF DAMAI JAYA LESTARI COMPANY IN WIWIRANO DISTRICT OF NORTH KONAWE REGENCY, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI

This study discusses the forms of marginalization of women laborers at oil palm industry of Damai Jaya Lestari Company in Wiwirano District of North Konawe Regency. The economy factor brings the women to work in public sector as hard laborer because their education level is low. As the result, they often get unjustify action and marginalization. As qualitative method and culture studies, this study aims finding out the forms of marginalization of women laborers at Damai Jaya Lestari Company. In analyzing the data, it used theories of feminism, gender relation, and power relation. To find out the relevant data, the study used participant observation, interview, and documentation.&#x0D; The result of the study shows that the forms of marginalization of women laborers at Damai Jaya Lestari Company are unjustice of laborers recruitment, access of working, closed control of company, low wages, no assurance of health and work accident, bad work tool and facility, and double burden of women laborers. Those are also factors of marginalization of women laborers at Damai Jaya Lestari Company. Although the women laborer get the job in public sectors and has contribution to the family prosperity, it can not change the paradigm of patriarchal culture in the social and culture system of Wiwirano society in North Konawe, including at Damai Jaya Lestari company.

Islamophobia, Health, and Public Health: A Systematic Literature Review.

In 2017, a "Muslim ban" on immigrants to the United States was coupled with a continued rise in Islamophobia and hate crimes toward Muslims. Islamophobia undermines health equity, yet delineating the effects of Islamophobia globally is challenging as it affects a myriad of groups (geographically, racially, and socially). Additionally, stereotypes equate all Muslims with populations from the Middle East and South Asia. To date, health research pays insufficient attention to Islamophobia, Muslims, and those racialized to be Muslim. This literature review advances our understanding of racism and health by examining the racialization of religion, by specifically examining Islamophobia as a form of discrimination. Per PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a search in October 2017 using PubMed-MEDLINE and a combination of terms. We identified additional articles using other search engines. For inclusion, articles needed to include a descriptor of discrimination, contain an identifier of Muslim or Muslim-like identity (i.e., groups commonly perceived as Muslim, including Arabs, Middle Easterners, North Africans, and South Asians), include a health outcome, be in English, and be published between 1990 and 2017. We identified 111 unique peer-reviewed articles. We excluded articles that did not meet the following criteria: (1) examined Islamophobia, discrimination, or racism among a Muslim or Muslim-like population; (2) included a health outcome or discussion of health disparities; and (3) was conducted in North America, Europe, Australia, or New Zealand. This yielded 53 articles. The majority of studies (n = 34; 64%) were quantitative. The remaining studies were qualitative (n = 7; 13%), mixed methods (n = 2; 4%), or reviews (n = 10; 19%). Most studies were based in the United States (n = 31; 58%). Nearly half of the reviewed studies examined mental health (n = 24; 45%), and one fourth examined physical health or health behaviors (n = 13; 25%). Others focused on both physical and mental health (n = 10; 19%) or health care seeking (n = 7; 13%). Studies showed associations between Islamophobia and poor mental health, suboptimal health behaviors, and unfavorable health care-seeking behaviors. This study elucidates the associations between Islamophobia, health, and socioecological determinants of health. Future studies should examine the intersectional nature of Islamophobia and include validated measures, representative samples, subgroup analyses, and comparison groups. More methodologically rigorous studies of Islamophobia and health are needed. Public Health Implications. Addressing the discrimination-related poor health that Muslims and racialized Muslim-like subgroups experience is central to the goals of health equity and assurance of the fundamental right to health.

Discrimination of Tunisian and Italian extra-virgin olive oils according to their phenolic and sterolic fingerprints

In the last years, olive oil authentication issues have become topics of prominent importance, not only for consumers, but also for suppliers, retailers, and administrative authorities, and particularly for assurance of public health. In this work, the sterolic and phenolic profile of Tunisian and Italian extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples was depicted using an untargeted UHPLC-ESI/QTOF mass spectrometry approach. Polyphenols and sterols were quantified according to their chemical sub-classes, with high sterols (around 1000 up to 2000 mg/kg) and tyrosols (on average 420.2 mg/kg) contents detected. The metabolomics data were elaborated by means of multivariate statistics, i.e. unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). This approach allowed identifying the best markers (i.e. hydroxybenzoic acids, cholesterol and stigmasterol derivatives) of the geographical origin able to discriminate Tunisian and Italian EVOO samples, showing the potential of sterolic and phenolic fingerprints for olive oil authenticity evaluations.

Legal Issues in The Implementation of National Social Security System on Labour in Indonesia

The Social Security System in Indonesia has been regulated by the government, and the program is managed by an agency called Social Insurance Administration Organization (BPJS). Associated with the existence of social security functions for workers, its practice presents a gap between what is expected and what is regulated. For this reason, it is therefore necessary to examine, firstly, what kind of legal protection of workers is covered by this national social security system managed in BPJS program and, secondly, what constraints are encountered in its implementation. This research is Juridical Normative one, with normative qualitative data analysis. The research finds that the social security is correlated not only with the welfare of employees who are assessed by the level of wages provided by the organization, rather it is also correlated with other factors in the form of health and safety assurance. In the broader context, social welfare is measured not only when the person is at work and gets social security benefits, rather the measure of his welfare is also applicable when the worker is not working and/or when they retire. On the basis of these, the social security program is an integral aspect of social security to which the government should give a legal protection.

National Burden of Cancers Attributable to Secondhand Smoking in Indonesia

BackgroundThe high prevalence of smokers in Indonesia is also increase the number of people as secondhand smokers. Secondhand smoke causes many health problems, including cancer. Thus, Indonesia will bear large number cancer burden of disease, but research on cancer related to secondhand smoking in Indonesia still does not exist. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the number of secondhand smoke attributable fractions (SAFs) of six cancers (lung, bladder, colorectal, stomach, pancreas and larynx) and burden of cancer caused by secondhand smoking in Indonesia using Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) indicator.Material and MethodsThis research was using descriptive epidemiological prevalence-based research design, with cancers prevalence data gained from Indonesian health assurance system database in 2016. The SAFs is calculated by combining both data of secondhand smoking prevalence and relative risk and the DALY indicator is calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and the equivalent healthy years lost due to disability (YLD).ResultsBased on SAFs proportion, the highest SAFs among men were in pancreas cancer (80.20%), stomach cancer (79.54%) and laryngeal cancer (69.61%), whereas in women, pancreas cancer (78.95%), stomach cancer (78.26%) and bladder cancer (63.30%). Meanwhile, burden priorities for Indonesian men and woman were lung cancer (110,491), colorectal (68,131), and bladder cancer (39,140).ConclusionsIn total, DALYs 6 cancer diseases due to secondhand smoke analyzed in this study were 283,360 DALYs. Thus, the results of the research can be used as a basis for further policies making on national cigarette prevention and control in Indonesia.

Survey of Zoological Materials Used in Traditional Medicine in Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Background/Aim: Animals and their derivative products constitute essential ingredients in the preparation of drugs used in traditional medicine. Their utilization and practices continue to receive high patronage from all works of lives among developing countries with little or no comprehensive health assurance coverage. The aim of this study is to document some zoological materials used as medicine in Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Methods: In-depth survey was used to document some ethnozoological materials in the study areas. Seventy-one (71) herbal and traditional medicinal practitioners were interview in Hausa language using semi-structured and key respondent interview approached. Results: The findings showed that the respondents were above 18 years of age and claimed that the ethnozoological usages of some animals and derived parts such as giant African snail shell, Iguana lizard, rock Python, Peacock, African Elephant etc. were inherited from their parent and grandparent. Twenty (20) animal species with their ethnomedicinal uses, Hausa names, parts used and the photographs of readily available animal parts have been documented. The results showed that some animal parts or products are used in the treatments of snake bites, hypertension, ulcer, pain, aches, cold and respiratory diseases. Their ethnomedical practices as protection from night mare, ability to tame wayward women, worn for shield and strength and tendencies to prevent promiscuity are some significant findings in the study. Conclusion: The findings showed the rich ethnozoological materials usages of Sabon Gari and Zaria Local Government Areas (Kaduna State) for indigenous medicinal purposes towards meeting and complementing their primary health care system and with the hope that further work will be conducted to evaluate their safety and therapeutic profiles.

Work Safety and the Duration of Munition Testing

This paper presents the aspects of work safety and the standardization of time (duration) that relate to the diagnostic testing of munitions. This paper identifies the sources of hazards during munition disassembly, caused by the physical and chemical processes occurring during the years of service, and the hazards of non-conformities with the standard processing procedures used during the manufacture of the munitions. Munitions, given their intended use, are not usually designed for disassembly. With the manufacturing processes of munitions being monitored at every stage, and the application of proper grades or quality of the materials and components, munitions may retain their combat performance for a very long time following the expiry of their original warranty period. The extended shelf life of munitions (past the original warranty period/shelf life) can be determined with certain tests. The tests, however, require tampering with the internal structure of a munition by disassembling the munition into its component parts in order to allow assessment of the current technical condition and to project the technical fitness for extended service. Disassembly activities are hazardous and require the prior preparation of safe processes, workstations, procedures, and a comprehensive health and safety assurance system. Health and safety assurance in munition testing requires high capital expenditure to acquire sufficient engineering facilities and proper monitoring of all the disassembly activities attempted on munitions. Operator safety has the highest priority in munition disassembly; it is then pointless to regulate the time required for completing the individual disassembly operations.

MPLEMENTATION PROFFERING OF CLAIM GUARANTEE HEALTH OF NATIONAL HEALTH IN HOSPITAL ANUTAPURA PALU

The hospital’s claim collectively and billed done to the BPJS of each month,with complete supporting documents i.e copy of BPJS card,prof nurse, letter of statement, the cost of which must be paid. The function of the claims of BPJS is the submission the cost of patient care BPJS participaty from the hospital to the BPJS, previously the cost of patient care in the responsibility by the hospital. The porpuse of research to find out information on filing a claim general hospital of Anutapura palu to BPJS. This research has been carried out in a Hospital Anutapura palu and implemented in june 2016. Type writer this research with a qualitative approach. The study make’s and overview of the complex, researching the words, the detailed report of the views of respondents, and conduct a study on the situation of the natural. The results showed that the claims of the administration in the hospital Anutapura palu has been running in a coedance with the rules as seen from the claims in the pending was upon agreement of the parties hospital and office of the BPJS that follow the rules No. 28 service system JKN. So based on research it can be deduced that the implementation of the filing the claim of the nation health assurance ( JKN ) in Hospital Anutapura palu are in accoedance with Permenkes No.28 service system ( JKN ). Keyword : Implementation, Claim JKN.

Development of ergonomic posture recognition technique based on 2D ordinary camera for construction hazard prevention through view-invariant features in 2D skeleton motion

Outdoor tasks operated by construction workers are physically demanding, requiring awkward postures leading to pain, injury, accident, or permanent disability. Ergonomic posture recognition (EPR) technique could be a novel solution for ergonomic hazard monitoring and assessment, yet non-intrusiveness and applicability in complex outdoor environment are always critical considerations for device selection in construction site. Thus, we choose RGB camera to capture skeleton motions, which is non-intrusive for workers compared with wearable sensors. It is also stable and widely used in an outdoor construction site considering various light conditions and complex working areas. This study aims to develop an ergonomic posture recognition technique based on 2D ordinary camera for construction hazard prevention through view-invariant features in 2D skeleton motion. Based on captured 2D skeleton motion samples in the test-run, view-invariant features as classifier inputs were extracted to ensure the learned classifier not sensitive to various camera viewpoints and distances to a worker. Three posture classifiers regarding human back, arms, and legs were employed to ensure three postures to be recognized simultaneously in one video frame. The average accuracies of three classifiers in 5-fold cross validation were as high as 95.0%, 96.5%, and 97.6%, respectively, and the overall accuracies tested by three new activities regarding ergonomic assessment scores captured from different camera heights and viewpoints were 89.2%, 88.3%, and 87.6%, respectively. The developed EPR-aided construction accident auto-prevention technique demonstrated robust accuracy to support on-site postural ergonomic assessment for construction workers’ safety and health assurance.