HDL-C Values Research Articles

Thyroid Dysfunction In Metabolic Syndrome In Patients: An Observational Study

Objective: To assess the clinico-demographic profile thyroid dysfunction (TD in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: Research was done at the Medical Department. We included 200 MetS patients in this investigation. Demographics, anthropometric measurements, significant medical (including FPG, serum TG, and HDL-C values from patients' medical records) and surgical history, family history, lifestyle parameters, history of obesogenic medicine use, vital signs, and physical examination details were collected in case report forms at the screening visit. Results: We included 200 MetS patients in this investigation. The baseline demographics of these patients are presented. Of the recruited patients, 60 (30%) had TD, with women being more likely than males. Overt hypothyroidism was detected in 36 of 200 MetS patients and hyperthyroidism in 4. High waist circumference, lowered HDL-C, elevated HOMA-IR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting hyperglycemia, and TG were seen in TD patients in this research. More women than men had waist circumferences exceeding 80 cm. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome complications include thyroid problems. High frequency of TD in MetS patients suggests a thyroid-MetS interaction. This investigation will help link TD and MetS in Indian patients. Early identification of TD in MetS may help change disease course with lifestyle modifications.

The effect of Clusterin level as a potential marker in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

An organ with high metabolic activity, adipose tissue secretes a variety of adipocytokines that control the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates and advance insulin resistance (IR). It is currently unclear what pathophysiological mechanism underlies PCOS. In most cases, IR and metabolic abnormalities coexist with PCOS, a chronic endocrine and metabolic illness. Prompt identification and intervention aid in enhancing patients' quality of life while delaying the development of associated issues. Adipokine clusterin (encoded by CLU) is new. Diabetes and obesity-related populations have higher serum clusterin levels. In order to establish a foundation for early PCOS screening, diagnosis, and therapy, the current study examined variations in serum CLU levels in PCOS patients along with their relationships to sex hormones and metabolic markers. A case-control study design consisting of ninety newly diagnosed PCOS patients of ages ranging between (18-42) years have been recruited according to the Rotterdam criteria of PCOS diagnosis. To compare the results, 90 apparently healthy women of age were matched with the patients' group as a control group. Serum clusterin, fasting insulin (FIN), and fertile hormones have been measured in sera using the enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) technique. An independent t-test analysis was performed on the data. Pearson correlation was utilized to evaluate the relationship between the variables. It was found that the PCOS patients had considerably greater serum CLU (41.672± 3.85 vs. 28.5845± 3.01 μg/ml, P < 0.001) than healthy women. A multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR was separately linked with BMI, and HOMA-IR were independently associated with CLU (P < 0.05). Serum CLU exhibited a positive connection (P < 0.05) with BMI, FSG, FINS, and HOMA-IR. Serum CLU in the PCOS group correlated well with TG, CLU, HOMA-IR, FSH, FSG, and FINS. The PCOS women group significantly outperformed the fertile, healthy women group regarding BMI, LH, FSH, FSG, FIN, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels. They also had lower levels of HDL-C and QUICKI values. Additionally, serum clustrein levels. 31.68 A cut-off value of CLU as a marker for diagnosing PCOS with a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 87.5% (AUC: P value = ˂0.0001, 0.887-1.000.

Long-Term Fasting-Induced Ketosis in 1610 Subjects: Metabolic Regulation and Safety.

There is a growing consensus that fasting-induced ketosis has beneficial effects on human physiology. Despite these compelling benefits, fasting-induced ketosis raises concerns in some clinicians because it is often inappropriately compared with the pathologic uncontrolled ketone production in diabetic ketoacidosis. The determinants of the inter-individual differences in the intensity of ketosis during long-term fasting is unknown. We monitored daily variations in fasting ketonemia, as well as ketonuria, which is less invasive, in a large cohort of 1610 subjects, fasting between 4 and 21 days with the Buchinger Wilhelmi program, minimally supplemented with ~75-250 kcal (daily fruit juice, vegetable soup, and honey). Ketonuria was detected in more than 95% of fasting subjects from day 4 onwards. Subjects consuming only soups, without fruit juice or honey, exhibited reduced caloric intake (72 kcal instead of 236 kcal) and carbohydrate intake (15.6 g instead of 56.5 g), leading to more intense ketonuria. Participants with high ketonuria were, in the majority, males, young, had a higher body weight, and had lower HDL-C and urea values. They had a larger decrease in blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin levels, body weight, and waist circumference. Furthermore, in the high-ketonuria group, a larger increase in blood uric acid concentration was observed. Our study showed that long-term fasting triggered ketosis, never reaching pathological levels, and that ketosis is influenced by age, gender, health, and the level of physical activity. Furthermore, it is modulated but not suppressed by minimal carbohydrate intake. Our study paves the way for better understanding how supplementation can modulate the therapeutic effects and tolerability of long-term fasting.

ANTIPLATELET THERAPY IN PRIMARY PREVENTION. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY AND SURVIVAL ANALYSIS IN HIGH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK PATIENTS.

Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. This was a retrospective observational study, evaluating clinical outcomes, metabolic consequences and survival rate resulting from prolonged antiplatelet therapy for primary prevention in patients with high CVR. Design and method: Overall, 516 patients were randomly selected from cardiovascular risk and metabolism consultations in a single center in Porto (Portugal). Sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics were collected at baseline, including biochemical parameters, vascular risk scores and tests for heart and cardiovascular evaluation. In this follow-up with a median of 11 years, 287 patients received adjuvant antiplatelet therapy in primary prevention. Association between sex, observation time and treatments with LDLc and HDLc variations were assessed. Multiple linear regression was performed to evaluate which factors could explain the differences in HDLc and LDLc levels. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was also conducted. Results: Therapy with statins was initiated early for metabolic compensation of dyslipidemia, according to clinical practice. Statistically significant reductions were found for almost all biochemical parameters, mean carotid intima-media thickness and lipid metabolism parameters, including triglycerides, total cholesterol and the respective fractions. Patients taking statins showed greater increased HDLc values and reduced LDLc values than those who were not. Additionally, women showed a more favorable evolution regarding HDLc increase compared to men. Survival rate was estimated at 77.5% with 22 years as the maximum observed time. The median time of survival was not computed, since more than half of the patients (77.5%) were alive after 22 years. No bleeding episodes were recorded during this long period of observation.In fact, 99.0% of patients were alive after 10 years and the percentage of patients alive remained over 90% at 17 years. After 18 years of observation, 88.6% of patients were alive, and at 20 years 77.5% were alive without major cardiovascular events (MACE). Conclusions: Antiplatelet therapy should always be considered in primary prevention in patients with high CVR. There were no cases of hemorrhage or MACE. The survival rate estimated for the study population was 77.5% over 22 years.

Randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study investigating the effects of Laurus nobilis tea on lipid profiles and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy North African volunteers

Background. Laurus-nobilis (Ln) is an evergreen tree from the Lauraceae family, widely utilized for its culinary and medicinal purposes. Aims. This study aims to investigate the effects of Ln-tea (Lnt) consumption on lipid profiles and oxidant/antioxidant stress biomarkers in healthy volunteers. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PACTR202205671550114) was conducted involving healthy volunteers. Participants (n=62) were randomly assigned to either the experimental-group (EG, n=31), receiving Lnt, or the control-group (CG, n=31), receiving a placebo tea. The regimen was administered once daily for ten consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from each participant on two occasions: one day before the study (Day1) and one day after its completion (Day11). These samples underwent analysis for lipid data, including cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low- density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C, respectively), and low-density-lipoprotein-receptor (LDL-R). Additionally, oxidant/antioxidant stress biomarkers, such as superoxide-dismutase, uric-acid, and carbonylated-proteins, were assessed. Results. Data from seven participants (one from the EG, and six from the CG) were excluded from the final statistical analysis, resulting in 55 volunteers completing the study (30 in the EG, 25 in the CG). The two groups exhibited comparable demographic and clinical characteristics. In the EG, LDL-C decreased by 0.42 while HDL-C and LDL-R increased by 0.18 mmol/L and 189.45 pg/mL, respectively, compared to Day1. On Day11, the EG displayed lower LDL-C value and higher values of HDL-C and LDL-R compared to the CG. Significant interactive effects of the groups (2) vs. days (2) were observed for LDL-C, HDL-C, and LDL-R. No significant changes in oxidant/antioxidant stress biomarkers were noted between Day1 and Day11 in both groups. However, the EG showed higher levels of superoxide-dismutase compared to the CG on Day 11. Significant interactive effects of the groups (2) vs. days (2) were noted for superoxide-dismutase and carbonylated-proteins. Conclusions. Lnt infusion showed potential in modulating LDL-R activity levels, accompanied by elevated antioxidant activity. Keywords: Laurus, oxidative stress, plant extracts, therapeutic use, tea.

The effect of aerobic and high-intensity interval training on plasma pentraxin 3 and lipid parameters in overweight and obese women.

It is unclear whether different exercise programs lead to an increase in the concentration of plasma Pentraxin3 (PTX3), an anti-inflammatory protein. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma PTX3 levels in overweight and obese women. A total of 45 sedentary women aged between 32.26 ± 6.30 voluntarily participated in the study. The control group (CG, n=15) was selected among normal-weight women. Women in the group of participants who partook in exercise consisted of overweight and obese women according to a random method, including the AE group (n=15) and the HIIT group (n=15). The AE session conducted was 50 min in duration and consisted of warm-up exercises (5 min), and primary exercises (40 min, basic aerobic-step exercises). HIIT consists of warm-up exercises (5 min), primary exercises (work intervals: 6-10 × 1 min (80-90% HRmax), rest intervals: 1 min (walk, 50% HRmax), 21-29 min running. The exercises were applied for three sessions/week for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken from all participants before and after exercise and their body composition was measured. As a result of two different 12-week exercises, serum PTX3 levels increased significantly by 47.53% in the AE group and 50.21% in the HIIT group (p<0.01). It was determined that the mean PTX3 before and after exercise increased from 1.71 ± 0.43 to 2.47 ± 0.40 ng/dL and HIIT from 1.62 ± 0.39 to 2.31 ± 0.33 ng/dL. A significant decrease in body mass index (BMI) values were detected, approximately 5.81% in the AE group and 5.06% in the HIIT group (p<.01). A significant decrease was detected in glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, and hsCRP whereas HDL-C and VO2max value increased significantly in both exercise groups (p<.05; p<.01). There were no significant differences in TG and TC levels between groups (p>.05). Also, no significant differences were found between the two types of exercises in terms of parameters. A significant negative correlation in the total sample was found between PTX3 with BMI, fat mass, LDL-C, and hsCRP. The percentage change in PTX3 values was not different between exercise types, whereas PTX3 was increased with exercise, regardless of the type of exercise. It can be said that both aerobic and HIIT increase PTX3, VO2max levels and improve lipid metabolism in overweight and obese women.

Ischemic Stroke and its Correlation with Low Blood Cholesterol Levels

Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of blockage of blood supply to the brain. It causes damage of brain tissue due to less availability of oxygen and nutrients. HDL-C is a significant risk factor for ischemic stroke. Objective: To evaluate the low HDL-C levels in ischemic stroke hospitalized patients. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional retrospective study conducted at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan. The anticipated association of abnormal HDL-C levels in ischemic stroke was assessed in 200 cases. The data were collected from hospital records, patients were confirmed for stroke on the basis of CT scan. This descriptive analysis was performed based on the lab findings of patients from hospital records. Medical history, CT scans and demographic information of patients was obtained from hospital records after taking data collection permission from hospital. Results: A low level of HDL-C was identified in 126 patients (64%) according to the study's results. When the HDL-C values of ischemic stroke patients were compared using the Chi-Square Test, the p value obtained was 0.0001. Conclusions: The majority of ischemic stroke patients had low serum HDL-C levels. This study suggests an association of low serum HDL-C levels with susceptibility or risk for ischemic stroke.

Low HDL-C can be a biomarker to predict persistent severe AKI in septic patients? A retrospective cohort study

PurposesLow HDL-C is associated with an increased risk of sepsis-associated AKI and subsequent decline in eGFR. HDL-C possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and endothelial repair-promoting properties. The use of Apo A-I mimetic peptides, which are the main structural components of HDL-C, has been shown to improve renal function in animal models of sepsis. However, the diagnostic value of low HDL-C in persistent sepsis-associated AKI remains unclear.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study based on MIMIC IV (V 2.2). The study population consisted of all adult septic patients admitted to the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Intensive Care Unit from 2008 to 2019, with plasma HDL-C measured within 24 h of ICU admission. The primary endpoint was persistent severe sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) and the secondary endpoint is kidney replacement therapy (KRT). Logistic regression was used to assess the correlation between HDL-C and persistent severe SA-AKI and KRT, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate predictive ability.ResultsA total of 604 cases of SA-AKI patients were included in the analysis, among which 88 cases (14.5%) experienced persistent severe SA-AKI. The median (IQR) HDL-C level in the group with persistent severe SA-AKI was lower (33.0 [24.0–45.5]) compared to the non-persistent severe SA-AKI group (42.0 [31.0–53.0]). However, HDL-C showed poor discriminatory ability with an AUROC [95%CI] of 0.62 [0.56–0.69]. Clinical prediction models based on serum creatinine concentration, 24-h creatinine change, APSIIIscore, lactate levels, APTT, and heart rate performed well in predicting persistent severe SA-AKI with an AUROC [95%CI] of 0.876 [0.84–0.91]. However, adding HDL-C to this model did not improve predictive performance.ConclusionsThe plasma HDL-C measured within 24 h after admission to the ICU does not provide a good prediction for persistent severe SA-AKI, and it does not improve the clinical predictive ability compared to conventional variables.

Association between pan-immune-inflammation value and coronary slow flow phenomenon in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries

IntroductionCoronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is characterized by the delayed contrast filling of terminal vessels of coronary arteries in the presence of normal or nearly normal epicardial coronary arteries. Given that inflammation plays a role in cardiovascular disorders, including CSFP, using peripheral blood-derived compound prognostic indexes could be a feasible way to predict the presence of CSFP. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the association between pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) and the CSFP. MethodsThis single-center, retrospective study was composed of 612 patients aged over 18 years who underwent CAG for suspected stable ischemic heart disease. The association of clinical and laboratory parameters with the CSFP was evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. ResultsThe median age of the patients was 54 (IQR 46–63) and 61.3% of the patients were male. The 12.6% (84/612) of the patients had CSFP, while the coronary flow was normal in the remaining 87.4% of patients. The PIV levels had moderate success for the prediction of the CSFP (AUC: 0.675, 95% CI: 0.615–0.735, p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, male gender (OR: 4.858, 95% CI: 2.851–8.277, p < 0.001), presence of diabetes (OR: 2.672, 95% CI: 1.396–5.113, p = 0.003), lower HDL-C values (OR: 2.120, 95% CI: 1.286–3.496, p = 0.003), and higher PIV levels (OR: 2.527, 95% CI: 1.519–4.203, p < 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of CSFP. ConclusionWe demonstrated that a higher risk of CSFP in patients with PIV levels. If supported by prospective evidence, PIV levels could be used as a minimally invasive reflector of CSFP.

Comparison of Dietary Modifications with and without Aerobic Exercises in Improving the Cholesterol Lipid Profile for Treatment of Hyperlipidemia-Naïve Patients

Hyperlipidemia describes a condition in which an abnormal mass metabolism brought on by a variety of factors raises blood cholesterol levels. According to epidemiological research, there is a strong link between the lipoprotein profile and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and those who are physically active have a 30 to 50% lower chance of developing cardiovascular disease. Objective: To compare the effect of dietary modifications with and without aerobic exercises in improving the cholesterol lipid profile for treatment of Hyperlipidemia-Naïve patients. Methods: The random sampling technique with random allocation done through the Lottery method. Lipid Profile Test was used as measuring tool. Whole procedure went through three steps: Pre-Labs Testing, 10 - Weeks Intervention Sessions, and Post-Labs Testing. 24 patients were randomly divided into two groups i.e., Experimental Group and the Control Group, each with 12 patients. After the intervention plan, results were analyzed, organized and interpreted. Results: Normally distributed variables were HDL-C, Cholesterol and VLDL-C with p &gt; 0.05. Whereas, Triglycerides and LDL-C were not distributed normally i.e., p &lt; 0.05. After the exercise program accomplished as instructed, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the values of Cholesterol, HDL-C, and VLDL-C with the value of p &lt;0.05 for experimental group. However, values of Triglycerides and LDL-C were significantly decreased for the control group. Conclusions: The inclusion of aerobic exercises along with dietary changes substantially enhanced the patient's lipid profile, and exercise program's scope was adequate to produce meaningful changes in the body lipid composition of the study volunteers.

Effects of intermittent fasting regimens on glycemic, hepatic, anthropometric, and clinical markers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ObjectivesIntermittent fasting (IF) regimens have been hypothesized to influence several markers of cardiometabolic and liver function. The objective of our meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of IF regimens on cardiometabolic and liver markers in subjects diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MethodsWe searched several online databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase) in order to identify suitable publications for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Results were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD). ResultsFrom 12343 articles identified in different databases, a total of 7 RCT arms were entered into the quantitative synthesis. The manuscripts were published between 2019 and 2023. IF regimens (the 5:2 diet, 16/8 time-restricting feeding, and alternate day fasting) varied from 2 months to 3 months. IF regimens reduced steatosis scores (WMD: -33.22 CAP dB/m, 95% CI: -50.72 to -15.72), anthropometric characteristics of obesity (WMD: -0.77 kg/m2, 95% CI: -1.38 to -0.17 for body mass index; WMD: -3.16 kg, 95% CI: -4.71 to -1.61 for body weight; WMD: -1.90 kg, 95% CI: -3.51 to -0.29 for waist circumference), as well as ALT (WMD: -9.10 U/L, 95% CI: -12.45 to -5.75), triglyceride (WMD: -20.83 mg/dl, 95% CI: -39.01 to -2.66), total cholesterol (WMD: -7.80 mg/dl, 95% CI: -15.18), HbA1c (WMD: -0.14%, 95% CI: -0.20 to -0.08) and HOMA-IR (WMD: -1.21, 95% CI: -2.08 to -0.34) levels versus controls. Nevertheless, no between-group differences were detected for other biomarkers, e.g., fasting blood glucose, insulin, AST, HDL-C or LDL-C values, and fibrosis scores. ConclusionIF regimens can improve some markers of cardiometabolic and liver function in patients with NAFLD. However, the available evidence to support the benefits of IF regimens is limited and derived from a small number of studies, thus further research is needed to clarify the impact of IF on the cardiometabolic health of NAFLD patients.

Sex-Specific Variations in the mRNA Levels of Candidate Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Diabetes: A Multistep Study

ABSTRACT Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most prevalent diseases that also show sexual dimorphism in many different aspects. Objectives This study aimed to distinguish the mRNA expression of genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in men or women with T2D using a multistep analysis. Methods A total of 95 patients with T2D were compared based on their sex in terms of clinical variables and mRNA expression in their PBMCs. Results Men with T2D had lower LDLC, HDLC, and HbA1c values in their blood, but greater creatinine levels. In men with T2D, TLR4, CCR2, NOX2, and p67phox mRNA expression was greater, but IL6 and NF-κB mRNA expression was lesser in PBMCs. There was a link between fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, and hs-CRP, as well as COX1 mRNA in men with T2D. In women with T2D, FPG was associated with the mRNA expression of THBS1 and p67phox, as well as triglycerides and HDLC levels. We found the exclusive effect of FPG on HDLC, HbA1c, as well as p67phox mRNA in PBMCs of women with T2D. Analysis revealed the exclusive effect of FPG on hs-CRP and PAFR mRNA in PBMCs of men with T2D. FPG was shown to be associated with body mass index, hs-CRP, triglycerides, and COX1 mRNA in men with T2D, and with serum triglycerides, THSB1, and p67phox mRNA in women with T2D, according to network analysis. HbA1c was linked with NF-κB mRNA in women with T2D. Conclusions Using a multistep analysis, it was shown that network analysis outperformed traditional analytic techniques in identifying sex-specific alterations in mRNA gene expression in PBMCs of T2D patients. The development of sex-specific therapeutic approaches may result from an understanding of these disparities.

Low- and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Dementia Risk Over 17 Years of Follow-up Among Members of a Large Health Care Plan.

The associations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with dementia risk in later life may be complex, and few studies have sufficient data to model nonlinearities or adequately adjust for statin use. We evaluated the observational associations of HDL-C and LDL-C with incident dementia in a large and well-characterized cohort with linked survey and electronic health record (EHR) data. Kaiser Permanente Northern California health plan members aged 55 years and older who completed a health behavior survey between 2002 and 2007, had no history of dementia before the survey, and had laboratory measurements of cholesterol within 2 years after survey completion were followed up through December 2020 for incident dementia (Alzheimer disease-related dementia [ADRD]; Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and/or nonspecific dementia) based on ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes in EHRs. We used Cox models for incident dementia with follow-up time beginning 2 years postsurvey (after cholesterol measurement) and censoring at end of membership, death, or end of study period. We evaluated nonlinearities using B-splines, adjusted for demographic, clinical, and survey confounders, and tested for effect modification by baseline age or prior statin use. A total of 184,367 participants [mean age at survey = 69.5 years, mean HDL-C = 53.7 mg/dL (SD = 15.0), mean LDL-C = 108 mg/dL (SD = 30.6)] were included. Higher and lower HDL-C values were associated with elevated ADRD risk compared with the middle quantile: HDL-C in the lowest quintile was associated with an HR of 1.07 (95% CI 1.03-1.11), and HDL-C in the highest quintile was associated with an HR of 1.15 (95% CI 1.11-1.20). LDL-C was not associated with dementia risk overall, but statin use qualitatively modified the association. Higher LDL-C was associated with a slightly greater risk of ADRD for statin users (53% of the sample, HR per 10 mg/dL increase = 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02) and a lower risk for nonusers (HR per 10 mg/dL increase = 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.99). There was evidence for effect modification by age with linear HDL-C (p = 0.003) but not LDL-C (p = 0.59). Both low and high levels of HDL-C were associated with elevated dementia risk. The association between LDL-C and dementia risk was modest.

Assessment of the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrinal disorders affecting women of reproductive age, which has been linked to an enlarged risk of cardiovascular disease and premature atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a persistent inflammatory and lipid-depositing disease that starts from endothelial response to injury, ultimately leading to critical cardiovascular events. Podocalyxin, a cell surface sialomucin, is found on endothelial cells covering blood vessels. Objectives: Measuring serum podocalyxin to predict early atherosclerosis in PCOS women, also measuring lipid panel including the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), which is a powerful marker that can accurately predict the likelihood of developing the℮ risk of atherosclerosis even when other atherogenic risk factors appear within normal limits. Materials and Method: This case-control study included 124 age-matched women divided into 63 women diagnosed with PCOS (patients) and 61 healthy women (controls). Lipid panel and serum podocalyxin were measured. Results: There is a significant elevation in the mean value of serum podocalyxin (P=0.000), TG (P=0.39), TC (P=0.002), VLDL-C (P=0.039), LDL-C (P=0.001), a Risk ratio of TC/HDL-C (P=0.000), Risk ratio of LDL/HDL-C (P=0.000), and AIP (P=0.013) with significant decrease in mean value of HDL-C (P=0.000) in PCOS women as compared to healthy control. Conclusion: Higher levels of serum podocalyxin and atherogenic index of plasma were found in PCOS women; a positive correlation was also found between serum podocalyxin and atherogenic index of plasma. Therefore, serum podocalyxin appears to be a predictive marker to detect early atherosclerosis in women with PCOS. Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome, atherosclerosis, podocalyxin, lipid profile, AIP.

Friedewald formula may be used to calculate non-HDL-C from LDL-C and TG.

The Friedewald formula (FF) was originally designed 50 years ago and has been in use to this day despite better methods for estimating LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Its success was mainly due to its simplicity. Nowadays most laboratories determine or can determine LDL-C by the direct method. The SCORE2 tables, recommended by the European Society of Cardiology, are based on non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C). To calculate its value, one needs to know the values of total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C. The presented idea is to use the FF to calculate non-HDL-C based on the values of LDL-C and TG instead of TC and HDL-C. Based on database of 26,914 laboratory results, covering the complete lipid panel, the error regarding non-HDL-C values calculated in both ways (recommended and proposed) was determined. The average error in the LDL-C value calculated with the FF compared to the LDL-C value measured in the laboratory is 9.77%, while for non-HDL-C the error between the calculated and laboratory-determined value amounts to 8.88%. The proposed transformation of the FF also yields a much lower percentage of error calculations. Both LDL-C and non-HDL-C (calculated) in our material are strongly correlated with LDL-C and non-HDL-C (measured) values of r = 0.965 (p < 0.000) and r = 0.962 (p < 0.000), respectively. Non-HDL-C may be calculated based on the values of LDL-C and TG (without the need to determine the levels of TC and HDL-C). The proposed calculation may greatly reduce the cost of testing, given the price of a complete lipid profile.

The Correlation Between Lipid Profile and Proteinuria In Adult Nephrotic Syndrome Patients in Bangladeshi Population

The nephrotic syndrome is a constellation of abnormalities that includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema. Dyslipidemia is an important secondary biochemical abnormalities in nephrotic syndrome due to proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. Dyslipidemia in nephrotic syndrome involved in the cardiovascular risk and also accelerates the progression of glomerular dysfunction. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dyslipidemia and proteinuria in adult nephrotic syndrome patients. A total of 50 (fifty) diagnosed adult nephrotic syndrome patients from the Dept of Nephrology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka with age range from 20-50 years of both sexes were enrolled as study subjects. To evaluate the correlation between serum TC, TAG, HDL-C and LDL-C with 24 hour urinary total protein. This case control study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, during the period of July 2013 to June 2014. With baseline information, lipid profile and 24 hour urinary total protein of study subjects were estimated. Mean values of the variables were determined. Correlation between variables were determined by Pearson's correlation test by using SPSS for windows version 20.0. For all the statistical analysis p&lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Mean(±SD) values of serum total cholesterol (Tchol), TAG, HDL-C and LDL-C in adult nephrotic syndrome patients were 288.23±35.67 mg/dl, 174.53±18.86 mg/dl, 23.71±4.58 mg/dl and 231.16±34.28 mg/dl respectively. Mean value of 24 hour urinary total protein in study subjects was 5.65±0.54 gm/d. Positive correlation was found between 24 hour urinary total protein and Tchol (r=0.476, p&lt;0.05), TAG (r=0.354, p&lt;0.05), LDL-C (r=0.444, p&lt;0.05) and positive correlation was found between 24 hour urinary total protein and HDL-C (r=0.028 p&gt;0.05). Dyslipidemia in adult nephrotic syndrome possesses a significant relationship with proteinuria which could predispose them to develop coronary artery disease.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2018; 11(2): 24-33

Subclinical hypothyroidism increases insulin resistance in normoglycemic people.

To investigate the effect of simple subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with SCH on insulin resistance. A total of 622 people with newly diagnosed T2DM were selected as the study subjects, and 621 normoglycemic people were selected as control subjects. According to the diagnostic criteria of thyroid diseases, the subjects were divided into a normal thyroid function group and a subclinical hypothyroidism group. Both groups received a physical examination, and blood samples were collected. The measurement indexes included FPG, FINS, OGTT2hPG, OGTT2hINS, HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, TSH, FT3 and FT4. HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and TFQI (thyroid feedback quantile index) were calculated. There was no significant difference in age or sex distribution between the T2DM group and the normoglycemic group (P>0.05). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the T2DM group was significantly higher than that in the normoglycemic group (16.39% vs. 11.27%, P<0.05), and among the different types of thyroid dysfunction, the prevalence of SCH was the highest at 14.95% (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in BMI, waist-hip ratio, blood lipid profile, HOMA-β, and HOMA-IR values between the T2DM with subclinical hypothyroidism group (T2DM+SCH+ group) and the normal thyroid function group (T2DM+SCH- group) (P>0.05). The BMI, waist-hip ratio and HOMA-IR values of the normoglycemic group with subclinical hypothyroidism (T2DM-SCH+ group) were significantly higher than those of the normoglycemic group with normal thyroid function (T2DM-SCH- group) (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences between the T2DM+SCH- and T2DM+SCH+ groups (P>0.05). HOMA-β values were significantly higher in the T2DM-SCH+ group than in the T2DM-SCH-, T2DM+SCH- and T2DM+SCH+ groups (P<0.05). As the TFQI value increased, the body weight, waist-hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure, FPG, OGTT2hPG and HbA1c values gradually increased in the T2DM group and normoglycemic group (P<0.05). HDL-C, FINS, OGTT2hINS and HOMA-β values gradually decreased (P<0.05). Subclinical hypothyroidism only increases insulin resistance in normoglycemic people. As the sensitivity of the central thyroid decreases, the risk of developing diabetes increases.

Pre-diagnosis lipid levels and mortality after obesity-related cancer diagnosis in the Women's Health Initiative cardiovascular disease biomarker cohort.

Published studies have demonstrated inconclusive relationships between serum lipid levels and mortality after cancer. The primary objective was to evaluate the relationship between fasting lipid levels and mortality after cancer. Data were obtained on baseline lipids and outcomes after cancer from 1263 postmenopausal women diagnosed with 13 obesity-related cancers who were part of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) lipid biomarkers cohort. Obesity-related cancers included incident invasive cancers of the breast, colorectum, endometrium, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), kidney, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, ovaries, small intestine, thyroid, stomach, as well as multiple myeloma. Baseline lipid measurements included high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and non-HDL-cholesterol. Outcomes were all cause, cancer-specific, and CVD mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to measure associations between lipid levels and mortality (all cause, cancer, and CVD) after a cancer diagnosis, with lipids analyzed as continuous variables. Among women with obesity-related cancer, there were 707 deaths, of which 379 (54%) were due to cancer and 113 (16%) were due to CVD. Mean time from blood draw to cancer diagnosis was 5.1 years (range: 0.05-10 years). LDL-C values above the 95th percentile were associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (p < 0.001), and cancer-specific mortality (p < 0.001), but not mortality due to CVD. Non-HDL-C values above the 65th percentile were associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (p = 0.01) and mortality due to CVD (p = 0.003), but not cancer-specific mortality (p = 0.37). HDL-C values above the 95th percentile were associated with lower all-cause mortality (p = 0.002), and above the 65th percentile with lower cancer-specific mortality (p = 0.003), but no significant relationship with mortality due to CVD was observed. The relationship between pre-diagnosis fasting lipid levels and mortality after cancer diagnosis is complex. These results suggest that improved lipid control through lifestyle and anti-lipid medications could have a meaningful impact on outcomes after cancer.

463-P: Risk Stratification of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) according to LDL-C, HDL-C Levels, and Glucose Status

Whereas elevated LDL-C is a major risk factor for CAD, the inverse association between HDL-C levels and risk of CAD is well-known. Although insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance are associated with low HDL-C levels, it is not clear whether the association of LDL-C with CAD differs depending on glucose status and HDL-C values. We examined associations of LDL-C with the incidence of CAD according to HDL-C and glucose status using a nationwide claims database on 1,524,289 individuals during 2008-2019 with no history of CAD or familial hypercholesterolemia. Cox proportional hazards model identified risks of CAD events among combinations of 3 levels of HDL-C and 7 levels of LDL-C according to glucose status. During a mean follow-up period of 5.5 years, 8,301 CAD events occurred. CAD risk increased from lower LDL-C levels accompanied by lower HDL-C levels regardless of glucose status (Table). Even in people with LDL-C &amp;lt;80mg/dl, HDL-C &amp;lt;40mg/dl conferred 2.5-fold increased risk of CAD all glucose status. HDL-C and LDL-C values had a synergistic effect on the incidence of CAD in people with normoglycemia, whereas an addictive effect in people with prediabetes and diabetes. Although more strict LDL-C target need to be achieved as worsening of glucose status, results demonstrated that the necessity of modulating the LDL-C target according to HDL-C levels is not affected by glucose status. Disclosure M.H.Yamada: None. M.Iwanaga: None. T.Yamada: None. S.Kodama: None. H.Sone: Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Astellas Pharma Inc., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. K.Fujihara: None. T.Osawa: None. M.Kitazawa: None. Y.Yaguchi: None. T.Sato: None. Y.Mitsuma: None. M.Yamamoto: None. Y.Matsubayashi: None.

7-OR: Evaluation of Saroglitazar’s Effects on Small Dense LDL and Non-HDL Cholesterol Particles in Diabetic Dyslipidemia Patients

The dual PPAR α/γ agonist Saroglitazar is used to treat diabetic dyslipidemia (DD) that cannot be managed with statins. Due to its association with high triglycerides (TG), high small dense LDL (sdLDL), and low HDL-C, DD is extremely atherogenic. The efficacy and safety of saroglitazar have been assessed in this prospective multi-centric research in patients with type 2 diabetes and triglycerides (TG) 200 mg/dL following stable statin medication for at least 3 months and a steady lifestyle. A total of 104 patients (78% of whom were men) were enrolled, with a mean age of 59.1 ± 11.4 years. Saroglitazar 4 mg was administered to each subject once daily for 24 weeks. Using a paired t-test, the effects of saroglitazar were assessed after 24 weeks. 73 patients' six-month follow-up data are available. Non-HDL-C and sdLDL levels both significantly decreased at 24 weeks, with non-HDL-C dropping from 138 ± 51 mg/dL to 113 ± 44 mg/dL and from 31.7 ± 11.8 mg/dL to 26.0 ± 11.9 mg/dL, respectively. The values of HDL-C, TG, HbA1c and total cholesterol among the secondary end goals also considerably improved after 24 weeks (Table). No significant adverse event was reported during the investigation. This is the initial investigation on how saroglitazar affects sdLDL in DD patients. According to the findings, saroglitazar effectively lowers non-HDL-C and sdLDL particles while being safe and well tolerated. Disclosure J.Dinkar: None. R.Ranjan: None. A.Chandra: None.