Jordan Research Articles

The Cultural Image of the Monarch in Jordan

King of France, Luis IV said “I am the state”. The rulers of Jordan could repeat that phrase because their country is unique. It is one of a few states holding the name of the ruling family. Like the neighboring Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jordan was created by members of a family after which the country is named. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan – this is its full name, was created and ruled by the Hashemites, direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad. Monarchs from the Hashemite dynasty have left a distinct mark on the state and people living in it. They adopted certain elements of the local culture and carved a unified, albeit somewhat artificial version out of them. Who are they? How did they achieve it? How are they presented? What is Jordanian culture? And finally, what is the cultural image of monarch of Jordan? These are the questions that the author will try to answer in this paper.

The role of administrative control in limiting the spread of the corona epidemic in Islamic law and health legislation in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan

During the first trimester of 2020, the world exposed to unusual epidemiological situation that has had a negative impact and had disrupted ordinary life, which imposed on the competent authorities in addressing the epidemic by means of preventive and other treatment controls, as many government orders were issued that changed daily life, imposed closures and restriction of freedoms as: freedom of worship, reorganization of religious rites, in particular with regard to Hajj and Umrah. This study has concluded that the governmental procedures is required and essential in response to the pandemic. However, it was reflected on the individuals’ rights and freedoms. Also, it has concluded that the administration shall monitor the procedures issued thereby to response to the pandemic to prevent its assault on individuals’ rights and freedoms. As well as, the study recommended that these control procedures shall be limited in the epidemiological and health situation and not exceeded the limits of this Epidemiological circumstance

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The study aimed to determine the teaching competencies of vocational education teachers in basic schools affiliated to the Directorate of Education in Ajloun Governorate in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in competencies (implementation, and teaching methods), where the researcher used the descriptive approach in addition to using the questionnaire, which consisted of (26) items as a study tool. The study population consisted of all teachers of vocational education in the schools of Ajloun Governorate, who numbered (115) teachers, and the sample of the study consisted of (50) teachers. This is ahead of the adequacy of implementation, which was at a rate of (71%), and to a large degree for each of them.

Haszymidzkie Królestwo Jordanii w konfrontacji z ideologią panarabską (1946–1999). Z badań nad stabilnością polityczną monarchii arabskich

Since early 1950s military coups were a frequent phenomenon in the Arab world. In consequence of that a lot of monarchies fell and they were replaced with republics. In fact, however, the politics became dominated by violence and the regimes quickly became oppressive dictatorships. The new governments made use of the pan-Arab ideology to legitimize their authority (which aimed at uniting Arabs from Morocco to Iraq). The small Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan became an important place of confrontation between the pan-Arab ideology and the monarchy, with its traditional legitimization of power. Since approximately 1948 until 1990s there was competition between parties and political movements opting for pan-Arabism or the court of the Hashemite. This resulted in severe political crises in 1956–1957, 1966 and 1991. The consequence of that was also the civil war of 1970. The Jordan monarchy succeeded in overcoming these crises and emerged victorious from the ideological struggle. The current monarchy maintained complete authority and recognition, while pan-Arabism underwent marginalization.

Japan’s Humanitarian Aid to Jordan and the Transformation of Aid Identities and Practices in New Security Challenges

This study measures the changing nature of humanitarian, economic, and development assistance from Japan to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan since the 20th century. First, the research summarises the history of Japanese aid to Jordan from the 1970s. Secondly, we explain how the transformation of Japan’s foreign policy since the 1990s has affected its assistance in Jordan. The following sections detail how the concept of human security has been infused into Japanese foreign policy, how changes in Japan’s post–Cold War security environment in East Asia have led to the incorporation of security-related issues in the aid provided to Jordan, and which assistance also needed to respond to a rapidly deteriorating regional security environment. Finally, concerning a recent case study, we detail the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on Japan’s development assistance in Jordan. Another factor noted here is the rapid rise of China’s presence in the Middle East and its influence on Official Development Assistance (ODA) in Jordan. Interestingly, these new issues emanating from outside the region have had little impact on Japan’s aid to Jordan.

The Degree Academic and Administrative Leaders Practice Knowledge Management at Al Al-Bayt University in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

The study aims to know the degree of academic and administrative leadership practice knowledge management at Al Al-Bayt University in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and the effect of variables (gender, educational qualification, years of experience, stage, and job title) on that. The study sample consists of (375) faculty and administrative members. To achieve the goals of the study, a tool was built to measure the degree of knowledge management practice, which consists of (37) items distributed into four areas, namely (knowledge organization, knowledge generation, knowledge sharing, and application of knowledge). Validity and reliability were verified, and the descriptive survey method was used. The results of the study show that the degree of academic and administrative leaders’ practice of knowledge management at Al Al-Bayt University in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, from the viewpoint of their colleagues, came with a medium degree in all fields. The results also show that there were statistically significant differences between the averages of the responses of the study sample individuals due to the gender variable, and the differences are in favor of males in all fields. The results also show that there are statistically significant differences attributable to the variable of the academic qualification in the fields of sharing and applying knowledge, and the differences are in favor of the qualification of (Bachelor). The presence of statistically significant differences attributable to the variable of years of experience in the areas of knowledge sharing and application; the absence of statistically significant differences is attributable to the job title in all fields. In light of the results, the study presents a set of recommendations, the most important of which are training academic and administrative leaders on the application of knowledge management; training academic staff on teaching and evaluation methods that help to raise the levels of performance in the educational learning process.

Controlled Parliamentarism. Political and Constitutional Transformations in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1989-1999

Controlled Parliamentarism. Political and Constitutional Transformations in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1989-1999

The Role of the Ministry of Youth in Protection Jordanian Youth from Extremist Ideology, from the perspective of students of the University of Jordan: دور وزارة الشباب في حماية الشباب الأردني من الفكر المتطرف من وجهة نظر طلبة الجامعة الأردنية

This study aimed at identifying the role of the Ministry of Youth in protecting Jordanian youth from extremist ideology from the perspective of the University of Jordan students. The researcher used, as a tool for the study, the descriptive survey- analytical approach, and the questionnaire, which consisted of (20) paragraphs distributed over 4 fields; The study sample consisted of (856) individuals from the University of Jordan students, (496) males and (360) females, and the results showed that the overall tool obtained a total average of (3.20) out of (5), meaning that the ministry’s role achieved a (medium) level at the level of fields; The social domain got the highest average (3.36), followed by the security domain with an average of (3.18), then the religious domain with an average of (3.14), and finally the intellectual domain with an average of (3.11), all with a rating of (medium), and the results did not show statistically significant differences at the level (α≤ 0.05) among the sample estimates for the role of the Ministry of Youth in protecting Jordanian youth from extremist ideology that is attributed to the gender variable in the intellectual and security field, while significant differences were found in the social and religious fields, in favor of male students. The results did not show differences according to the academic level variable in the social field, while they showed significant differences in the (religious, security, and intellectual) fields and in favor of doctoral students compared to other academic levels. In light of the results of the study, the researcher recommended the necessity of strengthening the role of the Ministry of Youth in protecting young people from extremist ideology and networking between the Ministry of Youth, the government and the private institutions and organizations to develop an integrated system to protect young people from extremist ideology, and building the capacities of workers to protect young people from extremist ideology. He also suggested preparing a similar study that includes all university students; at the level of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Maps of the West Bank in Jordanian Postage Stamps, 1952–1985

This article examines Jordanian postage stamp depiction of the West Bank as part of the Hashemite Kingdom from 1952 to 1985. The majority of maps of the West Bank are featured as part of Jordan, both during Jordanian rule of the West Bank (1948–1967) and after Israel conquered the land during the 1967 war. Sometimes the West Bank is delineated from Jordan to suggest a territorial dispute with Israel, while other times, the West Bank is shown as part of Palestine. The ambiguous representations of the West Bank as Jordanian territory, disputed territory, and Palestinian territory reinforce Hashemite sovereignty claims to the West Bank while also supporting Palestinian rights and acknowledging Jordanian rule of the West Bank was conditional upon settlement of the Palestinian issue. Finally, this analysis seeks to explain why stamps stopped showing the West Bank as part of Jordan in 1985, three years before the kingdom formally severed all legal and administrative ties to the land.

The degree of practice of mathematics teachers in the basic stage in Jordan for effective teaching in light of the standards of the National Council of Mathematics Teachers (NCTM) from the point of view of educational supervisors: درجة ممارسة معلمي الرياضيات في المرحلة الأساسية في الأردن للتدريس الفعال في ضوء معايير المجلس القومي الأمريكي لمعلمي الرياضيات (NCTM) من وجهة نظر

The current study aimed to reveal the degree of practice of mathematics teachers in the basic stage in Jordan for effective teaching in light of the standards of the National Council of Mathematics Teachers (NCTM) from the point of view of the educational supervisors. Mathematics subject in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, whose number is (171) supervisors and supervisors, distributed between the directorates of education and the ministry center. A questionnaire was applied to them consisting of (7) standards and (48) indicators, which were derived from the National Council of Mathematics Teachers (NCTM) standards document. Where the indicators of its validity and reliability were verified, the study found that the degree of practice of mathematics teachers in the basic stage in Jordan for effective teaching standards in light of the standards of the National Council of Teachers and the viewpoint of the educational supervisors came at the macro level with a medium degree, with an arithmetic mean (3.09). "In the first place, with an arithmetic mean of (3.70), and with a high degree, while the field (planning mathematics lessons in an unconventional way) came in last place, with an arithmetic mean of (2.20), and with a weak degree, the results did not show differences in the degree of practice attributable to heterosexual sex and experience, while there were differences attributed to the scientific qualification variable and in favor of those with postgraduate academic qualification. The study recommended the necessity of holding training programs for the standards of the National Council of Mathematics Teachers (NCTM) to develop the performance of mathematics teachers, and to include these standards in the teaching courses of the Faculties of Education in Jordanian universities during the teacher preparation period.

From Iranian Shi’ization to colonization in Syria to establish Shiʿi territorial contiguity

In recent years, we have been witnessing the Islamic Republic of Iran’s process of Shi’ization in Syria and Iraq which has been labelled Al-tabshir al-shii or tashayu by prominent Arab and Muslim clerics. These include Yusuf al-Qaradhawi and Wahbe al- Zahili, a prominent Syrian Sunni cleric who saw this expansion as an aggression that ‘must be stopped’. In 2005 Abdallah II, the king of the Hashemite Kingdom, warned that the ‘Shi’ite Crescent’ circling Jordan from Khorasan in Iran all the way to Lebanon was expanding. The terms Al-tabshir al-Shii or tashayu describe this Shi’ization not only as a religious process but also as a process with geopolitical intentions – that is as an expansion of Shiʿi influence into lands, territories, and states. The main argument of this article is that Iran, with much help from the Syrian regime and Russia turning a blind eye, has been using the methods of colonization to settle Shi’ites in non-Shi’ite territories. Iran’s clear goal is to build a continuous land link between Iran, Iraq and Syria that will extend straight into the mainland of Lebanon.

Humanitarianism Without Rights: Refugee Securitisation and the Politics of Containment in Jordan Post 9-11

Although the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is widely lauded for its humanitarian commitment to refugees, critical studies and human rights reports point to a troubling interweaving of security and humanitarian approaches in its responses to refugees. This paper adds to this growing body of literature a critical analysis of Jordan’s response to the still ongoing Syrian refugee crisis. It traces the government-led response, supported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), across four sites, namely Cyber City, Za’atari Camp, Azraq Camp and Rukban. The analysis highlights how State security concerns emanate the modalities of humanitarian governance, blurring the boundaries between compassionate care for refugees and a politics of containment aimed at securing not only the outer borders of the Jordanian State but also regionally and beyond from the potential threat of militant violence. The paper situates the securitised humanitarianism on display in this case in relation to the intersection of local and global security priorities and processes post 9-11.

The preferred leadership styles in vocational training corporations: Case of Jordan

The study aims to identify the leadership styles (democratic, authoritative, autocratic, laissez-faire, transformational, and transactional) practiced by trainers at the Vocational Training Corporation as perceived by the female trainees in Jordan. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected by the questionnaire from respondents (n = 105 female trainees) selected by the simple randomization sampling and representing 50% of the population (n = 210). Among the questionnaires sent, only 104 were received and declared valid for statistical analysis. Major findings indicated that the democratic leadership style was mostly preferable by female trainees, where rated top by respondents (M = 4.50), followed by the transformational style (M = 4.23), and the authoritative style was rated the lowest (M = 2.58) compared with the autocratic, laissez-faire and transactional leadership styles. Thus, to keep increasing the development of training programs and obtain positive feedback for trainees, both trainers and managers of the Vocational Training Corporation necessarily need to practice appropriate leadership styles, develop a high level of learning and benefits. AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Al-Balqa Applied University in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Institute of Public Administration in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for all kinds of support and providing us with time and access to the research resources.

Attachment patterns and their relationship to psychological security among newlyweds in Karak Governorate: أنماط التعلق وعلاقتها بالأمن النفسي لدى المتزوجات حديثاً بمحافظة الكرك

The present study aimed to identify the level of attachment of newlyweds and the type of attachment they have. It also aimed to discover the level of psychological security of newlyweds. The study also aimed to discover the relationship between the nature of attachment and psychological security of newlyweds, and the sample consisted of (158) married women. Recently, the duration of their marriage ranged between married less than three years ago and living in Karak Governorate in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and two scales were developed through theoretical literature and previous studies. The first scale is the attachment scale and consists of four dimensions: safe attachment, anxious attachment, and avoided attachment, and confused attachment, and a measure of psychological security, the study was applied to respondents in the year (2018). The results of the study found that the level of attachment of wives was average, and the attachment level among newlyweds was in the following order: secure attachment, then confused attachment, then vacillating attachment, then avoided attachment, and that the level of psychological security of newlyweds was average, and that there is a relationship Positive relationship between safe attachment and psychological security, while there was a negative statistically significant relationship between avoided and confused attachment with psychological security, and there was no relationship between fluctuating attachment and psychological security, and also the results of the study concluded that the type of attachment varies according to the age group and in favor of the younger age group It differs according to the educational level and in favor of the less educated level. Based on the results of the study, some recommendations were made, including: Working to involve newlyweds in counseling courses to help them in good psychological adjustment, working to meet the need for psychological security of newlyweds by interviewing them to identify their concerns.

Investment and its Impact on Realized Revenues: The Case of the Investment Fund in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Aims: The study attempted to identify the volume of revenues generated from the investment process in investment funds in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
 Study Design: a quantitative research
 Place and Duration of Study: Jordan Social Security Investment Fund, between May - September 2020
 Methodology: The study used panel data obtained from the published reports of the Social Security Corporation
 Results: The study concluded that there is a positive effect in the different portfolios on the volume of revenues generated by the investment process.
 Conclusion: This paper presents the conclusions through the results about the extent of the impact on the volume of revenues related to the investment process in investment funds, as it showed that the relevant impact on the tourism investment portfolio, the bond portfolio and the money market instruments portfolio has a positive impact. Effect. On the size of the volume of revenues derived from it, and in light of this, the study showed that investing in the bond portfolio generates a greater return than the tourism governorate as a result of the surrounding political turmoil in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and the instability in Syria and Iraq was most prominent, with the decrease in the external marketing of these investments.
 There must be diversification and research in other economic areas that contribute to increasing the volume of the fund's revenues, in governmental coordination through which a tax advantage can be achieved that contributes to reducing costs and increasing revenue generation.

The Kingdom of Jordan: The Eye of the Hurricane in a Turbulent Middle East

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, situated not only physically at the center of the world has also been the center of some of its most significant moments. These involved the Kingdom’s role in supporting peace between Israel and Egypt alongside former President and Humanitarian Jimmy Carter. Carter, demonized for his Southern style and failures in the Middle East, especially during the Iran Hostage Crisis, engineered one of its greatest diplomatic feats ever: Peace between ancient enemies, Israel and Egypt. Their long-standing vendetta which had real consequences for centuries nearly moved the modern world to the brink of World War 3. In stepped President Carter, Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin and eventually, the Royal Family of Jordan and all that changed. In this paper I would like to explore the personalities, roles and conditions that brought them together, re-celebrate their achievements, and challenge the world to model their characters and repeat their successes. Once again or even still, Israel is the pearl in the Middle Eastern oyster, and a weary world is eager move on. It is my hope my research will give us an inkling where to begin a process that could once again prevent a Global Conflict.

Economic Impact of Osteoporosis Related Hip Fractures in Bahrain. A Systematic Review

Background:Fragility fractures are common due to osteoporosis and there is very limited data on hip fractures from the Middle East in general and Kingdom of Bahrain in particular. The aim of this paper is to review the published data of femoral fractures in the Middle East and extrapolate the financial burden of osteoporosis related hip fractures in Bahrain and suggest some course of action for the region in controlling the fragility fractures.Methods:An extensive search was performed on published studies on hip fracture from 1990 to 2020 by a Medline, EMBASE the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Science Citation Index, Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Qatar Medical J, Oman with the key words: Osteoporosis, osteopenia, fragility hip fractures. The inclusion criterion was studies published during 1990-2020 describing the prevalence of osteoporosis and proximal hip fractures in patients with ≥50 years, from the Kingdom of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, State of Kuwait, Sultanate of Oman, United Arab Emirates, State of Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Turkey and the State Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Based on the fractures per 1000, an average was taken and extrapolated for the Kingdom of Bahrain and direct and indirect costs were assessed.Results:A total of 19 studies were selected for analysis from 10 countries. The average prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis was 29.37±6.97% (Range 20.2 to 38.5). In these 10 countries, 252.411 million people live, with an average of 28.56% suffering from osteoporosis. A total of 72.088 million are at risk of having a fragility fracture. The prevalence of fragility fractures of the proximal femur in six countries means prevalence is 4.41/1000. With this average, it is extrapolated that femoral fractures due to osteoporosis costs Bahrain yearly a total of BD 5.31 million.Conclusion:The prevalence of Osteoporosis is going to increase in Bahrain as the population is aging. This will further increase the economic impact of taking care of elderly patients with osteoporosis and related fractures. Early intervention to diagnose and treat this aging population will reduce the cost and save lives.

STABLE JORDAN: HOW A MONARCHY SURVIVED DISORDER

ABSTRACT The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has recently experienced large-scale unrest on a scale not witnessed for several years. The country, long viewed as a beacon of stability in a deeply fragile region, now faces a growing risk that it could be destabilised. This article addresses multiple pillars of stability and drivers of instability in Jordan, including the impact of the Syrian crisis, large-scale displacement, resource scarcity, and chronic political, economic, and social difficulties. Whilst the regime has endured crisis and remained stable, increasing pressures in the past few years have led analysts to predict the onset of violence or deepening instability in Jordan.

A ‘Crisis of Identity’? Palestinian Christian contributions to Amman’s modern urbanity

ABSTRACT Amman, as the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, has been said to suffer from a crisis of identity, a condition that is seen as impinging a sense of authentic urban memory and form. As it has become the destination of multiple refugee and migrant communities seeking safety in Jordan, Amman’s subsequent migrant make-up has been primarily narrated as a burden – on space, on resources and on understandings of the Jordanian national self-preventing a sense of national unity being found within its capital. Countering these narratives of burden and crises, this paper seeks to reconceptualise the role of migrants in Jordan’s capital as contributing to and participating in the development of Amman as a modern urban centre. By discussing one particular communal group – Palestinian Christians – and their contributions to the socio-spatial fabric of the city this paper aims to promote a shift in narrative around Amman in particular, and Jordan in general, as one which can embrace its history of not only migrating people but their ideas of modernity and urbanity and how they are imprinted on the urban landscape today.

Deriving the Final Image Criteria for the Wexler Scale the Jordanian Image of Children's Intelligence for Preschool and Primary Years for the Age Group 4 - 6.5 Years

The aim of this study is to derive the criteria for the final image of the Wexler scale, the Jordanian image of children's intelligence for pre-school and primary school for the age group 4 - 6.5 years. The study population consists of all children in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the age group 4 - 6.5 years. The sample of the study consisted of (1491) tests distributed by gender, age group, special education groups and the area of residence for the years 2016-2019, who were chosen in a stratified randomized manner, as the study tool was used, which is the Wexler scale of children's intelligence for pre-school, the Jordanian image. The indications of the validity of the scale were reached through the validity of the content and the correlative validity, as the correlation coefficient between the Wexler-Binet scale of intelligence reached the Jordanian image (0.71) and the illustrated IQ scale (0.72). Factor analysis found that there are two factors (verbal, performance) explain (50.98) of the total variance. As for the results of the discriminatory honesty, it showed statistically significant differences between ordinary children and special education groups in favor of ordinary children. The results also showed the existence of statistically significant differences according to the age group and in favor of older age. There were also indications of the stability of the scale by the half-segmentation method and the stability by the internal consistency method, where the reliability coefficients ranged between (0.86 - 0.89) for the sub-measures and (0.92) for the total degree. The criteria for the final image of the scale were also derived by converting the raw score to a weighted score for the sub-tests and then to a mean deviation intelligence ratio of 100 and its deviation 15. The study recommended the use of the Wexler scale in evaluating children for pre-school and primary school and taking appropriate decisions.