Harvest Volume Research Articles

Precommercial Thinning Increases Spruce Yields in Boreal Mixedwoods in Alberta, Canada

A few studies in young mixedwood stands demonstrate that precommercial thinning of aspen at early ages can improve the growth of spruce and increase stand resilience to drought. However, information on tree and stand responses to thinning in older mixedwood stands is lacking. To address this need, a study was initiated in 2008 in Alberta, Canada in 14 boreal mixedwood stands (seven each at ages 17 and 22). This study investigated growth responses following thinning of aspen to five densities (0, 1000, 2500, 5000 stems ha−1 and unthinned (control)). Measurements were collected in the year of establishment, and three and eight years later. Mortality of aspen in the unthinned plots was greater than in the thinned plots which were not significantly different amongst each other. Eight years following treatment, aspen diameter was positively influenced by thinning, while there was no effect on aspen height. The density of aspen had no significant effect on the survival of planted spruce. Spruce height and diameter growth increased with both aspen thinning intensity and time since treatment. Differentiation among treatments in spruce diameter growth was evident three years from treatment, while differentiation in height was not significant until eight years following treatment. Yield projections using two growth models (Mixedwood Growth Model (MGM) and Growth and Yield Projection System (GYPSY)) were initialized using data from the year eight re-measurements. Results indicate that heavy precommercial aspen thinning (to ~1000 aspen crop trees ha−1) can result in an increase in conifer merchantable volume without reducing aspen volume at the time of harvest. However, light to moderate thinning (to ~2500 aspen stems ha−1 or higher), is unlikely to result in gains in either deciduous or conifer merchantable harvest volume over those of unthinned stands.

The impact of donor total estimated blood volume on nucleated cell yield in bone marrow harvests for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Nucleated cell yields of marrow harvests depend on factors related to donors, the procedure itself, and the volume of marrow harvested. Few attempts have been made to relate donor characteristics to harvest volume. We hypothesize that the percentage of total donor blood volume accessed for harvesting impacts the nucleated cell yield per ml of marrow collected. We investigated 481 consecutive unrelated marrow harvests from a single center. Donor characteristics including weight, body mass index (BMI), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hgb), and platelet counts, as well as estimated total blood volume, were recorded and compared with nucleated cell yields and harvest volumes. The percentage of donor blood volume accessed for marrow harvesting was inversely related to nucleated cell yields (r = -0.57). The donor-recipient weight differential impacted cell yields as well (r = 0.35), with heavier recipients requiring increased marrow volumes from smaller donors to satisfy their nucleated cell needs. 3.73 × 108 /kg of recipient weight could be collected with 95% certainty when harvest volumes did not exceed 16.1% of donor total blood volume. In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, 45.4% of cell yield variance was explained by blood volume percentage accessed for harvesting, donor weight, and WBC. Donor sex, BMI, and platelet counts did not contribute further to cell yield variance. Smokers had higher cell yields than nonsmokers (20.4 vs. 18.3 × 106 /ml; 95% confidence interval 0.62, 3.47) independent of other parameters. Establishing the relationship between percentage of estimated donor total blood volume and recipient cell needs can facilitate donor selection for successful hematopoietic cell (HPC) transplants.

Enhancing protein A productivity and resin utilization within integrated or intensified processes.

Recent interest in continuous manufacturing of biologics has driven the development and evaluation of multicolumn chromatography systems to drive down resin costs by increasing productivity and maximizing resin utilization, especially for the expensive protein A capture step. Single-pass tangential flow filtration can be used to reduce the volume of perfusion harvest, enabling a further increase in the productivity of the capture step by up to fivefold. However, there are expected to be practical limits for the productivity of the capture step, which must be determined based on the manufacturing batch size, duration, and frequency, especially as it relates to efficient utilization of the column lifetime. For short fed-batch manufacturing campaigns, intensified capture processes may result in up to 82% lower resin consumption, while avoiding the long-term storage of used resin. For perfusion processes and longer fed-batch campaigns, it may be more efficient to operate at a lower productivity that enables the column lifetime to be routinely achieved and achieves the desired resin and buffer savings without introducing unnecessary process risk or complexity. An intensified batch capture process, "super-batch," will be compared as an alternative to multicolumn chromatography processes to achieve high productivity and resin utilization with a potentially simpler process.

Profiling the implementation of rainwater harvesting in Bekasi, Indonesia

This research was raised based on water resource problems, which are currently becoming a global obstacle to overcome. Population growth impacted the demand for water resources, changed the hydrological cycle pattern in an area, and worsened with climate change, impacting season disaster. This research was conducted to see the profile of Bekasi City on rainwater harvesting so that the results of this study are expected to provide a big picture in the context of applying rainwater harvesting. Rainfall analysis uses dependable rainfall to cut down rainfall uncertainty and grant opportunities for a higher harvestable rainfall volume. Besides, a community approach was carried out to observe society’s water use patterns and their behavior towards rainwater harvesting. This study found that the volume of water demand in Bekasi varied in each District, which is 3.57-7.08 m3/person/month, and harvested rainwater can cover up 2.27%-12.73% of their needs during the wet season (December-April). The community has collected their rainwater at their homes by 49%. A comprehensive approach should have taken to attract people to harvest rainwater.

Three-dimensional radiographic assessment of the mandibular interforaminal donor site in different vertical facial growth types

PurposeTo assess volumetrically, the impact of vertical facial growth types (VFGT) on the mandibular interforaminal region as a potential bone donor site. Material and methods60 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of adult individuals were classified in three groups according to their SN-GoGn angle: hypodivergent group (hG) (N=20), normodivergent group (NG) (N=19) and hyperdivergent group (HG) (N=21). Total harvestable bone volume (TBV), cortico-cancellous bone volume (CBV-cBV), and cortical bone surface (CBS) were evaluated. ANOVA test followed by Tukey post hoc tests were used to compare the mean continuous outcomes according to their VFGT. ResultsThe whole sample showed a mean TBV of 1376.32±541.01mm3, CBV of 468.52±121.54mm3 and cBV of 908.73±474.71mm3. The mean CBS amounted to 782.58±146.80mm2.The comparison between the groups stated a significantly different mean TBV and cBV (-p-value<0.001). The mean CBS was significantly different (-p-value=0.015): the smallest for the NG, but not significantly different (-p-value<0.001): the highest for the HG, intermediate for the NG and the smallest for the hG. ConclusionHypodivergent individuals have the thickest cancellous bone suitable for an onlay bone graft, while hyperdivergent individuals have the thinnest bone ideal for a 3D grafting approach.

Detection of Alternaria alternata in tomato juice and fresh fruit by the production of its biomass, respiration, and volatile compounds

Tomato is widely consumed and marketed as juice, puree, or fresh product. Nevertheless, 30% of its harvest volume is lost because of the fungus Alternaria alternata. This research aimed to provide early detection methods for this fungal decay on tomato juice and fresh fruit. Biomass content, CO2, O2 and volatile compounds (VOCs) during A. alternata growth in tomato juice and fruit at two ripening stages (breaker and red colour) were evaluated. Additionally, CO2 and VOCs data set were analysed with a hierarchical cluster technique (HCA) to explore the differences between inoculated and non-inoculated samples. Biomass was determined by gravimetry, CO2 and O2 by gas chromatography (GC), and VOCs by GC-mass spectrometry. Biomass content was not drastically modified by tomato's ripening stage (3–6 mg of dry weight). CO2 in tomato juice was considerably higher in the inoculated samples with A. alternata (27–63%) than in the non-inoculated ones (2.8–6.6%), regardless of the ripeness stage; while in tomato fruit CO2 was higher at breaker stage and inoculated with A. alternata (33–41%) than the remaining treatments (9–23%). It was also observed that, except for limonene, trans-sabinene hydrate, and rhodovibrin, VOCs' release during the interaction between tomato juice and A. alternata was different from the fresh tomato and A. alternata interaction. Only the HCA based on CO2 data showed clear differences between the inoculated and non-inoculated tomato juice and fruit at both ripening stages.

Meeting Challenges in Forestry: Improving Performance and Competitiveness

Improving the efficiency of the forestry sector will have an important impact on our possibility to attain long-term sustainability and mitigate climate change. In this study, attainable, and sustainable, efficiency improvements in the harvesting of forest products are analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The price impacts of the efficient harvesting volumes are evaluated in a second step using a spatial forest sector model. The results indicate that the harvested volumes of forest products, both for the industry and energy sectors, can be significantly increased if a more efficient forest management is adopted. This supply-side effect will also result in general price decreases for sawlogs, pulpwood, fuelwood and harvesting residues. However, in certain counties, and for specific forest products, the estimated decreasing price effect from a more efficient forest management cannot fully offset the increasing price effect of the energy sector expanding its use of forest products. More forest biomass enters the market, which is needed in the transition towards a bioeconomy, and the increased availability of forest biomass will restrict the price effect making investments in the bioeconomy more likely to be profitable.

Характеристика ценопопуляций Serratula centauroides (Compositae) в Забайкалье

The coenopopulations of Serratula centauroides in various plant communities of Transbaikalia have been studied. In the study areas 10 geobotanical descriptions were made in plant communities with the participation of S. centauroides. In the investigated area S. centauroides is found on dry rocky slopes, in herb and sandy steppes. Depending on the growing conditions, the density of individuals in coenopopulations ranges from 0.18 to 1.80 individuals per 1 m2. The highest occurrence of S. centauroides is noted in communities dominated by Gramineous and Artemisia: Gramineous-Artemisia-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. Studied coenopopulations S. centauroides are confined to the following communities: Filifolium-herb, Gramineous- Artemisia-herb, Sophora-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Agropyron- Carex, Carex-herb, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. The phytomass, biological and exploitation resources, the possible volumes of annual harvesting of raw material of S. centauroides were determined. The phytomass of S. centauroides herb ranges from 8.10±3.46 to 75.93±19.55 g/m2 (air-dry raw material). The average phytomass of 1 individual of S. centauroides herb varies from 13.67±3.59 to 67.14±14.30 g (air-dry raw materials). The total biological resources of S. centauroides herb is 777.9 t (fresh raw materials) and 266.8 tons (air-dry raw materials). The total exploitation resources of S. centauroides herb is 224.7 t (fresh raw materials) and 79.8 t (air-dry raw materials). The possible volume of annual harvesting of raw materials of S. centauroides in the studied coenopopulations on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Republic of Buryatia amounts to 37.5 t (fresh raw materials) and 13.3 t (air-dry raw materials).

SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THE SOVIET UNION TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX: THE IDEA BEHIND THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN

During the years of Soviet power, principal changes took place in the country’s wood industry, including in spatial layout development. Having the large-scale crisis in the industry in the late 1980s — 2000s and the positive changes in its functioning in recent years and the development of an industry strategy, it becomes relevant to analyze the experience of planning the spatial layout of the wood industry during the period of Stalin’s modernization, particularly during the first five-year plan. The aim of the article is to analyze the reason behind spatial layout of the Soviet wood industry during the implementation of the first five-year plan. The study is based on the modernization concept. In our research we conducted mapping of the wood industry by region as well as of planned construction of the industry facilities. It was revealed that the discussion and development of an industrialization project by the Soviet Union party-state and planning agencies in the second half of the 1920s led to increased attention to the wood industry. The sector, which enterprises were concentrated mainly in the north-west, west and central regions of the country, was set the task of increasing the volume of harvesting, export of wood and production to meet the domestic needs and the export needs of wood resources and materials. Due to weak level of development of the wood industry, the scale of these tasks required restructuring of the branch, its inclusion to the centralized economic system, the direction of large capital investments to the development of new forest areas and the construction of enterprises. It was concluded that according to the first five-year plan, the priority principles for the spatial development of the wood industry were the approach of production to forests and seaports, intrasectoral and intersectoral combining. The framework of the industry was meant to strengthen and expand by including forests to the economic turnover and building new enterprises in the European North and the Urals, where the main capital investments were sent, as well as in the Vyatka region, Transcaucasia, Siberia and the Far East.

Государственное управление лесами Польши

Рассматривается государственное управление лесами в Польше. Проанализирована динамика состояния лесных ресурсов страны, объёмов их заготовки и цен на древесную продукцию. Особое внимание уделено структуре и функциям органов управления государственными лесами Польши и их сотрудничеству с частными владельцами лесов. Результаты управления лесами определяются состоянием лесных ресурсов, динамикой их изменения, объёмами заготовки древесины с учётом цен на неё и специализацией Польши на выпуске конечной продукции из древесины. The purpose of this article is to study the experience, results and the very model of managing Polish forests. Since the Polish and Russian forests are in similar conditions and have a similar level of forestry development, the successful experience of one country can be adopted by another country. The most significant condition bringing our countries together is the predominance of state ownership of forests. The article discusses the Polish model of forest management, including the structure of state forest management bodies and their functions. The article also traces the understanding by the Polish leadership of the mission and the role of forests in the development of society. Improving the management of the forest sector should cover all stages from forest cultivation, harvesting and processing to obtaining finished products of deep processing. Therefore, the results of applying the Polish forest management model are determined in the article by the state of forest resources, the dynamics of their change, the volume of timber harvested taking into account its prices and Poland’s specialization in the production of final wood products. To identify successes in forest management, we studied the dynamics of changes in the state of Poland’s forest resources, their harvesting volumes and prices for wood products. Particular attention is paid to the cooperation of state forest management bodies with private forest owners. Thanks to the creation of the state forest holding, Poland managed to establish an effective forest management system. Having financial independence from the state budget, the holding is working successfully, implementing sustainable forestry and making a profit. The statistics considered in this article demonstrate the positive dynamics of the formation of forest resources in Poland, a steady increase in timber harvesting and processing, as well as the achievement of high rates of specialization in deep wood processing products on the world market. This is evidenced by a significant increase in the role of Poland in the global production and export of furniture.

Cross-sectional analysis of spatial distribution and total amount of harvestable calvarian split bone

BackgroundBone resorption of the jaw leads to challenging implant placement. Frequently, augmentation of the jaw is necessary. Is calvarian split bone an alternative to other extraoral donor sites and what volume of bone is harvestable? The aim was to evaluate the spatial distribution and the total amount of harvestable calvarian split bone. Material and MethodsComputerized tomographies of 600 patients were divided into four groups (male and female: ≤45 years and >45 years). The skull was segmented and cut into the harvestable compartments (Os frontale, Ossa parietalia). The volume and thickness of the harvestable bone were calculated. ResultsThe overall harvestable bone was 110.644 ± 25.429 cm³. The bone from the Os frontale was significantly less than harvestable bone from the Os parietale (p < 0.001). More bone could be harvested from the right Os parietale. In younger males, significantly more bone could be harvested than in females (females ≤45 years: p = 0.001; females >45 years: p = 0.003). A weak negative correlation existed between the participants’ age and the harvestable bone volume of the left Os parietale (r = −0.087; p = 0.033). The thickness of the harvestable bone from the Ossa parietalia is greater in females than in males. ConclusionA great amount of calvarian bone can be harvested to augment the jaw. Surgeons must acknowledge that more bone is harvestable from males than females while the female bone is thicker. Calculating the volume leads to accurate results of the available bone.

IPAKCHILIK SANOATIDA XOM IPAK ISHLAB CHIQARISH HAJMINI OSHIRISHNING AYRIM YO‘LLARI

The article presents the research results to increase the volume of raw silk in the silk industry. Increasing the volume of cocoon harvesting, raw silk production and quality of the product is an urgent task today. The purpose of the research is to develop a new structure for mulberry plantations, which will increase the yield of mulberry leaf and thereby increase the volume of raw silk production in the silk industry. Methods have been developed for cultivating a new structure of a low-stemmed 1-tier 2-fist plantation of checkerboard order, plantations with double rows and united double rows. The leaf yield obtained from the plantation was 582.8 centners per hectare, the cocoons obtained 3.5 tons and raw silk 570.9 kg. The leaf yield obtained from a plantation with three and four combined double rows was 419.6-512.9 centners per hectare, cocoons obtained 2.5-3.1 tons and raw silk 411.0-502.4 kg. With a small land area, a 1-tier 2-fist plantation of checkerboard order is recommended, with a large land area – a plantation with three and four combined double rows, with additional production of other plant crops from the land plot – a plantation with double rows.

ПОДАРОК КРЫМУ – НОВЫЙ РАННЕСПЕЛЫЙ СОРТ ОЗИМОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

Creation and introduction into production new high-yielding and early ripening varieties of soft winter wheat adapted to certain weather conditions are the principal ways to increase yield and improve general harvest volumes. A properly selected variety is one of the most effective ways of achieving crop yield improvement for any farm. To realize the potential for increasing yields, it is crucial to bear in mind specific soil and climatic conditions. The aim of the research was to characterize a new variety of winter soft wheat ‘Podarok Krymu’ by economic and biological qualities, as well as morphological characteristics. Soil of the experimental plot – chernozems ordinary with a thick humus layer (up to 140 cm). The meteorological conditions during the years of research were quite diverse, which made it possible to evaluate the new variety by a set of economically valuable features. The studies were carried out in 2015–2019 on the experimental fields of the scientific crop rotation of the Department of Winter Wheat of State Scientific Establishment “Agricultural research center “Donskoy” (SSE “ARC “Donskoy”). The object of the research – a new variety of winter soft wheat ‘Podarok Krymu’. Winter soft wheat variety ‘Don 107’ was used as a standard. Preceding crop – corn for grain. The accounting area of the variety test plot – 10 m². Field experiments were replicated six times. In 2019, variety ‘Podarok Krymu’ was submitted for State Variety Testing by SSE “ARC “Donskoy” together with the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea. This variety has a high potential for grain productivity. The average yield in the competitive variety testing was 7.71 t/ha (preceding crop – corn for grain), which is 0.39 t/ha higher than the average yield of standard variety ‘Don 107’. According to the length of the growing season, the variety belongs to the early maturing group; its ears emerge and kernels ripe three days earlier than that of the standard. The high and stable yield of the new variety is ensured by its tolerance to drought and heat, increased winter hardiness and resistance of plants to frost, as well as resistance to the main diseases typical in the regions where studies are being conducted. Since the autumn of 2020, ‘Podarok Krymu’ has been studied to cultivate it in the North Caucasian, Lower Volga and Central Black Earth regions of the Russian Federation.

Representing Organic Matter Thermodynamics in Biogeochemical Reactions via Substrate-Explicit Modeling.

Predictive biogeochemical modeling requires data-model integration that enables explicit representation of the sophisticated roles of microbial processes that transform substrates. Data from high-resolution organic matter (OM) characterization are increasingly available and can serve as a critical resource for this purpose, but their incorporation into biogeochemical models is often prohibited due to an over-simplified description of reaction networks. To fill this gap, we proposed a new concept of biogeochemical modeling—termed substrate-explicit modeling—that enables parameterizing OM-specific oxidative degradation pathways and reaction rates based on the thermodynamic properties of OM pools. Based on previous developments in the literature, we characterized the resulting kinetic models by only two parameters regardless of the complexity of OM profiles, which can greatly facilitate the integration with reactive transport models for ecosystem simulations by alleviating the difficulty in parameter identification. The two parameters include maximal growth rate (μmax) and harvest volume (Vh) (i.e., the volume that a microbe can access for harvesting energy). For every detected organic molecule in a given sample, our approach provides a systematic way to formulate reaction kinetics from chemical formula, which enables the evaluation of the impact of OM character on biogeochemical processes across conditions. In a case study of two sites with distinct OM thermodynamics using ultra high-resolution metabolomics datasets derived from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analyses, our method predicted how oxidative degradation is primarily driven by thermodynamic efficiency of OM consistent with experimental rate measurements (as shown by correlation coefficients of up to 0.61), and how biogeochemical reactions can vary in response to carbon and/or oxygen limitations. Lastly, we showed that incorporation of enzymatic regulations into substrate-explicit models is critical for more reasonable predictions. This result led us to present integrative biogeochemical modeling as a unifying framework that can ideally describe the dynamic interplay among microbes, enzymes, and substrates to address advanced questions and hypotheses in future studies. Altogether, the new modeling concept we propose in this work provides a foundational platform for unprecedented predictions of biogeochemical and ecosystem dynamics through enhanced integration with diverse experimental data and extant modeling approaches.

Foraging in Czechia: The nation’s precious hobby

ABSTRACT The article fills the gap in the geographical literature on foraging in a Central and Eastern European context. Its goals are to investigate the extent and character of foraging practice and the population of foragers in Czechia, as well as to uncover what motivates the practice of foraging for non-timber forest products. A mixed methods approach was used in the reported study, which combined the triangulation of data from official statistics, three waves of a representative data survey, and a case study of mushroom pickers in Prague, the capital city of Czechia. The results show that foraging is a widespread practice in Czechia with stable but fluctuating harvest volumes. Czechs gather mainly mushrooms and edible berries. The results also show that foraging is a traditional practice of people with different demographic characteristics and from diverse socio-economic backgrounds, with a myriad of diverse motivations and connotations far from mere economic ones. Strolling outside in the fresh air and in forests is clearly a dominant motive. Thus, the author concludes that foraging in Czechia is far from being limited to livelihood strategies to tackle food insecurity.

Characteristics of the transport infrastructure of the Krasnoyarsk territory and its impact on the efficiency of the logging process

Forest infrastructure is an important element of economic development of territories. It is impossible to maintain sustainable forest management without forest infrastructure. Forest infrastructure is the basis of the production and non-production spheres. It creates favorable conditions for work and the life of the population. Forest infrastructure has an impact on the economic development of the timber industry connected regions of Russia. In the process of logging the use of forest infrastructure facilities is necessary. At the same time, the transport infrastructure, its condition, and development have a significant impact on the logging process and its effectiveness. The nature of this dependence is of practical interest. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the development of transport infrastructure and its impact on forest harvesting volumes in the forestries of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The results of our studies allow to make the following conclusions: the structure and density of the forest transport infrastructure of the region is uneven. Its design lacks regularity and validity. The development of transport routes is chaotic. The dependence of the performance indicators of the harvesting process on the density or length of transport routes is ambiguous and it requires further investigation.

The coloniality of private forest lands: Harvesting levels, land grants, and neoliberalism on Vancouver Island

This paper examines how colonial land grants and the neoliberalization of forestry policy have enabled an aggressive harvesting regime on a massive tract of private land on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. We detail the intensity of industrial logging activities of three forestry companies—Island Timberlands, TimberWest, and Western Forest Products—on private land on Vancouver Island. We draw on 11 years of harvesting volume records from the public British Columbia Harvest Billing System to examine the rate of harvest on private land by the aforementioned companies. The paper maps the harvesting volumes we report in relation to forest land ownership and the boundaries of land grants to demonstrate the enduring settler‐colonial character of fee simple forest land and industrial harvesting activities. We argue that neoliberal legislation introduced in 2003 deregulated forestry operations on private lands, facilitating the harvesting regimes we detail. We further suggest that settler‐colonial enclosures set in motion by the Esquimalt &amp; Nanaimo Railway Company land grants starting in 1884 have been foundational to the establishment and management of private forest lands on Vancouver Island and continue to represent barriers for Indigenous communities as they assert their rights and title to private forest land.

Partitioning and solving large-scale tactical harvest scheduling problems for industrial plantation forests

Spatially explicit, tactical forest planning is a necessary but challenging task in the management of plantation forests. It involves harvest scheduling and planning for road access and log transportation over time and space. This combinatorial problem can be formulated into the fixed-charge transportation problem (FCTP), in which the sum of fixed and variable costs is minimized while meeting harvest volume requirements and allowing necessary road maintenance and log hauling activities. The problem can be solved using general optimization methods such as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), but the computational efficiency of the MILP-based approach quickly drops as the size and complexity of the problem increases. We developed a new optimization procedure that partitions the large planning problem into smaller subproblems. We applied a hybrid optimization approach using both MILP and heuristic rules to efficiently solve the large FCTP that otherwise may not be solvable using traditional methods. We applied our approach to an industrial plantation forest in Brazil. Our applications demonstrate the performance of the new optimization procedure and the benefit of solving large forest planning problems that integrate harvest scheduling with road access and transportation.

Using Mixed Integer Goal Programming in Final Yield Harvest Planning: A Case Study from the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

A mixed integer goal programming model is developed to address the regeneration planning problems of even-aged forests in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The unique aspect of the goal programming formulation is to minimize deviations in scheduled wood product volumes and the size of harvest areas within each time period, as these are important goals for the management area. About 98% of the forests in Turkey are considered even-aged, and 2% are uneven-aged. Therefore, an age class method is used for the planning of even-aged forests. For the areas where this method is applied, reaching the optimal age class structure is the first priority. This involves implementing final harvests (clearcuts) to regenerate an amount of forest area into each age class. To meet the local market’s needs, forest enterprises also require the final yield to be fairly equal each year. Further, it is desired that the harvest area (regeneration area) is relatively equal each year, to address operational considerations. A linear goal programming model is developed to address the problem. The minimization of deviations from both the harvest area and harvest volume targets are incorporated as goals in the objective function of the model. Several scenarios are solved using the extended version of Lingo 16. A scenario with weights of 0.8 for area and 0.2 for volume produces the best results. Here, the total deviation for 20 years is 3.8 ha in area and 2889 m3 in volume. In the actual regeneration plan, the area deviation for 10 years is 54.72 ha (6.2% of total regeneration area), and the volume deviation is 20,472 m3 (9.8% of harvest volume). The model described through this study can be developed further and integrated into forest management planning software and processes used for the planning of even-aged forests in the Mediterranean region.

Quantity and Quality of Intraoral Autogenous Block Graft Donor Sites with Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

The autogenous bone block graft is regarded as the gold standard material due to reported osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic properties. Various intraoral donor sites for autogenous block grafts are presented in the literature. The aim of this study was to radiographically evaluate the maximum dimensions, volume, and bone quality values of these sites. According to the inclusion criteria, 50 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from 50 subjects were evaluated. The maximum length, width, height, and volume of autogenous regions where block grafts could be harvested were measured. Radiographic bone quality was calculated by using Hounsfield units derived from CBCT (CBCT-HU). The mean age of 50 subjects (19 men and 31 women) was 55.84 ± 15.9 years. In this study, the symphysis was the largest potential donor site (3.14 ± 1.05 cm3), while maxillary tuberosity was the smallest (0.53 ± 0.34 cm3). These results correlated with bone density values, where the symphysis retained the highest values (937.31 ± 160.59 CBCT-HU) and the maxillary tuberosity had the lowest values (360.87 ± 141.48 CBCT-HU). Intraoral bone blocks have restrictions due to surrounding vital anatomical structures. The surgeons should consider these vital structures using accurate CBCT evaluation. The volume and density of the maximal bone harvest from the symphysis was statistically higher in comparison with ramus, palatal, and maxillary tuberosity bone blocks.