Harvest Of Grain Research Articles

Efficient Solar Air Heater Absorber Plate for Crop Drying Application

Solar air heaters are commonly placed on farms to provide heat during the drying of croplands. This practice has been studied to see if solar air heaters can provide adequate heat to support the harvesting and drying of crops. The study revealed that solar air heaters can provide sufficient heat to support the drying of croplands and the harvesting of grain. However, solar air heaters are more efficient when their air flow and thermal capacity are equal. To be more economical, they should be designed with more efficient components such as reflectors and ducting systems. The air flow and the thermal capacity of the solar air are also affected by the duct system’s low heat transfer coefficient. This can be increased by taking advantage of the air’s restricted thermal capacity. Active and passive approaches can also be used to increase the HT coefficient of solar air heaters. In most cases, this method is more cost-effective than using an absorber plate. In most cases, the use of an active or passive approach can increase the air flow and the HT coefficient of solar air heaters. This CFD study focused on the link between the roughness element for solar air heater ducts and the HT capacity of the system.

The production of major agricultural crops in the Orenburg region

A detailed analysis of the production of the main agricultural crops in the Orenburg region for a long-term period, taking into account of their sown areas, gross yields and yields in farms of all categories has been provided in the article. The purpose of the research was to analyze the production of the main agricultural crops in the Orenburg region. Based on the conducted research, transformational changes and trends in the regional production of grain, potatoes and vegetable crops have been identified. During the study period, a gradual reduction in the acreage of grain and leguminous crops in the region was revealed with stabilization at the level of 2.7 million hectares with a wide range of variations in gross yields and productivity depending on the weather and climatic conditions of cultivation. The gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in farms of all categories during the study period varied in a very wide range of 739.6–4207.2 thousand tons. The biggest gross harvests of grain and leguminous crops were observed in 2000, 2016 and 2017, respectively, 3141.7; 3138.6 and 4207.2 thousand tons in association with the most favorable natural and climatic conditions of their cultivation. There was the reduction in the area, the decrease in gross yields and the tendency to increase the yield of potatoes and vegetable crops in farms of all categories. Based on the analysis, measures are proposed to optimize the acreage, increase the gross yield and productivity of the main agricultural crops in the agricultural sector of the regional agro-industrial complex, as well as a set of measures for sustainable development and effective functioning of regional agricultural production with the possibility of applied use in other regions of the Russian Federation.

РЕСУРСНА МОДЕЛЬ ФОРМУВАННЯ АГРОТРОНІКИ КОМБАЙНОВОГО ЗБИРАННЯ ЗЕРНОВОГО ЗБІЖЖЯ

The purpose of the work is to justify the readiness of the machine under the condition that there is a state from which the agrotronics system of combine harvesting of grain can go to any mode with a given probability, and which belongs to a selected subset of modes in the presence of a certain amount of resources. The practical result will be the formation of a model for the formation of agrotronics for harvester harvesting of grain, which will initially be solved using the terminology adopted by mass service theory, and recommendations will be given for the specific use of the obtained solutions.

The Formation of the Productivity of Winter Wheat Depends on the Predecessor, Doses of Mineral Fertilizers and Bio Preparations

Wheat is the main agricultural crop in many countries of the world, as well as the main food in the steppe zone, so the system of agrotechnical measures should be aimed at creating favourable conditions for obtaining a high yield. The issue of intensification of grain production is inseparable from the production and use of new biogenic effective drugs that have a positive effect on the growth and development of cultivated plants. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of foliar fertilisation with bacterial preparations, precursors, and doses of mineral fertilisers on grain yield and productivity elements of winter wheat. The paper provides data on the results of the research of winter wheat of the Duma Odeska variety in the conditions of the Educational and Practical Centre of the Mykolaiv NAU in 2019–2021. During the study, generally accepted methods were used: monographic, systematic approach and systematic analysis, analysis and synthesis, field and statistical. The influence of the precursor, foliar feeding with modern bacterial biopreparations and the use of different doses of mineral fertilisers on the elements of the crop structure and grain yield of winter wheat was analysed. It was established that the yield level depended and changed on the precursor taken for foliar feeding of the bacterial preparation, the level of mineral nutrition and to a large extent on the influence of the weather conditions of the growing year. Over the years of research, precursors, mineral fertilisers, and treatment of plant sowing with biological preparations affected the number of productive stems, the number of grains from an ear, the mass of grain from one ear and the mass of 1,000 grains of winter wheat. The conducted studies confirmed the expediency of foliar fertilising in the main periods of vegetation with biological preparations to optimise the nutrition of winter wheat plants with the aim of forming a stable grain yield. The obtained scientific results of the research will contribute to the wide application of biological preparations, which will ensure the rapid and full growth and development of winter wheat plants, which will further contribute to increasing the yield and gross harvest of grain.

Water Resources and Adaptation Strategies to Water Scarcity at Sukajor Village in Ramechhap Municipality

Climate change has stressed water resources. Water availability and its management is critical for rural livelihood including farmers. Decreasing water supplies have been causing negative impact to rural people's livelihoods in mid-hills of Nepal, particularly for crop production during the dry months of the year. People are coping with different adaptation strategies that varies with time, situation, and available technology. In this context, the main objective of this research is to study water resource and adaptation strategies of local people of Sukajor-7, Ramechhap Municipality. Primary and secondary data were collected using GPS survey, household survey, KII, FGD, and field observation. The study result shows water supply has not met the demand, only 74.5 percent of total daily drinking water demand has met. Though traditional water management practice exists, water demand has not fulfilled yet. However, water management system was traditional as they kept water sources open and was not able to store the water so that they had to travel to the water sources located at longer distance. The supply of water is insufficient even though 86 the people had made intake in the sources and operated lift system in Chhatiwane, Agaute and Chimkhi. People harvest rain water as alternative sources of water.

Water Management and Conservation

Abstract: Everybody knows about the importance of water. Water is the only source which distinguish our planet compare to all the others. The demand of water increasing day by day due to population growth and economic development. While the global supply of available of fresh water is more than adequate to meet all the current and fore see able water demands, its spatial and temporal distribution are not. The severity of water have direct impact in future. All of us must find ways to remove these constraints. Both central and state governments has various programmes for water conservation and management. Water conservation programs increase irrigation potential and try to improve the water and food security situation in country. In India due to rapidly growing population increase the drinking water consumption and decrease rain fall. Due to poor management, ignorance, lacking of technologies and in the absence of responsibilities by the people the water problem arise in India. Here is the major focus on factors responsible for water pollution and waste water treatment, so that focusing the remedy for major water pollution and waste water treatment will help to conserve water and will be helpful for effective management of our precious water. There are numerous methods to reduce water losses and improve water conservation and management like harvesting rain water, fog and dew, mulching, contour farming, and some technologies like nitration, ion-exchange and chlorination method.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЗЕРНОВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА В РОССИИ: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The purpose of this study is to assess and predict the factors of productivity of Russian grain production in the context of the ongoing territorial and sectoral structural changes. The research methodology includes a retrospective assessment of the production of major grain crops in the key grain-producing zones of the country. The identification of tendencies and trends was carried out using the methods of nonlinear dynamics. The time period of the study covers 1990-2020. Calculations show that, in Russia as a whole, by 2030 there will be a stable growth in the values of the yields of grain and leguminous crops. The maximum growth rate will be demonstrated by rye (1.9 times more than the average), buckwheat (1.5) and corn (1.3). Wheat and barley yields will grow at the average level. A significant part of the structure of grain production with growth trends will be wheat (winter and spring), as well as barley and corn for grain. The following federal districts will be the leading regions of Russia in grain production: Southern, Central, Povolzhsky, Siberian, North Caucasian. Russia has a enough margin of stability in the productivity of grain production. The growth trends of the main indicators of the productivity of grain production in Russia will continue: the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops due to the factors of intensification of production has a reserve of 10.4 - 25.7 million tons in excess of the officially planned indicators by 2030. The extensive option of grain production (expansion of the sown area while maintaining the global growth rates of yield) is additionally estimated at 24.5 - 42.6 million tons of the planned values of strategic documents. An increase in demand for grain in the world market will lead to the strengthening of wheat in the structure of grain production in Russia, a sharp increase in specialized zones for the production of corn for grain

Гадание по хулилам среди монголов

Introduction. Various collections of Mongolian xylographs and manuscripts may contain works on divination practice with eight khulils. What does the word khulil mean? Why does one use eight khulils? What are the texts devoted to the khulil divination? This article deals with the practice of khulil divination in Mongolia, while introducing a Mongolian text devoted to this form of divination. Results. The divination practice goes back to the oldest Chinese source on divination Yijing (I Ching, Book of Changes, about the seventh century BC). Divination is carried out with the help of the trigram, or the three dashes, which are the result of casting coins or of some other method. A combination of trigrams means a particular future. These three lines are called khulil in Mongolian (gua in Chinese). Divination by 8 gua, or 8 khulils, and 64 (8 × 8) or 512 (8 × 8 × 8) combinations is the most common form of divination in China. Later, each trigram was represented by a year of the 12-year animal cycle so that the ninth year was the beginning of the next cycle. Thus, each of the 8 years symbolizes a certain trigram, or khulil, according to the ordinal number of the latter. Granted the number of Mongolian manuscripts on khulil divination in various collections, this divination form was widely practiced by Mongolians. By way of introducing the literature on the subject, the present article presents the Russian translation of the initial fragment of manuscript MN 1145 originating from Ts. Damdinsuren museum in Ulaanbaatar. This is a Mongolian translation from Chinese made relatively late that has few traces of Mongolization or efforts of adaptation to nomadic realia. Besides concerns for the illnesses of relatives or issues of choosing a son-in-law or a bride, which are of a universal character, the most popular topics are questions about farming, such as: should one expect rain? what will be the harvest of grain and raw silk? Also, there are many questions related to promotion and career, e.g., passing exams for the degree of an official. The text contains numerous Sinicisms, including idioms, expressions, and names of Chinese astrological signs; there is also a reference to buying a jins, which points to the Manchu period. Notably, neither Tibetan items nor Buddhist deities are mentioned in the text.

Analysis of the production of major agricultural crops in the Orenburg region

A detailed analysis of the production of the main agricultural crops in the Orenburg region for a long-term period, taking into account of their sown areas, gross yields and yields in farms of all categories has been provided in the article. The purpose of the research was to analyze the production of the main agricultural crops in the Orenburg region. Based on the conducted research, transformational changes and trends in the regional production of grain, potatoes and vegetable crops have been identified. During the study period, a gradual reduction in the acreage of grain and leguminous crops in the region was revealed with stabilization at the level of 2,7 million hectares with a wide range of variations in gross yields and productivity depending on the weather and climatic conditions of cultivation. The gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in farms of all categories during the study period varied in a very wide range of 739,6–4207,2 thousand tons. The biggest gross harvests of grain and leguminous crops were observed in 2000, 2016 and 2017, respectively, 3141,7, 3138,6 and 4207,2 thousand tons in association with the most favorable natural and climatic conditions of their cultivation. There was the reduction in the area, the decrease in gross yields and the tendency to increase the yield of potatoes and vegetable crops in farms of all categories. Based on the analysis, measures are proposed to optimize the acreage, increase the gross yield and productivity of the main agricultural crops in the agricultural sector of the regional agro-industrial complex, as well as a set of measures for sustainable development and effective functioning of regional agricultural production with the possibility of applied use in other regions of the Russian Federation.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Nutrient Concentration of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur to evaluate the integrated nutrient management on nutrient concentration. The experiment was comprising sixteen treatments viz. T1- control, T2- 100% RDF,T3- 100% RDF+S, T4- 100% RDF+S+Zn, T5- 100% RDF + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.), T6- 100% RDF + 25% N through F.Y.M., T7- 100% RDF + 25% N through FYM + S, T8- 100% RDF + 25% N through FYM + S + Zn, T9-100% RDF. + 25% N through F.Y.M. + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.), T10-100% RDF + 25% N through vermi compost, T11- 100% RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ PSB), T12- 75 % RDF T13- 75 % RDF + 25 % N through FYM T14- 75% RDF + 25% N through vermi compost, T15-75% RDF + 25% N through FYM + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.) and T16- 75% RDF + 25% N through vermi compost + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.). Contents of N, P, K, S and Zn. Increased linearly and non-significantly except N content in grain and straw and Zn content at all the stages of crop growth in comparison to control. Highest concentration of N, P, K, S and Zn at late tillering, milking and at harvest in grain and straw was recorded with T11 (100% R.D.F. + 25% N through vermicompost+S + Zn + bio- fertilizers (Azotobactor+P.S.B.) followed by T9 (100% R.D.F. + 25% N through F.Y.M. + S + Zn+bio-fertilizers (Azotobactor+P.S.B.) and minimum at control (T1) during both the years. Integration of sulphur, zinc, bio-fertilizers, FYM and vermicompost with 100% RDF and 75% RDF treatments also influences N, P, K, S and Zn content at all the stages of crop growth during both the years. It was also observed that integration of sulphur and zinc showed higher increases and its content also increase the concentration of others nutrients higher with 100% RDF treatments in comparison to 75% RDF treatments. The higher concentration of N, P, K, S and Zn to be attributed to higher availability and synergistic effects of these nutrients to each other at all the stages of crop growth.

Use of Land Resources in Agriculture of Ukraine and their Potential During the Functioning of Land Market Opening

arket in Ukraine it is relevant as well, as land is the basis of any production, the main source of satisfaction of the primary needs and human labor, which together act as a material condition and as an active factor of the main means of production. Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to determine the efficiency of the use of land resources in the agriculture of Ukraine and to assess their potential to identify investment attractiveness on the functioning of land market opening based on the analysis of performance indicators of agricultural land users of various forms of management.. Results. The issues of land transformation in Ukraine have been studied (considered) in the paper. The assessment of the land resource potential in farms of all categories has been carried out. A grouping of enterprises was carried out according to the size of the areas from which the harvest of grain and industrial crops was collected. The financial results from the production and economic activities of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine have been determined. It has been proved that the main goal of efficient use of land resources in agriculture of Ukraine is the volume of products produced per unit of land plot, profit and the level of profitability. Conclusions. The implementation of this goal will lead to the emergence of investment attractiveness of land resources on the eve of land market opening, due to the flow of significant capital into the agriculture of Ukraine, it will contribute to the rational and environmental use and increase the socio-economic development of agricultural formations and the labor resources employed in this sector.

Green infrastructure influences soil health: Biological divergence one year after installation

Global threats to soils remain one of the greatest concerns and challenges of the 21st century. Built landscapes have profound local and global effects because they create urban heat islands, increase habitat fragmentation, and reduce biological diversity. Additionally, impervious surfaces alter natural watersheds and reduce infiltration increasing runoff that leads to erosion and soil degradation. To combat these effects, green infrastructure (GI) practices, like water harvesting rain gardens, are implemented in the Southwest United States to restore natural ecological function, yet little is known about how GI impacts soil health. Soil health can be measured using indicators that include physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that support ecosystem processes. This study aimed to evaluate changes in water holding capacity, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, Gibbs free energy, species richness and Shannon diversity in response to rain gardens that received different inputs (frequency and amount) and sources of harvested water (rain, municipal, greywater) one year after installation. We hypothesized that soil health indicators in GI diverge from the unaltered control treatment one year following installation. Although physical and chemical indicators were comparatively less sensitive to GI treatments than biological indicators, they varied within treatments after one year of GI management (pH increased: H = 36.37; p-value = 0.00; electrical conductivity decreased: H = 33.94; p-value = 0.00). Overall, we observed significantly higher soil microbial diversity (F = 4.29; p-value = 0.015) and richness (F = 4.02; p-value = 0.019) in surface soils in GI treatments after one year of management. Our findings suggest GI practices enhanced soil biological health which may lead to positive feedbacks that assist gradual changes in the abiotic environment thus enhancing soil health over time. These findings have broad implications for effectively assessing the success of GI management practices over short time periods using soil biological health indicators.

Performance Analysis of Krishi Bhagya Scheme in Agro-climatic Zone-3 of Karnataka

India has been predominantly an agricultural country. The progress of India is very much dependent on the development of agriculture. In recent years, effect of climate change seen in the form of long dry spells and heavy rains in rainfed areas causing drought and floods, respectively. However, these vagaries can be overcome by adopting soil conservation measures, changing cropping pattern, rain water harvesting etc., The present study was undertaken ‘to know the utilization pattern of the components by the KBS beneficiaries’ in Bagalkot and Vijayapura districts of Karnataka during 2017-2018 by the ex-post-facto research design with the sample size of 120 beneficiaries. The results revealed that contour bunds were constructed to increase ground water table (6.67 %) and control erosion (5.83 %). The probable reason might be that, majority of them having semi-medium land holdings. So, they are not ready to reduce the area on their productive lands. All the beneficiaries were constructed farm ponds to harvest rain water to provide protective irrigations in critical stages of crops to get good yield, collected water is also used for providing drinking water for humans and animals (77.50 %). All the beneficiaries installed diesel pump set to lift water from farm pond. Diesel pump is available in lower price and is compulsory to get subsidy under this scheme. So, the poor farmers can able to purchase and used for own purpose. Forty per cent of beneficiaries providing irrigations to the crops through sprinkler irrigations once in two weeks. So, that not even a drop is wasted and crop gets the required quantity of water at the right time for better yield. Thirty-five per cent of beneficiaries growing capsicum and tomato (15.00 %) in poly house. This study implies that KBS is facilitating the farming community not only in increasing production and productivity, but also in conserving natural resources to the greater extent. Therefore, the replication of the KBS for the non-beneficiaries is most desired to transform the socio-economic condition of the farming community at large.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ МИРОВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЗЕРНА

Cereals, including wheat, rice, maize and barley, are essential elements of diets in many countries and regions of the world. With the development of international trade, natural agricultural advantages have been transformed into the economic specialization of countries in the world market as producers, exporters and consumers of various crops. In the total structure of sown areas in 2019, the main share is occupied by wheat - 35.2% of all sizes, significant areas are allocated for growing barley - 11.0%, sunflower - 10.7%, corn - 3.2% soybean 3.9%. The gross harvest of cereals and leguminous crops in 2019 amounted to 121.2 million tons, which is higher than the level of the previous period by 6.9%. Wheat production amounted to 74.5 million tons, barley - 20.5 million tons, maize - 14.3 million tons, oats - 4.4 million tons, legumes - 3.3 million tons, rye - 1.4 million tons, rice - 1.1 million tons, millet - 0.4 million tons. The long-term strategies for the development of the grain complex of the Russian Federation until 2035 are: gross harvesting of grain and leguminous crops - 140 million tons, sown areas - 50 million hectares, domestic consumption - 86.2 million tons, the volume of grain exports, including its processed products - 55.9 million tons, the capacity of one-time storage of grain and leguminous crops - 167.4 million tons. Currently, almost half of the world's cereal production is provided by developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, mainly China, India and Indonesia. In China, the gross harvest of all types of cereals exceeds 610 million tons, the remaining Asian countries collect another 770 million tons. Cereal production is significant in North America (USA and Canada), as well as in the EU (France, Germany, Romania, Poland, Spain). The share of other regions in world grain production does not exceed 10%.

THE DIRECTIONS FOR OPTIMIZING UKRAINE’S EXPORT POTENTIAL OF GRAIN CROPS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

"The production and yield of grain crops in Ukraine from 2000 to 2019 was analysed in the article. The comparative analysis of gross harvest and export of grain during these years was carried out and the dependence of exports on gross harvest and its share was determined. The results point out that the export of grain crops has increased over the years under research, which indicates Ukraine’s significant export potential. Thus, leaving for the needs of the country from 16.0 to 36.6 million tons of grain (on average, 25.9 million tons), Ukrainian farmers export an average of 40.7% of the crop. During the period from 2000 to 2019, the gross harvest of grains in the country averaged 48.4 million tons resulting in the annual potential share of exports of at least 22.4 million tons. It was also found that the increase in the share of exports was made possible by a qualitative change in yield, which was due to the changes in crop growing technology. However, with global warming and climate change, new challenges for agricultural producers are emerging. The recommendations were given in order to improve the crop growing technology that will allow to overcome these challenges, further increase yields and Ukraine's export potential. "

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И УДОБРЕНИЙ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The article presents the results of studies of the influence of soil cultivation methods, mineral fertilizers and biofungicide on yield, grain quality of spring wheat and economic indicators. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020. The soil of the experimental site is represented by slightly leached heavy loamy chernozem with a humus content of 5.8%. The object of research is spring wheat, grade “Ulyanovskaya 100”. The subject of research is six methods of soil cultivation: 1) moldboard - (plowing by 20-22 cm PLN-4-35) control; 2) differentiated - (plowing 25-27 cm for the previous crop, disking 6-8 cm for spring wheat); 3) mulching - (by 10-12 cm APK-3 in spring); 4) comb - (OP-3S for 13-15cm); 5) disk - (paper machine for 6-8cm); 6) flat-carved - (KPSh-3 by 13-15cm). The experiment was carried out on four backgrounds: 1) N0P0K0 (control); 2. Background (N30P30K30 - for pre-sowing cultivation); 3. “Fitotrix”; 4.Background N30P30K30 + Fitotrix. The experiment was repeated four times. The arrangement of the plots is systematic, the total area of the plot is 250 m2 (10 x 25), the accounting area is 125 m2 (5 x 25). The highest yield - 3.73 t/ha, was achieved with the use of differentiated tillage, here the profitability of grain production was 161%, the energy efficiency coefficient was 3.51 units, against plowing, where the indicators were respectively by 0.15 t/ha, 52% and 0.43 units below. The greatest responsiveness in the harvesting of grain from fertilizers was observed in the variant with ridge cultivation, where the increments were 0.49 t/ha against the background of the application of N30P30K30, against the background of N30P30K30 + “Fitotrix” - by 0.96 t/ha relative to the non-fertilized background. The quality characteristics of the grain were similar regardless of the main tillage methods. The highest indicators were observed in the combination of biofungicide with mineral fertilizers, where the increase in gluten and protein was 3.4 and 1.1%, compared with the non-fertilized background

Состояние аграрного сектора сельского хозяйства России

The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy. The priority directions of development of the main segments of the agricultural economy are studied. Data on the import and export of grain crops are presented. The leading regions in the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in 2020 are the Rostov Region and the Krasnodar Territory. The basis of cereal exports is wheat, its share in the total volume in 2020 amounted to 79.1%. The largest buyer of Russian barley (46.7%) is Saudi Arabia, corn is Turkey and Vietnam.

Classify Rice Disease Using Self-Optimizing Models and Edge Computing with Agricultural Implications

Rice continues to be a primary food for the world’s population. Over its complex history, dating as far back as 8,000 B.C., there have been agricultural challenges, such as a variety of diseases. A consequence of disease in rice plants may lead to no harvest of grain; therefore, detecting disease early and providing expert remedies in a low-cost solution is highly desirable. In this article, we study a pragmatic approach for rice growers to leverage artificial intelligence solutions that reduce cost, increase speed, improve ease of use, and increase model performance over other solutions, thereby directly impacting field operations. Our method significantly improves upon prior methods by combining automated feature extraction for image data, exploring thousands of traditional machine learning configurations, defining a search space for hyper-parameters, deploying a model using edge computing field usability, and suggesting remedies for rice growers. These results prove the validity of the proposed approach for rice disease detection and treatments.

Gender Mainstreaming in Drought Disaster Risk Reduction

Climate change has affected the whole world and caused disasters, include drought. Since Tana Mbanas village in Central Sumba District is the driest remote area in eastern region of Indonesia, gender inequality has affected in daily life of people in the village instead of other social and environmental problems. This research aimed to evaluate how gender mainstreaming implemented in drought disaster risk reduction in Tana Mbanas village in Central Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The result of the research is expected to become a mirror that reflects Sumba island gender and development issues. The research took place in Tana Mbanas village in Central Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, and conducted by qualitative method with purposive data sampling. The steps taken in the research were observation, data collecting by questionnaire and in-depth interview to respondents, and literature review. It was reported that Tana Mbanas village people has given water management assistance by village fund, conducting water management counselling, saving water, and harvesting rain systems in every household. This research meets conclusions that: (1) Several programs and planned actions in water supply system and infrastructure development have become initiatives of government agencies of village authorities, BPBD and Public Work Agency of Central Sumba Regency; (2) People demonstrated vulnerability to drought as well as lack of water supply and also water resources; (3) Strong efforts should be conducted to educate people and increase women capacity in coping issues of poverty, drought, and lack of water supply; and (4) Government agencies and other private institutions have to build women capacity as their participation in enhancing gender equality and mainstreaming gender.

Rainwater harvesting as social capital for urban water supply: mitigation of floods and droughts.

The Yogyakarta Urban Areas (YUA) has the highest population density in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. In its establishment as a city center, YUA is not only a residential area but also a commercial area which encourages land conversion. Changes in land use lead to a reduction in water catchment areas that have a major influence on the sustainability of groundwater reserves. This study aims to examine people’s perceptions as social capital towards rainwater harvesting as an alternative to providing clean water. The research approach carried out in this study is based on empirical conditions found in the field. Data collection is done by questionnaire method while the data analysis used is descriptive qualitative to conduct studies on public perceptions. The results of the study show that people’s perceptions are influenced by social environmental conditions. Most people do not want to harvest rain water, assuming that rainwater has worse quality compared to well water and water from PDAM sources. The need for efforts to raise awareness of the role of the community as social capital in providing reliable and sustainable clean water through rainwater harvesting