Harvest Of Grain Research Articles

Suitability of rainwater harvesting in saline and arsenic affected areas of Bangladesh

A major portion of Bangladesh is currently experiencing a scarcity of safe drinking water because of arsenic contamination, high salinity and human-induced pollution. The objectives of this study were to identify locations with a high scarcity of drinking water and suitability of harvesting rainwater. Kriging interpolation algorithms of Geographical Information System (GIS) was employed to identify the probable water scarce zones as well as suitable zones of harvesting rain water from the available data of secondary sources. Statistical methods were employed to cluster, correlate, and regress variables such as rainfall, salinity, and As. The results showed that groundwater quality in the southwestern parts of Bangladesh is saline with high concentration (>10000 μS/cm). On the other hand, the northeastern and southwestern parts of Bangladesh are also vulnerable to arsenic contamination (60 %–97 % of tubewells), compared to other regions. The rainfall zonation map, covering the years 1951–2022, indicated that the Sylhet division had the highest potential for rainfall (ranging from 2600 to 3900 mm). From this study it was demonstrated that Sylhet, Noakhali, Bhola, Barishall, Patuakhali, Bagerhat, and Khulna were identified as suitable places for sustainable rainwater harvesting (RWH). The findings of this study may play significant role towards achieving sustainable potable water supply in vulnerable zones, if they receive attention from policymakers.

The Environmental Conservation Strategies Used in Secondary Schools Align with Guidelines of United Nations Environmental Program: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study in a City Setting

The climate change crisis might soon be the biggest threat to global human existence if immediate action is not taken to overpower it. In Eastern Uganda, Mbale city is among the most affected areas, and the burden manifests in form of disasters such as long dry spells and floods. One of such floods in this city recently destroyed 5,000 acres of crops and homes of 5,600 people, killed over 30- and cut off clean water for 400,000 people. Schools can create environmentally responsible communities that are able to address this threat, but persistence of the burden in this area depicts unclear gaps in the roles played by these academic institutions. This study therefore examined the environmental conservation strategies used in addressing climate change and related calamities by students and staff of secondary schools in Mbale city, to unravel intervention-gaps and guide the way forward. Conservation strategies, plus factors promoting their adoption and challenges, as well as the perceptions, attitudes, awareness, and knowledge about environmental conservation and climate change were examined in a random sample of 384 secondary school students and staff. Pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaires and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were used under the guidelines of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), supplemented with observational surveys and photography. Data was analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using STATA version-15.0. Graphs were plotted with GraphPad Prism® version 9.0.0. Conservation strategies in schools were found to be diverse, involving mainly tree planting (N=339, 91.2%), preservation of green spaces (N=310, 83.3%), harvesting rain water and not damping wastes in water resources (N= 372, 100% each). Reuse of waste plastic bottles to fabricate dustbins was a novel observation. KIIs showed that the use of the school curriculum to support environmental conservation and climate change action was also prominent (N=12, 100%), but was not significantly different from other key strategic approaches such as incentives (χ2 = 0.992, p = 0.319), and aid from some agencies (χ2 = 3.200, p = 0.074). Interventions against air pollution were scarce. Determinants of choice of conservation measures were mostly; the school curriculum (N=381, 99.2%), costs (N= 381, 99.2%), land size (N= 352, 91.7%) and education level (N=250, 65.1%). Commonest perceptions on why conservation is vital were; to avert ecological threats (N=372, 100%), and the urge for a clean environment (N=372, 100%). Good attitudes towards conservation were in 269 (70.1%) of the participants; 48.4%, 7.8%, and 7.1% were not aware about biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution respectively. 58.1% lacked sufficient conservation knowledge. Long dry seasons (100%), financial scarcities (94.8%), and high population (98.9%) were the commonest barriers, while low political will (N=12, 3.1%), was minimal. In conclusion, environmental conservation strategies in secondary schools in Mbale city are diverse, largely align with guidelines of UNEP, and are based on the geography, resources, policies, and sociodemographic factors. The commonest challenges were; long dry spells, financial scarcities, population pressure. Redress to these anomalies is desired to enhance the use of secondary schools as hubs for environmentally responsible communities that can address environmental crises like climate change sustainably.

Study and fabrication of rain triboelectric nanogenerator based on laser-induced graphene interdigital electrode

In this work, a rain triboelectric nanogenerator (R-TENG) based on a laser-induced graphene (LIG) interdigital electrode was developed to harvest rain energy. The R-TENG comprises a LIG interdigital electrode on a polymer substrate with a hydrophobic Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer as a protective layer. When raindrops fall onto the surface of the PDMS layer and move between two adjacent interdigital electrodes, the accumulated charges move back and forth, resulting in the generation of alternating current. The LIG pattern design and the energy collection efficiency were studied by altering the production parameters of the LIG electrode and measuring the droplet diameter on the PDMS surface. A R-TENG with an electrode width of 3 mm produces a laser power of 2.1 W, and an output voltage of 2.46 V is generated. The R-TENG could be applied as an additional energy source to harvest rain energy for agricultural IoT sensors.

Kajian Desain Pemanen Air Hujan Tipe Individual dan Komunal, (Studi Kasus: Desa Sawojajar, Kecamatan Wanasari, Kabupaten Brebes, Jawa Tengah)

Climate change and geographic location affect water availability. Coastal areas in Indonesia generally have drinking water problems because the well water is dry due to the dry season and the water is brackish, as is the case in Sawojajar Village in Brebes Regency, Central Java. On the other hand, the potential for rainwater in Sawojajar Village is quite good. The Brebes Regency Government is planning and implementing a rain harvesting (Gama Rain Filter) with an individual type for people who want to install rainwater harvestings in their homes, and a communal type for people who still want communal rainwater harvestings. This applied research aims to compare the two types. The individual type planning method for harvesting rain is carried out in each house and the communal type planning method is carried out in groups of houses. The planning carried out includes checking the quality and quantity of rainwater, calculating the dimensions of the storage tank, design drawings, and planning and implementation budget plans. The results of this applied research are the quality and quantity of rainwater, the design of individual and communal type rainwater harvestings, and the planning costs and implementation costs required. This research resulted in the conclusion that the individual type rain harvesting is more recommended than the communal type because the individual type costs less to plan and construct, is more flexible in placement, easier to manufacture, and maintains operations more securely.

Экономическое обоснование уборки зерновых культур ранних фаз спелости очесом и приготовления корма из необмолоченного вороха

Abstract. The stripping of grain allows organizing the separate harvesting of grain for feed in early phases and for food purposes in the phase of full ripeness. Purpose. To carry out the economic justification of the technology of harvesting early ripening grains by stripping without threshing and the technology of preparing pelleted fish feed for fish from unthreshed ears and additives. Methods. Economical estimation of the technology of winter wheat harvesting by stripping in early phases of ripeness without threshing and its processing into feed has been carried out by comparing operational and indicated expenses of the total technological operations. Scientific novelty lies in the joint estimation of the economic efficiency of technologies of harvesting and processing of grain crops. Results. The prime cost of harvesting cereals without threshing and separation is 2.65 times lower than that of the harvesting technology with combine threshing and separation. The cost of performing operations under the traditional (from grain) and the new (from ears) technologies of pelleted fish feed production is almost equal. However, the total cost of technological operations of harvesting grain without threshing and preparation of pelleted feed from unthreshed ears using the new technology is 24.3 % lower than that of traditional technology of harvesting with threshing and preparation of feed from grain. The use of non-grain part of ears of early ripeness in the composition of feed will increase the amount of raw material from hectare of sown area by 20–30 %. The proposed technologies is cost-effective and promising for implementation in the agricultural enterprises of southern Russia.

Rainwater Harvesting of Some Catchment Areas in Mosul City/ Iraq by Small Dams Construction

In semi-arid and arid areas, there is little surface and groundwater. Consequently, efforts are being undertaken to protect and collect rainwater as much as possible. When the rainfall is irregular in arid and semi-arid regions, a large portion of it is lost as surface run-off creating a water shortage that puts people at risk. Water collection is a substitute in these circumstances and is crucial. Water harvesting is the process of collecting rainfall and run-off using various storage structures, such as tiny dams, primarily for human, agricultural, and livestock use. For the construction of storage structures to impound and harvest rain and run-off water, forming surface storage reservoirs, four sites with special hydrological and geomorphologic characteristics have been identified and pointed in the drainage map of the studied areas (Tal-Kaif, Zummar, Al-Shor, and Wadi-Almur). A dam model was created using a Global Mapper and Watershed Modeling System program, WMS. Each reservoir's geometrical dimensions and the overall volume of water held behind each site's dams were measured and computed. The four sites' combined storage capacity for water behind the dams might exceed (75×106) m3. Several dam heights were selected in each basin, and the submerged areas for each height were determined to select the optimal height in each basin, i.e., 11.75, 13.9, 9.8, and 12.3 m.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РУБКИ ОСВЕТЛЕНИЯ СТАРЫХ НЕПРОДУВАЕМЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЛОС

On the experimental field of the Faculty of Agronomy (S. Usady) of the Kazan State Agrarian University in 2015, the State Institution "Laishevsky Forestry" carried out a clearing (all shrubs and American maple on the old 300-meter-long forest strip were completely cut down) and the work was not completed. Taking this opportunity, we took the next 300 m as a control and conducted a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the blown and windless forest strip. The experiment was conducted in 2016-2018. in the link of crop rotation: winter rye for grain (Radon variety) - spring wheat for grain (Ulyanovsk 100 variety) and spring rapeseed (Gedemin variety of Belarusian selection). The results of the research showed that the zone of positive influence of the lightened forest strip increases to 120 m against 150 m for the dense forest strip. The increase in the gross harvest of winter rye grain from the zone of influence of the clarified forest strip was 9.5 t/ha, spring wheat - 10.1 and rapeseed oil raw materials – 6.0 t/ha. When converted into grain units, in contrast to the increase in yield, spring rapeseed comes out on top (an increase of 31.2%), since the high content of crude fat (45-46%) ensures a high gross harvest of grain units. The second position is occupied by spring wheat (the gain from clearing is 27.6%) and winter rye occupies the last place with an increase of grain units of 18.8 percent.The final gross harvest of grain cutting units of the field turnover link after clearing exceeds the old forest strip of a dense windless forest strip by 25.2%.The total cost of clearing a dense forest strip, depending on the culture, pays off within 0.8- (spring rapeseed) - 2.2 years (winter rye).

Review of the State of the Art of Transfer Learning for Plant Leaf Diseases Detection

Plant leaf diseases can have a significantly negative influence on the quantity and quality of agricultural cultivation, as well as the safety of food production. Plant leaf diseases could potentially entirely prevent the harvest of grains in some situations. Therefore, it is extremely important from a pragmatic standpoint to look for quick, automatic, cheap, and accurate ways to detect plant leaf diseases. One of the well-known plant leaf disease detection approaches is deep learning. Deep learning has several drawbacks as a result of the huge amount of data required to train the network. When a dataset has inadequate photographs, performance falls. An approach called "Transfer Learning" is an extensively used method for addressing the shortcomings of a small dataset, the length of the training process, and improving the performance of the model. In this study, we investigated transfer learning for deep CNNs to improve the learning capability to recognize leaf disease. This survey focuses on categorizing and analyzing the recent developments in transfer learning for Deep CNN situations to enhance learning performance by reducing the need for extensive training data collecting.

ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN MALFUNCTIONS OF GRAIN HARVESTERS AND WAYS TO INCREASE THEIR EFFICIENCY IN HARVESTING GRAIN, LEGUMINOUS AND OTHER CROPS

The article indicates the main problems connected with the technology of harvesting grain and leguminous crops (wheat, barley, soybeans, peas) and other crops, as the machine operator often encounters a number of technological and constructive malfunctions that prevent proper threshing of those or other crops, directing the harvesting process to significant expenditure of time and labor, and at the same time to crop losses. An analysis of the main malfunctions of structures that occur during the harvesting of grain, leguminous and other crops, both of the combine itself and of the headers for them, was made. This is especially emphasized during harvesting with high humidity, which significantly worsens the conditions for harvesting crops, and thereby increases the likelihood of frequent emergency stops of grain harvesters. Constructive and technological solutions have been revealed that allow harvesting various crops with minimal possible losses. Based on the given analysis of structures, the possibility of effective use of grain harvesters during the implementation of agrotechnical evaluation indicators, i.e. productivity, throughput capacity of the thresher, grain losses, as well as the avoidance of regular stoppages related to malfunctions, which should be paid special attention, is considered. CLAAS LEXION combine harvesters designed for harvesting grain, legumes and other crops, including soybean and rapeseed, are the basis of the analysis. The analysis of the main malfunctions and ways to improve the performance of CLAAS LEXION combine harvesters shows that during their use in production conditions for harvesting grain, legumes and other crops, positive results, high quality and reliability of work will be obtained, and at the same time increasing productivity due to the avoidance of emergency stops.

Statistical analysis and modeling of factors of resource potential of agricultural development in the region

In modern realities, the issue of effective use of the existing resource potential of the regions is acute, the solution of which directly affects the effectiveness of the functioning of industrial complexes of both individual territories and the country as a whole. Agriculture consists of a system of interconnected industries that produce various types of agricultural products, ensuring the food security of the state and the quality of life of the population. The purpose of the work was to analyze the resource potential of regional agriculture and identify a set of relevant factors (based on processing the flow of statistical data) on the example of the Orenburg region. The economic and statistical apparatus using the Statistica software package was used as a tool for carrying out correlation and regression analysis and building models. The article analyzes various interpretations of the concept of "potential". The components of the resource potential are considered and the factors characterizing them are ordered. A comparison of a number of indicators of agricultural production (the volume of agricultural production in millions of rubles, the size of the acreage of crops, the volume of gross harvest of grain and potatoes, the number of cattle and pigs) by regions of the Volga Federal District is given. The leading subjects of the district have been identified, among them the Orenburg Region, on the materials of which methods of correlation and regression analysis have been implemented and a set of models has been built. As an example, an econometric model of the impact on the volume of agricultural products of a number of factors (characterizing the resource potential of the region) is given, including the area of agricultural land, the average annual number of agricultural workers, the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers per hectare of crops, the cost of fixed assets by type of economic activity, the volume of investments in fixed capital of agriculture farms. The analysis of the variables included in the model is carried out. Taking into account the identified factors, a set of measures aimed at improving the efficiency of agricultural production in the region is formulated.

Rainwater Harvesting through Point Recharge Method for Efficient Recharge of Tube Wells for Sustainable Management of Groundwater Resources in Karnataka

Water is a precious natural resource for sustaining life, agriculture and environment. The dependability on groundwater has reached high in all time in recent decades due to reasons such as unreliable supplies from surface water due to vagaries of monsoon, increase in demand for domestic, agricultural and other purposes. Karnataka is largely dependent on groundwater to meet industrial, municipal, domestic and irrigation needs. So, Rainwater harvesting (RWH) forms an important component for development and management of water resources for domestic, agricultural, municipal and industrial uses. Management of scanty rain fall by rain water harvesting, Augmentation of depleting natural resources of water (deeper ground water table) and Management of poor-quality ground water and scope for conjunctive/domestic use is need of the hour. With increase in withdrawal of ground water, ground water (GW) table is declining at a rapid pace with an urgent need to recharge GW in addition to dilute poor quality ground water. Double ring technique of Groundwater Recharge consists of filtering the water at different layers using gradation materials generally the pebbles of different size with synthetic material wrapped around the casing pipe. By harvesting rain water and recharging into point recharge soaking infiltration gallery established at Irrigation Water Management Research Centre, (IWMRC) Belavatagi Tq: Navalagund has shown encouraging results as far as water quality, discharge and water table are concerned. The results of assessment of influence of ground water recharge through rainwater harvesting on ground water yield (lps), quality (dS/m) and fluctuations (feet bgl) during the year 2020, have shown that around 3.35 lakhs liters of water could be collected from rain water harvesting during the year 2020. Also, from point recharge through 7 recharge events (rain fall events from July to October 2020), it was observed that the considerable rise in the water table from more than 100 feet below ground level to around 22 feet below ground level, drastic reduction in groundwater salinity i.e. electrical conductivity (EC) of ground water from more than 10 dS/m to an average (EC) of 1.32 dS/m and tube well yield has significantly increased from 0.4 lps to around 2.4 lps. Therefore, Artificial recharge techniques through rainwater harvesting can be a better strategic approach to combat the emerging problems of water scarcity especially over exploitation of ground water and its quality deterioration.

Varieties and resource-saving elements of winter wheat growing technology as a west of grain production

Topicality. Ukraine is a world known producer of high-quality grain. Actually, the potential for grain production of all grain crops, especially, winter wheat is quite powerful, especially in the southern region of Ukraine. At the same time, grain yield levels largely depend on influence of many factors: the moisture supply of plants during the growing years, the agricultural background of nutrition, the selection of varietal composition, the tillage method and measures, the plant protection, the weed infestation, and other factors. There are no trifles in plant cultivation, because strict compliance with all the necessary technological requirements will allow you to obtain constant productivity and ensure a gross harvest of grain every year. This is significantly important both for the state's own needs and for exports. Currently, it is not possible to successfully cultivate crops in all fields and agricultural lands due to military operations in Ukraine. The Ukrainian manufacturers should implement previously developed elements of technology and improve new less-known and resource-saving measures. The last aspect also becomes significant in term of the weakening the economic capacity of farms, the increase in the price of material resources and a certain decrease in soil fertility. Under such conditions, the most effective measure is to review of the list of agricultural crops and select the most unpretentious to environmental conditions crops for cultivation, and among them, it is necessary to select crops highly adapted to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment, and varieties that are able to show their genetically programmed biological and eco-nomically valuable characteristics. Purpose. We attempt to achieve a significant increase in both grain yield and its quality by means of selection and involvement of new varieties in the production, and improvement of certain elements of growing technology. Materials and Methods. Setting up and conducting field experiments was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology of the research case. The experimental part of the work was carried out during 2007–2021 at the research field of the NNPC of the National Academy of Sciences. Results. It was determined that winter wheat responds to predecessors, increases grain productivity against the background of fertilization. With regard to the selection of the varietal composition of soft winter wheat bred by Ukrainian breeding institutions in the last decades, it was established that most varieties are adapted to cultivation in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, and are able to form a stable level of harvest, which does not clearly fluctuate over the years. Conclusions. We substantiated that winter wheat should be planted after more favorable predecessors, a moderate dose of mineral fertilizers should be applied, and the most productive varieties should be selected, which have the best characteristics in the conditions of the growing zone. Keywords: winter wheat, selection of adapted varieties, grain harvest, weather and climate conditions, elements of cultivation technology

ПРОГНОЗНІ ОЦІНКИ ВРОЖАЙНОСТІ ТА НЕПРЯМИХ ВТРАТ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ОСНОВНИХ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР В УКРАЇНІ У 2023 РОЦІ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Summary The purpose of the work is to highlight the results of forecasting the yield and production of the main agricultural crops in 2023 based on the operational data of remote agromonitoring and the assessment of indirect losses of the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in Ukraine under martial law. Methods and materials. Predictive estimates of the yield of agricultural crops are calculated on the basis of statistical data on their productivity for the period 2000-2022 and remote agricultural monitoring data (NDVI indices) on the state of crops in Ukraine in the spring of 2023. Standard methods of correlation-regression analysis were used to establish relationships between NDVI indicators and regional average yield values of the main field crops. Potential indirect production losses of the group of grain and leguminous crops in Ukraine in 2023 were calculated based on the dynamics of the reduction of sowing and harvesting areas in the conditions of martial law and, accordingly, from the losses for the country’s agrarian sector due to the lack of potential profit from the sale of grain, estimated at domestic purchase prices. Results. According to estimates based on actual winter sowing volumes and spring sowing rates, the harvested area of grain and leguminous crops in 2023 is expected to be about 10.4 million hectares. The average yield of grain and leguminous crops in Ukraine as a whole is predicted with a probability of 80-85% at the level of 47-49 t/ha, which according to preliminary estimates is close to last year’s value and the average indicators of the pre-war level. At the same time, the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops is expected at the level of 48.4-50.5 million tons, compared to the average pre-war level of 75 million tons. That is, the losses from military aggression only for the loss of production of this group of crops currently reach about 25-24 million tons or more than UAH 150 billion. Conclusions. Military aggression against Ukraine will have negative consequences for the cultivation of agricultural crops in 2023, mainly due to the shortage of mineral fertilizers, pesticides and other means of production, the general reduction of sown areas and a number of other negative economic consequences, however, the projected production volumes of grain crops are currently sufficient to ensure needs of the Ukrainian population.

Mathematical support and software systems for spare parts management of grain harvesting machinery

Agricultural production is characterized by the seasonality of technological operations, the ability to carry out which in a strictly set time depends on many factors of the external environment and the reliability of agricultural machinery. The harvest of grain and other crops by combines occupies a special place among field works. Operative carrying out of these works without down time of the grain-harvesting techniques provides the minimum losses of the agricultural production. It is possible to minimize downtime of harvesters due to technical reasons if the enterprise has at its warehouse a seasonal reserve of spare parts that are in great demand during harvesting works. The methods of reserve calculation should consider not only the reliability of some harvester parts, but the cost damage of harvester downtime and extra costs of spare parts purchase and storage. With such a large number of external factors, traditional methods are difficult to calculate. With the development of computer technology, the methods of evolutionary calculations have been widely used, in particular, genetic algorithms that allow creating self-adjusting models capable of analysing the examined indicators for the past years, reacting to the changes of current external conditions, and making short-term forecasts of the values of optimised variables. The purpose of this research was to develop a genetic algorithm and software that will enable us to meet the seasonal demand for spare parts from combine harvesters. The software allowed us to identify 66 of the most in-demand items out of 2800 warehouse items that should be reserved for the season of harvesting crops. The efficiency of the proposed solutions is proved by the reduction of the downtime of combines due to technical reasons by 37% and the increase of their shift productivity by 11.4%; at the same time, the combine reliability index, the operational readiness factor, increases by 4.38%.

До питання відновлення та зміцнення деталей робочих органів ґрунтообробної техніки

Ecological and agrotechnical requirements for technical means of mechanization of agriculture are constantly growing and improving, especially in the field of indicators that determine the harmful effect on soils, including, on the limit of permissible clogging of them with metal from the accelerated wear of working organs, and getting into the soil products of wear and tear. A huge volume of agricultural products is produced by both large farms and smaller farms. In the created economic situation, there is a steady growth of farms; the growth of arable land for grain and other agrotechnical crops, which undoubtedly creates a demand for the working bodies of agricultural machines. For example, only farms in the south and southeast of Ukraine annually consume more than 400,000 cultivator paws and plowshares, not including offers for other working bodies. The most heavily loaded surfaces of tillage machines and aggregates are the working bodies: the ploughshare is the ploughshare, the cultivator's paws, and the harrow's discs or teeth. The reason for their premature failure is mainly accelerated abrasive wear, which is due to interaction with solid (HV 8-11 GPa) particles in the soil. The working bodies of agricultural machinery include: ploughshares, plow bodies, discs of heavy harrows, paws of cultivators and planters, and many other parts of working bodies. It should also be noted that soil cutting is the most widespread technological operation in the agro-industrial complex: plowing, cultivation, harrowing, harvesting of grain and technical crops, these operations make up at least 70% of the total volume of mechanized work. At the same time, such performance indicators as the degree of weed cutting, the average depth of cultivation, the stability of the movement of the working bodies in depth depend primarily on the technical condition of the blade of the working body of agricultural machinery; their clogging and sticking to the surface of the blade; traction resistance of working bodies. A chamfer is formed on the edge of the blade and the toe, which negatively affects the stability of the movement of the working bodies in depth, the profile of the toe, the geometry and width of the blade of the working body changes. Dull cultivator legs and plow blades increase the traction resistance of the units, and therefore the productivity is significantly reduced, while fuel consumption increases by 15-20%. In connection with the uneven operation of the cutting edges and other surfaces of the working bodies of agricultural machinery, there is a need to strengthen and restore them. In addition, agricultural working bodies are operated in conditions of a chemically aggressive external environment, which is connected with the addition of various fertilizers to the soil and the presence of moisture in it. The wear of the parts of tillage machines that have direct contact with the abrasive mass is strongly influenced by soil moisture. Moisture, depending on the type of soil, can both increase and decrease wear. Together, these factors exert such a strong influence on the working bodies of agricultural machinery that it makes them unusable after almost a few hours of intensive machine operation. The developed technology of modification of the parts of the working bodies of tillage machines using point strengthening increases the resistance to abrasive wear of their working surfaces by 2-3 times, and is able to replace other strengthening technologies, because it has high productivity and reduces the energy consumption of technological equipment many times over.

ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА ХРАНЕНИЯ И ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ РЫНКА ЗЕРНА И ПРОДУКТОВ ЕГО ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ В СИБИРСКОМ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОМ ОКРУГЕ

The article is devoted to the research of the storage infrastructure and transport and logistics support of the grain market and its processed products in the Siberian Federal District. The study made it possible to determine the state and importance of the storage infrastructure and transport and logistics support in the development of the grain market of the regions of the district. The article provides information about the grain storage infrastructure in the regions of the Siberian Federal District, the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in 2021 and the availability of elevators. The main problems in the field of grain storage have been identified. The characteristics of the main hopper cars transporting Siberian grain from the district by rail are presented. The volumes of export and domestic rail transportation from the Siberian Federal District are determined in dynamics. The discrepancy between the state of the storage infrastructure and transport and logistics support in the Siberian Federal District with the growing needs of the grain market and its processed products has been determined. The main directions in which the storage infrastructure and transport and logistics support of the grain market in the district should be developed are presented. The conclusion is made about the need for state support of the storage infrastructure and transport and logistics support of the grain market in the Siberian Federal District.

Quantity or Efficiency: Strategies of Self‐Organized Xerophytic Shrubs to Harvest Rain

AbstractCanopy structure alters net precipitation inputs, partly governing the quantity of water recharging soil moisture. Clumped and scattered shrublands are structured with aggregated and isolated canopies, respectively, demonstrating contrasting self‐organized patterns. However, the influence of self‐organization on rain harvesting is largely unknown. Hence, we compared rainfall redistribution patterns of different self‐organized shrubs of Vitex negundo and soil moisture responses during the 2020–2021 rainy seasons on the Loess Plateau of China. Our results indicated that the scattered shrubs harvested more throughfall (85.6% vs. 74.7%) and net precipitation (90.8% vs. 83.8%) than clumped shrubs. Comparatively, stemflow of clumped shrubs was initiated (57.2 vs. 60.4 min) and peaked (198.9 vs. 207.7 min) earlier, ceased later (84.4 vs. 54.5 min), lasted longer (8.9 vs. 8.4 hr), transported more swiftly (397.0 vs. 373.8 mm h−1), and yielded a larger quantity (400.8 vs. 355.1 mL), respectively. This flux was funneled more efficiently (160.1 versus 140.5 fold compared to rain), and was more productive (1.768 vs. 1.346 mm g−1) per unit biomass investment. For both self‐organized patterns, more throughfall led to wetter soils, but more stemflow resulted in quicker response of soil moisture. Comparatively, the top‐layer soil moisture remained more stable post rain under clumped shrubs. Therefore, via rainfall partitioning, the scattered organization was conducive for V. negundo to harvest more rain, but the clumped shrubs harvested rain more efficiently. This might relate to morphological adaptations of shrubs to resist drought and consequent formation and maintenance of self‐organizations at the landscape scale.

РЫНОК ЗЕРНА В КРАСНОЯРСКОМ КРАЕ: ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА

Agriculture forms the agro-food market, food and economic security of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the labor potential of rural are-as. In the formation of the food potential of the region, the receipt and processing of grain is important.In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there is a decrease in the share of the rural population, which is accompanied by a decrease in the number of people employed in agricultural production. Sown area of cereals and leguminous crops from 2016 to 2020 averaged 980.8 thousand hectares, which is 52-53% of the total area under crops. Agricultural organizations are the main producers of grain and leguminous crops, they accounted for 72.0-81.0% of the gross harvest for 2017–2020, peasant (farm) enterprises provided 13.3-18.2% in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.The average per capita grain production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in years with a high gross harvest is at the level of the average for the Russian Federation.In 2016, the average per capita grain production in the region was at the level of 821.03 kg, in 2017-2018 it was slightly higher than the lower limit of 668.35-675.05, in 2020 it was 930.92 kg. Grain im-port to gross harvest in 2016–2020 varies from 0.54% to 5.21%. The use of grain for processing (processed into flour, cereals, feed and other purposes) is characterized by an increase from 573.7 thousand tons in 2017 to 745.4 thousand tons in 2020, the annual increase over 3 years averaged 57.2 thousand tons. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, it is necessary to increase the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in order to de-velop processing and provide the population with grain products of their own production and increase the volume of grain exports.

Influence of irrigation and weather conditions on the duration of interphase periods of winter wheat varieties

The autumn growth and development of plants depend on a complex of external factors: the average daily air temperature, the amount of precipitation, the humidity of the seed layer of the soil, nutrients, light, etc. If winter wheat is sown at a later date, there are risks that the plants will enter the winter not well developed. It is possible to accelerate the passage of interphase periods with the help of irrigation, which is a necessary agrotechnical measure in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of varietal characteristics, irrigation and weather conditions on the duration of interphase periods of winter wheat in the autumn period on an international scale. Experimental research was carried out during 2020-2021 on southern chernozem, on the basis of the Educational Scientific and Practical Center of the Mykolaiv NAU with two varieties of winter wheat. Field, laboratory and comparative calculation methods were used during the research. The establishment and conduct of experiments were carried out according to the methodology of the research case. Soil moisture was determined by the thermogravimetric method, and phenophases were determined simultaneously throughout the experiment. It was determined that irrigation for 1-2 days reduces the duration of the interphase period of BBCH 00-09; for 3 days – BBCH 10-12; for 11 days – BBCH 13-19; for 5-7 days – BBCH 20-22. In natural conditions (without irrigation), the duration of the interphase periods (from BBCH 00-09 to 20-22) of the growth and development of plants of the studied varieties of winter wheat in 2020 was 93-96 days, which is 23-25 days more than in 2021. In plants of the Ovid variety under conditions of natural moisture (without irrigation), the interphase periods came 1-3 days later than in the Duma Odeska variety, while under irrigation conditions there was no significant difference. The obtained scientific results of the research will contribute to the wider implementation of irrigation, which will ensure the rapid and full growth and development of winter wheat plants in the autumn period, which will further contribute to increasing the yield and gross harvest of grain

Rain harvesting by plants

Biddick and Van Stan II introduce how certain plant species harvest rain.