Harris Hematoxylin Research Articles

Histological and Histochemical investigation of the development of the New -Zealand rabbit’s gastric glands

The present study aimed to provide a detailed description of the normal development of rabbit stomach and focusing on the histogenesis of gastric glands. In a total, 24 New Zealand White rabbit fetuses were collected at gestational days 21, 25, and 29. The stomachs of the collected fetuses were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and prepared by paraffin technique then stained with Harris's Haematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's Trichrome stain, Orcein, Periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue, and Bromophenol blue stains. The results revealed that, at 21stgestational day, the different parts of the stomach including, cardia, fundus and pylorus could be easily distinguished. On 25th developmental day, the gastric mucosal folds were more prominent in the cardia than fundus and pylorus. At 29th developmental day, tunica mucosa and tunica submucosa of the fetal stomach were laid in longitudinally oriented folds known as rugae. The gastric gland in this age became well developed containing well-demarcated oxyntic and peptic cells. In conclusion, the rabbit stomach is completely differentiated during the embryonic life and the gastric glands were functionally active.

Study to Correlate Histopathological Spectrum of Gastrointestinal Malignant Neoplasm with Demographic Profile of The Patients

Background: To study occurrence, age and sex distribution, to evaluate and to correlate the various histopathological features of surgical specimens of gastrointestinal tract tumours received at pathology department of GMERS medical college, Gandhinagar (Gujarat, India). Methods: A histopathological study of gastrointestinal tract tumours of 64 cases was carried out on surgical specimens at GMERS medical college, Gandhinagar from January-2018 to May-2019. Specimens were received in 10% formalin. After proper fixation and grossing of the specimens tissue processing was carried out. Blocks were made, sections were cut and stained with Harris Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and observed microscopically. Result: From the total of 64 cases: 42 Males and 22 Females were affected with peak occurrence in their sixth decade having anatomical distribution in oesophagus 07(10.93%), stomach 09(14.06%), small intestine 12(18.75%), appendix 01(01.56%), colon and rectum 34(53.12%) and anal canal 01(01.56%). Histological types diagnosed were- epithelial 53(82.81%), mesenchymal 06(09.30%), lymphoma 04(06.27%) and neuroendocrine tumor 01(01.56%). Conclusion: The occurrence of gastrointestinal tumours was highest in the colon and rectum accounting for 53.12% of cases with most common variety being epithelial. The peak age distribution was in the sixth decade. Male to female ratio was 1.9:1. As Gastrointestinal tumours show a wide variation in the morphology, histopathological examination is must for the diagnosis and typing of these tumours.

Histomorphologic Effect of Citrus aurantiifolia against Cadmium Chloride Induced Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of Adult Wistar Rats

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Citrus aurantiifolia against cadmium chloride toxicity induced in the liver and kidney of Albino Wistar rats histologically.
 Methods: Twenty five adult female Albino rats weighing 150±11 to 200±50 g were used for the study. The rats were purchased from the Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Science, University Port Harcourt, Rivers State of Nigeria. They were randomly assigned into five groups (A B C D& E) with each group having five rats. Group A (Control) received only food and water for six weeks (6 weeks), Group B received food, cadmium water and treatment with lime juice for six weeks (6 weeks), Group C received food, water and lime juice for three weeks. After three weeks, they stopped lime and water and were induced with cadmium chloride for 3 weeks, Group D received food, cadmium chloride for 3 weeks and after 3 week they were given normal water and treated with lime for another 3 weeks, Group E received food and cadmium water for six weeks. At the end of the treatment, the liver and the kidney of each sacrificed rat were processed for paraffin sectioning and stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin.
 Results: Photomicrographs of Groups B and C which were induced with Cadmium Chloride and treated with citrus shows area of central necrosis and central vein congested with red blood cells and also the presence of inflammatory cells which are features of liver injury can be seen.
 Conclusion: There was no significant protective effect of Citrus aurantiifolia against cadmium-induced liver injury in Albino Wistar rats. Also, there was no significant effect of cadmium-induced toxicity on the kidney of the Albino Wistar rat.

Anatomical and histological studies on the cervical canal of Rahmani sheep

Macroscopic and microscopic findings of Rahmani sheep cervical canal were evaluated for designing a trans-cervical catheter. The study was carried out on 160 cervices divided into four groups: (Group A; young follicular, Group B; old follicular, Group C; young luteal and Group D; old luteal). All morphometric parameters of cervical canals of each group including length, average length and the external os diameter and shape were measured and tabulated. Epoxy casts were made to demonstrate the anatomic variations of each group. Data collected were statistically analysed using ANOVA. One hundred and twenty tissue sections from each group were sectioned and stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome stain for demonstration of collagen fibres, Alcian blue pH 2.5 for demonstration of acidic mucins and PAS technique for demonstration of neutral mucins. In conclusion, the current study is the first report on the morphometric structure of the cervical canal of native Egyptian Rahmani ewes.

Optimization of hematoxylin and eosin staining of heart, blood vessels, liver, and spleen

Aim.To optimize hematoxylin and eosin staining protocol for heart, blood vessels, liver, and spleen.Methods.Heart (ventricles), abdominal aorta, liver (right lobe), and spleen (left part) of the Wistar rats were excised, fixed in 10% neutral phosphate buffered formalin for 24 h, washed in tap water for 2 h, dehydrated in ascending ethanol series (70%, 80%, and 95%) and isopropanol, embedded into paraffin and then sectioned (5 μm) using rotary microtome. For regressive staining, incubation time in Harris hematoxylin was 5 or 10 minutes, time of exposure to differentiation alcoholicaqueous eosin was 1 or 2 minutes. For progressive staining, incubation time in Carazzi’s hematoxylin and eosin was the same but the differentiation solution was not utilized.Results.Progressive staining retained tissue integrity and accelerated staining protocol as compared to regressive staining due to absence of exposure to aggressive acid alcohol differentiation solution. The optimized protocol for heart, aorta and liver, similar for regressive and progressive staining, included incubation in hematoxylin for 10 minutes and eosin for 2 minutes. Time of exposure to differentiation solution (2 or 10 seconds) was defined by the desirable shade. For spleen, however, the optimized protocol included staining in hematoxylin for 5 minutes and eosin for 2 minutes, with 10 seconds in differentiation solution for regressive staining.Conclusion.Progressive hematoxylin is preferable over regressive hematoxylin for staining of heart, aorta, liver, and spleen.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the synovial cells of patients with meniscus tears.

A meniscus tear is a serious trauma that develops during swinging motion of the fixed foot. Meniscus tears may also be accompanied by divergence of the lateral ligaments of the knee joint. We enrolled 45 males and 35 females with meniscal tears in the present study. Patients with local joint pain, swelling, difficulty climbing stairs, patellar creeping, difficulties with daily living activities, local pain on palpation, and walking and running complaints, were included. We performed preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Synovial fluid (5 mL) was aspirated from the lateral suprapatellar pouch of each knee with meniscal pain with the patient in the supine position. Blood samples were taken and biochemical parameters were analysed. The Harris haematoxylin and eosin staining protocol was used to evaluate tissue samples, and the levels of anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) antibodies were measured immunohistochemically. Increased numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils, hyperplastic erythrocytes, and fibroblasts were observed in the joint fluid of females. In males, the fibroblast cells were hyperplastic and plasma cell numbers were increased. MMP-9 expression was elevated in plasma cells, fibroblasts, and neutrophils; and TNF-α expression was observed in lymphocytes and polymorphic nucleated cells. We suggest that increased fluid levels in inflamed joints with meniscal tears, and the associated inflammation, disrupt the cartilage matrix and elevate the production of cytokines such as TNF-α and MMP-9 via release from cells such as fibroblasts that synthesise these mediators. Anti-TNF-α treatment may prevent meniscal tears and prevent or slow the development of osteoarthritis.

Prevalence and pathological evaluation of hepatic fatty change in cattle slaughtered at Urmia Abattoir, Northwest Iran

Three hundred and sixteen bovine livers were inspected during slaughtering at Urmia Abattoir in May 2016. Eighty-nine inspected livers have various gross and microscopic lesions. 89 hepatic tissue samples were processed routinely and stained by Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid- Schiff reagent (PAS) and Sudan IV for frozen sections. Hepatic lesions were observed in 89 samples (28.16%) of 316 liver samples. lesions in the inspected cattle were consisted 33/316 (10.44%) fatty change, 40/316 (12.65%) fascioliasis, 8/316 (2.53%) hydatid cyst, 6/316 (1.89%) focal coagulative necrosis and 2/316 (0.63%) hemorrhage. The results show that abundance of hepatic fatty change in male cattle is more than females. Indeed, abundance of mild type of hepatic fatty change 15/33 (45.45%) is more than moderate type 11/33 (33.33%) and severe type 7/33 (21.21%). According to presence of hepatic fatty change in most livers affected by fascioliasis, it seems fascioliasis may be a cause of hepatic fatty change in cattle slaughtered at Urmia Abattoir.

Morphological study of the midbrain tectum in ostrich (Struthio camelus) embryo

In this study the morphological features of the optic tectum in ostrich embryo were studied macroscopically and microscopically. After gross anatomical study, fixed specimens of the optic lobes in 30th, 36th and 40th embryonic days were processed for paraffin sections. Sections were stained by Harris haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Luxol Fast Blue/Cresyl Echt Violet and Malory PTAH dyes. The optic lobes had large volumes even on the 30th embryonic day and increased proportionally to age. The optic lobe consisted of two parts: gray matter (outer) and white matter (inner). The first external layer of the optic lobe e.g. molecular layer consisted of neural fibres, neuroglia and scarce small neurons. The most common appearance of the optic lobes was characterised by small to medium-sized neurons (rounded to pyramid-shaped with large and pale nucleus consistong of obvious nucleoli arranged in three layers whose thickness increased in the deeper one) supported by neuroglia. Larger size neurons and occasionally multipolar neurons were presented in the interior compared with these layers. The lateral mesencephalic nucleus was detectable in the optic lobe base even on 30th embryonic day and was composed of few multipolar neurons supported by neuroglia. The tectal ventricles were lined with simple cuboidal ciliated ependymal cells in the embryonic period. As embryonic age increased, the ratio of tectal ventricle volume to its thickness decreased. Special stainings showed that Nissl bodies and myelin fibres, also glial fibres were available from the 30th embryonic day and that their density, especially myelin fibres density, increased with age.

Morphological alterations in the ovaries of Amblyomma cajennense semi-engorged ticks exposed to ethanolic extract of Acmella oleracea.

The present study analyzed the effects of different concentrations of Acmella oleracea crude ethanolic extract (EEAO) on the development of germ cells from semi-engorged Amblyomma cajennense females in order to evaluate the potential of this natural chemical as a strategy to control these important ectoparasites. A hundred semi-engorged females were divided into five groups (duplicates) (10 animals/group): Control 1 (distilled water); Control 2 (solvent ethanol 50% and DMSO 1%); and Treatment I to III (3.1, 6.2, and 12.5 mg/mL of EEAO, respectively). For the exposure of the ticks to the extract was used the Adult Immersion Test. After the exposition, the ovaries were removed and submitted to histological analysis using Harris hematoxylin and aqueous eosin. The histochemical tests were performed using PAS and Bromophenol blue staining techniques, for the detection of total polysaccharides and total protein, respectively. The extract caused significant alterations in the oocytes, including changes in the shape of the cells, disorganization, and cytoplasmic vacuolation, decrease in the number of yolk granules and germ vesicle fragmentation. These alterations were more intense in the oocytes in initial developmental stages (I and II). The results obtained in this study confirm the cytotoxic potential of the ethanolic extract of A. oleracea on the germ cells of A. cajennense females, opening up the possibility to use this extract as an alternative to control these ectoparasites.

Effect of Harris Hematoxylin stain temperature on the dyeing quality of paraffin sections

Effect of Harris Hematoxylin stain temperature on the dyeing quality of paraffin sections

Effects of mulberry leaf on experimental hyperlipidemia rats induced by high-fat diet.

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Mulberry leaf (ML) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used to treat hyperlipidemia in clinical settings. The aim of the present study was to identify the potential effect and possible target of ML in anti-hypercholesterolemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high-fat diet and treated with ML for 5 weeks. Blood lipid levels, total cholesterol (TC) and total bile acid (TBA) in the liver and feces were measured to assess the effects of ML on hypercholesterolemia. Harris's hematoxylin staining and oil red O staining was applied to observe the pathological change and lipid accumulation in the liver. Immunohistochemical assay was performed to observe the location of expressions of scavenger receptor class B type I and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (-R), and western blotting was applied to determine the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8), nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1). The results demonstrated that ML treatment reduced serum TC and LDL-cholesterol levels, and liver TC and TBA contents; increased serum HDL-C levels, and fecal TC and TBA contents; and alleviated hepatocyte lipid degeneration. In addition, ML treatment inhibited liver LDL-R, PPARα and FXR protein expression, promoted protein expression of CYP7A1, and maintained the ratio of ABCG5/ABCG8. The findings of the present study provide a positive role of ML on cholesterol clearance via promoting cholesterol and TBA execration via FXR- and CYP7A1-mediated pathways; RCT regulation may be a potential mechanism of ML on anti-hypercholesterolemia.

ANTICLASTOGENICITY OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA STEM EXTRACT AGAINST ARSENIC GENOTOXICITY IN MUS MUSCULUS BONE MARROW ERYTHROCYTES USING MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY

Objective: The study was aimed to evaluate anticlastogenic potential of ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia stem against arsenic induced genotoxicity.Methods: In the experiment twenty five animals were taken and divided into five groups and each group contain five animals. Group 01(control) and fed on tap water while the rest four (02, 03, 04, 05) groups were treated with 4 mg/kg body weight, per orally sodium arsenite for 8 w. Sodium arsenite pretreated groups 04 and 05 were followed by dose of 80 mg/kg body weight of 5% ethanolic solution of the test plant stem extract for a next 8 w. Bone marrow cells were collected in Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution and smeared on a slide followed by double staining (Giemsa and Harris hematoxylin).Results: High index of micronucleus frequency was observed in the groups 02 and 03 in contrast to group 01(control) while micronucleus frequency dramatically reduced in 04 and 05 groups. The mean number of micronucleus scored/2000 cell was found to be 2.6, 19.2, 20.2, 7 and 6.8 in group 01, 02, 03, 04, 05 respectively. Arsenic treated mice (03) showed remarkable increase (p≤0.001) in micronucleus frequency when compared to the corresponding values for control group (01). The percentage micronucleus frequency (mean and standard deviation) was markedly decreased (p≤ 0.019) when group 04 was compared with arsenic treated animals (group 02) and (p≤ 0.001) while group 05 was compared with arsenic treated animals (group 03) for their corresponding values.Conclusion: The findings of this study have shown that T. cordifolia may be used as a preventive herbal drug against chemical or arsenical toxicity which leads to damage of genetic materials.

Global histone modifications predict the outcome of glaucoma surgery

PurposeConjunctival and subconjunctival fibrosis at the surgical site influences the outcome of glaucoma surgery. Since glaucoma surgery initiates a cascade of events that leads to up‐ or downregulation of various genes and the subsequent release of cytokines and growth factors, we analyzed global histone modifications at the site of glaucoma surgery and their relationship with the outcome of glaucoma surgery.Methods44 patients who were scheduled to undergo glaucoma surgery were enrolled in this study. A 4 × 4 mm section of Tenon's tissue with overlying conjunctiva was cut from the eye at the margin of the incision. Primary rabbit anti‐histone antibodies were applied in humidified chamber at the following dilutions: H3 K9 K14 K18 K23 K27Ac at 1:200, H4 K5 K8 K12 K16Ac at 1:200, H3 K4diMe at 1:800 (Abcam), and H4 R3diMe at 1:25 (Millipore). The sections were counterstained with Harris's haematoxylin, dehydrated, and mounted.ResultsUsing histochemical staining, we determined the number of cells that were positive for histone acetylation and demethylation of histones H3 and H4. The patients were divided into high‐ and low‐acetylated or ‐methylated groups accordingly. The low‐acetylation group for H3 K9 K14 K18 K23 K27 and H4 K5 K8 K12 K16 had poorer surgical outcomes based on Kaplan‐Meier plots. The preoperative intraocular pressure was significantly related to acetylation of both H3 K9 K14 K18 K23 K27 and H4 K5 K8 K12 K16 in univariate and multivariate regression analyses.ConclusionsOur findings suggest global histone modifications in the conjunctival and subconjunctival tissues predict glaucoma surgery outcomes. A low acetylation status indicated a poor prognosis for glaucoma surgery. Prognostication using histone modifications might have implications for epigenetic therapy to improve glaucoma surgery outcomes.

Reproductive cycle of Mytella guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819) in a Marine Reserve (RESEX Bay of Iguape), Bahia, Brazil.

Mytella guyanensis, consumed and commercialized in coastal regions of Brazil, is one of several bivalve species of socioeconomic interest for coastal communities. Besides serving as a source of income and subsistence for these communities, it also contributes to their food security as it is a source of proteins and micronutrients. Thus, the reproductive cycle of this species was studied aiming to contribute to food security and its preservation. Samples were collected monthly, between March 2014 and March 2015, in a natural stock (12°38'50"S; 38°51'43"W) in a Marine Reserve (RESEX Bay of Iguape) (community Engenho da Ponte), Bahia, Brazil. Mytella guyanensis is collected by women on site, where the artisanal fishing of this resource is performed without following any specific handling procedure. Also, empirical evidence indicates overexploitation. The specimens collected were measured along the anterior-posterior axis (length), and after macroscopic analysis they were fixed in Davidson solution, processed by routine histology techniques and stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The macroscopic analysis showed sexual dimorphism, with the male and female gonads presenting a milky-white and orange colour, respectively. A 1:1 sex ratio (M: F) was observed and reproduction of the species was continuous all year round. March, April, July and August were the months with highest values of gamete elimination. We suggest that a M. guyanensis management plan should restrict capture during these months, in order to sustainably regulate exploitation of this food resource in this reserve.

Parasitism by a Digenea in Lucina pectinata (Mollusca: Lucinidae).

Lucina pectinata is an important economic resource in the Brazilian coast. This study reports parasitism caused by a Digenea in this species. The specimens (n = 470) were collected in December 2012 in a mangrove swamp of the Cachoeira River estuary, Bahia, Brazil. They were measured along the anterior-posterior axis (length), and after macroscopic analysis for parasites and diseases cuts of 5 mm were fixated in Carnoy's solution and processed by routine histology technique wherein sessions of 7 μm were stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The tissues were examined using an optical microscope. The mean length of L. pectinata was 4.0 ± 0.53 cm. Microscopic analysis showed sporocysts containing both germ balls as cercariae of an unidentified Digenea (Platyhelminthes), these in various stages of development. The prevalence was 1.48% (7/470). In a parasitized specimen was macroscopic evidence of tissue densification of gills. The sporocysts were observed in mantle, gills, digestive gland and gonads, with evident alteration/destruction of tissues, including parasitic castration. There were no other parasites found, which is probably related to inaccessibility and chemical conditions in which lives L. pectinata, i.e., between 10 and 20 cm in mangrove sediment.

A rapid nuclear staining test using cationic dyes contributes to efficient STR analysis of telogen hair roots.

Telogen hairs presented in the crime scene are commonly encountered as trace evidence. However, short tandem repeat (STR) profiling of the hairs currently have low and limited use due to poor success rate. To increase the success rate of STR profiling of telogen hairs, we developed a rapid and cost-effective method to estimate the number of nuclei in the hair roots. Five cationic dyes, Methyl green (MG), Harris hematoxylin (HH), Methylene blue (MB), Toluidine blue (TB), and Safranin O (SO) were evaluated in this study. We conducted a screening test based on microscopy and the percentage of loss with nuclear DNA, in order to select the best dye. MG was selected based on its specific nuclei staining and low adverse effect on the hair-associated nuclear DNA. We examined 330 scalp and 100 pubic telogen hairs with MG. Stained hairs were classified into five groups and analyzed by STR. The fast staining method revealed 70% (head hair) and 33.4% (pubic hair) of full (30 alleles) and high partial (18-29 alleles) STR profiling proportion from the lowest nuclei count group (one to ten nuclei). The results of this study demonstrated a rapid, specific, nondestructive, and high yield DNA profiling method applicable for screening telogen hairs.

Validation of fine needle aspiration smear processing method for onsite immediate assessment

Introduction A suitable protocol to ensure rapid processing of smears for on-site immediate assessment (OSIA) is not available in Sri Lanka. The objective of this study was to validate the processing method of fine needle aspirates (FNA) for OSIA. Methodology Thirty five FNA obtained were processed as follows. The smear prepared from the first needle pass was fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and stained with freshly prepared Harris haematoxylin for one minute each and assessed for adequacy of cellularity. It was then fixed for 20 minutes in the same fixative and stained by the Papanicolaou staining protocol (PSP). The smear prepared from the second needle pass was routinely processed and stained by PSP. Both smears were assessed by three histopathologists (A, B and C) independently and blind to the processing method for quality indicators, including air drying (ADpresence/ absence), nuclear differentiation(NDclarity of visibility of chromatin pattern as 1- poor, 2-intermediate and 3-clear,) and cytoplasmic clarity (CC-cell outline and clarity as 1-poor, 2- intermediate and 3-clear). Final quality of smear for reporting was categorized as satisfactory for reporting (absent AD and ND 2-3, CC 2-3), unsatisfactory but can report (absent AD and ND 1-2, CC 1-2) and unsatisfactory, cannot report (presence of AD and ND1, CC1). Statistical analysis was done using chi-square test. Results Of the 35 OSIA smears, pathologist A, B and C found (35/35) 100%, (26/35) 74.29%, and (28/35) 80% to be satisfactory for reporting, and (0/35) 0%, (1/35) 2.86%, and (1/35) 2.86% unsatisfactory for reporting. Of the 35 routinely processed smears, pathologist A, B and C found (29/35) 82.9%, (24/35) 68.6% and (16/35) 45.7% to be satisfactory for reporting: (4/35)11.4%, (4/35)11.4% and (3/35)8.6% to be unsatisfactory for reporting. Conclusion No significant difference (p< 0.05) was found by the three pathologists in the quality parameters of the smears from the two processing methods thus, validating the one minute processing method as comparable to the routine processing method.

A Retrospective and Single Centric Histopathological Study of Gastrointestinal Tumors from 2011 to 2015

Background: This study was carried out to evaluate and to correlate the various histopathologic types of tumors at different sites of gastrointestinal tract in relation to age and sex of the patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional histopathological study of gastrointestinal tumors of 117 cases was carried out retrospectively; on biopsies and surgical specimens received from department of Surgery of a teaching institute, from January-2011 to December-2015. Specimens were sent in 10% formalin, ten times that of the specimen’s volume; and kept for 24 hours in 10% formalin for proper fixation, subsequently dehydration, clearing, embedding in paraffin wax were carried out. Blocks were made, sections of 3-4µm thicknesses were cut and stained with Harris Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and observed microscopically. Results: From the total 117 cases of gastrointestinal tumors: 72 were males and 45 were females with peak occurrence in sixth decade and anatomical distribution was in esophagus 50(42.74%), stomach 11(9.40%), small intestine 09(7.69%), appendix 00(0%), colon and rectum 40(34.19%), anal canal 07(5.98%) with histological types- epithelial 95(81.20%), mesenchymal 09(7.69%), lymphoma 03(2.57%), poorly differentiated carcinoma 07(5.98%), metastatic 02(1.71%) and others 01(0.85%). Conclusion: Gastrointestinal tumors show a wide variation in the morphology. So, histopathological examination is must for the diagnosis and typing of these tumors. The peak age distribution was in the sixth decade. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. The occurrence of gastrointestinal tumors was highest in the esophagus accounted for 42.74% of all cases. Most common type of malignancy was adenocarcinoma.

Age Related Changes in Pinealocytes of the Pineal Gland in Bangladeshi Cadavers

Background: The pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) contains cords and follicles of pinealocytes and neuroglia.Objective: To determine the number of the pinealocytes and neuroglial cells per sq. mm of microscopic field in different age group in a Bangladeshi population to view the age related change.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2009 to June 2010, based on the collection of 60 pineal glands from whole human brains of unclaimed dead bodies from the morgue. All the samples were divided into four age-groups: 15-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years and &gt;50 years. Histological slides were prepared by using routine Harris’ Haematoxylin and Eosin (H &amp; E) stain. The number of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells per sq. mm of the microscopic field were determined by point counting technique, using ocular micrometer. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and independent sample t test were used.Results: The mean number of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells were found 10875.00±649.75 and 606.31±94.52 in group15-30 years, 9738.83±761.35 and 631.57±94.52 in group31-40 years 31-40 years, 9637.78±382.02 and 568.41±69.57 in group 41-50 years and 8134.64±358.07 and766.31±248.00 in group &gt;50 respectively. Age related significant differences were found in number of pinealocytes in 15-30 years vs 31-40 years, 15-30 years vs 41-50, 15-30 years vs &gt;50, 31-40 years vs &gt;50 and 41-50 vs &gt;50 years. However, no differences were found in number of neuroglial cells among different age groups.Conclusion: This study showed progressive degeneration of pinealocytes with advancing age. However, no age related changes were found in number of neuroglial cells.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, June; 11(1): 18-22

대황과 감초 병용의 항산화 및 간보호효과

Objectives : Rheum undulatum Linne and Glycyrriza uralensis Fischer are widely used herbal medicine. In this study, anti-oxidant and liver protective effects of R. undunlatum extract (RUE) and G. uralensis extract (GUE) were investigated in HepG2 cells, respectively. Oxidative stress and liver fibrosis were induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and iron, and CCl₄.Methods : MTT assay was assessed for cell viability, and immunoblotting analysis was performed to detect expression of apoptosis related proteins. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction were measured. In vivo, BALB/c mouse were orally administrated with the aqueous extract of 10 mg/kg RUE and 100 mg/kg GUE for 3 days and then, injected with CCl₄ 0.5 ml/kg body weight to induce acute liver damage. Serum ALT level was measured, and histological change was observed in Harris's hematoxylin and eosin stainResults : RUE and GUE pre-treatment increased relative cell viability in concentration dependent manner and altered the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as procaspase 3, PARP and Bcl-xL. RUE and GUE also inhibited the mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by AA and iron. In addition, RUE and GUE activated liver kinase B1 (LKB1), by increasing phosphorylation. Moreover, RUE and GUE treatment decreased liver injuries induced by CCl₄, as evidenced by decreases in histological liver damage as well as serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) level.Conclusions : These data suggest that RUE and GUE has anti-oxidant and liver protective effects against AA and iron-induced oxidative stress and CCl₄-induced liver injury.