Hardware Design Principles Research Articles

Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges

Internet of things (IoT) is one of key pillars in fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. It is estimated to have 42 billion IoT devices by the year 2025. Currently, carbon emissions and electronic waste (e-waste) are significant challenges in the information & communication technologies (ICT) sector. The aim of this article is to provide insights on green IoT (GIoT) applications, practices, awareness, and challenges to a generalist of wireless communications. We garner various efficient enablers, architectures, environmental impacts, technologies, energy models, and strategies, so that a reader can find a wider range of GIoT knowledge. In this article, various energy efficient hardware design principles, data-centers, and software based data traffic management techniques are discussed as enablers of GIoTs. Energy models of IoT devices are presented in terms of data communication, actuation process, static power dissipation and generated power by harvesting techniques for optimal power budgeting. In addition, this article presents various effective behavioral change models and strategies to create awareness about energy conservation among users and service providers of IoTs. Fog/Edge computing offers a platform that extends cloud services at the edge of network and hence reduces latency, alleviates power consumption, offers improved mobility, bandwidth, data privacy, and security. Therefore, we present the energy consumption model of a fog-based service under various scenarios. Problems related to ever increasing data in IoT networks can be solved by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) along with machine learning (ML) models in IoT networks. Therefore, this article provides insights on role of the ML in the GIoT. We also present how legislative policies support adoption of recycling process by various stakeholders. In addition, this article is presenting future research goals towards energy efficient hardware design principles and a need of coordination between policy makers, IoT devices manufacturers along with service providers.

Design and Implementation of Information Collector Based on Computer in Internet of Things

The information collector based on MCU is helpful to realize the collection, transmission and display of information, and has high stability and cost advantages, so it has high research value. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the key technology, demand and overall scheme of SCM information collector based on computer, and then studies the principle of hardware design, hardware architecture and information adoption and analysis process of SCM information collector system.

High-Level Synthesis-Based Approach for Accelerating Scientific Codes on FPGAs

High-level synthesis (HLS) and OpenCL are the two leading high-level design platforms that are becoming widely used for programming FPGAs. Their proponents claim that these tools require little to no knowledge of the hardware design principles and can significantly improve developer's productivity. In this article, the author explore these two high-level design approaches from the point of view of a software developer. The author use Xilinx Vivado HLS C/C++ ver. 2019.1 and Xilinx SDAccel OpenCL ver. 2019.1 to implement a cross -correlation operation from scratch and synthesize it for a Xilinx u250 Alveo FPGA board.

Task-based quantization with application to MIMO receivers

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are required to communicate reliably at high spectral bands using a large number of antennas, while operating under strict power and cost constraints. In order to meet these constraints, future MIMO receivers are expected to operate with low resolution quantizers, namely, utilize a limited number of bits for representing their observed measurements, inherently distorting the digital representation of the acquired signals. The fact that MIMO receivers use their measurements for some task, such as symbol detection and channel estimation, other than recovering the underlying analog signal, indicates that the distortion induced by bit-constrained quantization can be reduced by designing the acquisition scheme in light of the system task, i.e., by {\em task-based quantization}. In this work we survey the theory and design approaches to task-based quantization, presenting model-aware designs as well as data-driven implementations. Then, we show how one can implement a task-based bit-constrained MIMO receiver, presenting approaches ranging from conventional hybrid receiver architectures to structures exploiting the dynamic nature of metasurface antennas. This survey narrows the gap between theoretical task-based quantization and its implementation in practice, providing concrete algorithmic and hardware design principles for realizing task-based MIMO receivers.

Medical dosimetry using a RL/OSL prototype

A portable and robust instrument has been developed for the routine assessment of patient exposure to ionizing radiation during radiotherapy treatments. The design principles of hardware and software are described, along with preliminary measurements that illustrate the operation of the system and its capabilities. In this study the authors used radioluminescence (RL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) from Al2O3:C detectors coupled to a PMMA optical fibre to acquire dose in medical dosimetry. The RL/OSL prototype can provide two independent dose estimates from the same in vivo treatment: one integrated dose estimate (OSL) and one real-time dose estimate (RL), which can be compared to one another. The authors first characterized the dose–response to a calibration source (137Cs), analysing the OSL and the RL signal to doses from 0.5 to 3 Gy. Later the percentage dose depth from RL is presented for two gamma (6 and 15 MV) and two electron (6 and 12 MeV) medical beams.

Pilot dose intercomparisons of 3D and 4D advanced lung radiotherapy

s / Physica Medica 30 (2014) e16ee44 e26 Contemporary therapeutic radiation oncology treatments require the de- livery of highly localized doses of radiation to well defined target regions inside the patient. The efficacy of the radiation treatment, however, re- quires knowledge of the absorbed dose in the organ of interest to better than ±5% as there is a higher risk of local recurrence or complications with incorrect exposure. Furthermore, since it is inevitable that healthy organs and tissue will also be exposed during treatment, overexposure increases the risk of secondary cancers. International regulations [1, 2] have been introduced to adapt to the fast introduction of new radiotherapy technologies and demand an improve- ment of in vivo dosimetry. Ideally, a real-time in vivo dosimeter would measure absorbed doses during radiotherapy. Optical stimulated luminescent (OSL) dosimeters, using the high sensi- tive material Al2O3:C, have been successfully used for measuring whole body doses that result from exposure to high energetic photon and beta radiation. OSL dosimeters have also been introduced in medical dosim- etry of low and high LET beams [3, 4]. Al2O3:C detectors can also be used as real time dosemeters, because the emitted stimulated light can be guided via light fibers to a remotely placed photomultiplier tube. Furthermore, during exposure to ionizing radiation Al2O3:C emits radi- oluminescent light (RL), of which the intensity is proportional to the dose rate [5]. In this study, we investigated the dosimetric response of an optical fibre coupled Al203:C RL/OSL dosemeter prototype. In our prototype, a PMMA fibre is coupled to an Al2O3:C detector composed of microparticles of Al2O3:C with diameters ranging from 5 mm to 35 mm dissolved in a photo- curable polymer. The RL/OSL dosimeter prototype is a portable and robust instrument that has been developed for the routine assessment of patient exposure to ionizing radiation during radiotherapy treatments. The design principles of hardware and software are described elsewhere [6]. In this study, we present the results obtained using radioluminescence (RL) from Al2O3:C irradiated with a 6 MV linear accelerator (Compact, Elekta, Crawly) and preliminary results obtained using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). The dose rate dependence was assessed by varying the photon flux (MU/ min) of the linac, effectively changing the pulse rate and keeping the dose per pulse fixed. It was found that the RL measured dose response demonstrated low dose-rate dependency, to within 1%. The dose response was found to be linear in a dose range from 0.1 up to a dose of 6 Gy, with reproducibility below 0.5%. The dosimeter is benchmarked by evaluating the ability to measure depth- dose distributions and lateral dose profiles accurately. RL derived dose profiles have been compared with dose profiles measured with a standard ion chamber (PTW). Depth-dose distributions in water were acquired for a 6 MV photon beam using a 10 10 cm2 field, set at 350 MU/min, corre- sponding with 3.5 Gy/min at 10 cm depth. All data have been normalized to the depth-dose maximum. The RL measured dose agreed with the ionization chamber measured dose to within 1% (1 SD) for depths from 0.5 to 20 cm. Lateral dose profile was set at 350 MU/min (3.5 Gy/min at depth 10 cm), using a 10x10 cm2 field size. Differences between measured RL and ion chamber are within 1.5% for de direct beam and 5% in the penumbra region. These results show that the RL/OSL detector system makes it suitable for measurements of depth and lateral dose distributions in clinical photon beams. Furthermore, basic characteristics of OSL in irradiated fibers with Al2O3:C for dosimetry in therapeutic 6 MV photon beam were investigated.

Design of Fractured Zone Height Detection System for Mining

An intelligent control system to measure the developing height of water flowing fractured zone is proposed in this paper. The method of double end sealing water detection is adopted in this system. The hardware design principle, the software programming and the debugging process of the system are illustrated in detail. The control core part of this system is a 32-bit MCU STM32F107VCT6. The other parts consist of intelligent sensors, data collecting circuit, data transmit and storage circuit, electrical valve control circuit and human-machine interface circuit using touch screen. The purpose of this project design is to achieve the detection and analysis of the developing rules of the height of water flowing fractured zone by means of collecting, storage and analysis of the displacement signal, pressure signal, and flow signal in upward holes under the coal mine. This detection method is widely used in safe coal mining owing to its high performance.

Design of Phase-Shift Signal Generator with High Precision Used for Particulate Detection

Particulate detection, which is based on lock-in amplifier technology, requires a phase-shift signal generator with wide frequency range and high phase shift precision. Since the current phase-shift signal generator has a deficiency of low precision in high frequency range, the author designed a phase-shift generator which adopts direct digital frequency synthesis technology, and expresses hardware design principles of the system. This paper focuses on the design of hardware and software concerning high precision phase shift and amplitude closed-loop control. The experimental results indicate that the output signals have a high accuracy in phase difference, frequency and amplitude under a wide frequency range and this system achieves the requirements of particulate detection.

Portable Underwater Pressure Measurement System

According to particularity of pressure measurement about underwater gun, this paper expounds the advantages of strain sensor, and designs a suit of portable underwater pressure measurement system based on it. It is particularly introduced that the system’s hardware design principle and strain sensor’s working principle. Experimental results shows that the measuring accuracy of this pressure measurement system almost equivalent to one of the traditional system. But it is smaller and lighter.

Study and Design of CAN Bus Node Based on MC912D60A Microcontroller in Automobile

Controller Area Network (CAN) is a kind of serial communication network that supports the distributed control and the real time control. The CAN have high performances and high reliabilities. It can solve many problems of complex circuitry, wiring harness increasing, operation reliability reducing and the difficulty of fault maintain increasing while using CAN Bus technology in automobile. In this paper, the form of CAN bus and node design method based on MC912D60A single chip microcomputer were studied and introduced. At last, the hardware design principle diagrams and software flow charts were given.

On the Application of DSP Technology in Real-Time Voice Communication System

This paper describes the advantages of DSP TMS320VC5402 in the voice coding communication and focuses on interface design of real-time voice signal processing as well as the hardware and software design of the system from the aspect of voice signal acquisition and processing. Besides, it also introduces the corresponding design principle of hardware and software.