Handwritten Version Research Articles

필사본 『향약구급방(鄕藥救急方)』의 유전(流轉)

The existing point of view on Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang is as follows: Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang was first published by the Goryeo government’s Daejang Dogam office. This first edition remained in the early years of Joseon, as some of its contents were included in Hyang’yak Jeseng Jibseong-bang and Hyang’yak Jibseong-bang. It was also used as an original copy for Choi Ja-ha, who published duplicate copies of Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang.BR But a question is being asked regarding the existing point of view, as a omparative examination of these three texts reveals that during transmission (of handwritten versions) quite a few changes were made to the original text.BR First of all, the original author clarified (in the epilogue) that he was finalizing the edition with total of 53 chapters, yet the current version we have contains 57, most possibly a result of someone adding four extra chapters in mid-transmission. Survey indicates that someone first added chapters named ‘Bog’yak-beob(服藥法, Ways to take medicine)’ and ‘Yakseong Sangban(藥性相反, Differences in medicine’s effects),’ and the contents table in the current version was evidently created after such additions were made. Also found are other discrepancies in terms of ‘chapter titles’ between those in the Contents table and the actual titles in the Main section, which may have also been caused by further modifications by more than one individual. Then we can see that later ‘Suhab-beob(修合法)’ and ‘Bangjung Hyang’yak-mok(方中鄕藥目) Chobu(草部)’ chapters were added as well, without updating the contents table accordingly, which seems to be the reason for the current Contents table lacking those titles.BR The original date of the first ever publication of Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang during the Goryeo period is unknown. But it seems it had to have been after the publication of ‘Shin Sangseo-bang(愼尙書方, Prescriptions from Sangseo Shin).’ And later while being transmitted, Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang went through extensive changes, and the Daejang Dogam office created a publication based on all those handwritten versions. Choi Ja-ha must have possessed one of such handwritten versions, and published it in 1417, the version that we have today. In other words, the original copy he used in publishing his duplicate version of Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang must have been a handwritten version, and not the published one.

La conversación civilen España

AbstractThe present study exposes the keys and characteristics of a forgotten and recently digitalised manuscript by the National Library of Madrid. It is the first and only translation into Castilian of the work of Stefano Guazzo (1530–1593).The civil conversation(Brescia, 1574) is known as one of the Renaissance dialogues on moral education and was one of the most successful in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries of its kind. The work was translated into Spanish by Joseph Gerardo de Hervás at the beginning of the 18th century and until this present time, its handwritten version has never received any kind of consideration. Thecivil conversazione, together withThe Courtierof Baltasar Castiglione and theGalateoof Giovanni della Casa, served as the most renowned three manuals on modalities in trend among the European Renaissance societies. Its purpose was to introduce not only Italian customs and thebelle manierebut also to powerfully shape societies. This research proposes a multidisciplinary view on the discovery of the Spanish version ofthe civil conversationcovering a general overview of the Renaissance dialogue as well as the importance of Guazzo’s work in Spain. It provides an overview of the translator himself and gives an in-depth analysis on the reasons for such a translation, carefully considering its Castilian anachronistic version.

Exploiting vector instructions with generalized stream fusion

Ideally, a program written as a composition of concise, self-contained components should perform as well as the equivalent hand-written version where the functionality of what was many components has been manually combined into a monolithic implementation. That is, programmers should not have to sacrifice code clarity or good software engineering practices to obtain performance---we want compositionality without a performance penalty. This work shows how to attain this goal for high-level Haskell in the domain of sequence-processing functions, which includes applications such as array processing. Prior work on stream fusion shows how to automatically transform some high-level sequence-processing functions into efficient implementations. It has been used to great effect in Haskell libraries for manipulating byte arrays, Unicode text, and unboxed vectors. However some operations, like vector append, do not perform well within the stream fusion framework. Others, like SIMD computation using the SSE and AVX instructions available on modern x86 chips, do not seem to fit in the stream fusion framework at all. We describe generalized stream fusion, which solves these issues through a careful choice of stream representation. Benchmarks show that high-level Haskell code written using our compiler and libraries can produce code that is faster than both compiler- and hand-vectorized C.

Joachim von Watt (Vadian): Aequivoca nomina christiana ad religionem pertinentia

This paper presents a treatise of Joachim Vadian entitled "Aequivoca nomina christiana ad religionem pertinentia" (Christian terminology with equivocal meanings) which exists only in a handwritten version. Vadian’s undertaking was obviously influenced by Erasmus, who already criticized in his "Enchiridion militis Christiani" (1503) the fact that some theological terms or concepts were used wrongly in the course of time and gradually shifted towards other meanings no longer compatible with their original use in the New Testament and the Old Church. The manuscript as we know it today was expanded in the 1540s. Vadian may have been prompted to this work after having expanded and revised Christoph Schappeler’s treatise on Prayer in the early 1540s. Yet a close study of the "Aequivoca Nomina" also reveals that for some of the concepts he discussed Vadian used notes he had written in the 1520s and 1530s. Vadian’s interest in theology has long been known and reveals itself in his treatise on the Eucharist (1536) and in his polemical tracts against Kaspar von Schwenckfeld, in one of which the two natures of Christ (1540) were examined. It is now possible to state that Vadian was not only interested in theological matters, but that he also grappled with theological issues more than was previously assumed. Indeed, a study of the "Aequivoca Nomina" allows the conclusion that he read Peter Lombard, Gratian’s compilations of legal texts, the “Summa” of Thomas Aquinas, quite a large number of patristic sources and numerous writings of Erasmus (e.g. the "Paraphrases"), which he used without explicitly referring to their authors.

El caminant i el paisatge. La construcció de les seqüències paisatgístiques en <i>El quadern gris</i> de Josep Pla

Summary: Through a combination of pieces of El quadern gris which are the account of a route on foot, this article focuses its study on the thematic and structural elements conferring unity to these sequences. Furthermore, from the comparison of Josep Pla’s handwritten version with the 1966 Complete Works edition, the article points out the composition and language strategies applied by Pla when giving definitive form to the original texts. Finally, the paper explores the continuity of this pattern – or the lack of it – within the author’s entire work. [Keywords: Josep Pla, El quadern gris, landscape, wandering, description, style, language, textual sequences, textual variants]

Réquiem: uma alegoria literária do pós-independência

O obra de Orlanda Amarílis reunida em três livros de contos Cais-do-Sodré té Salamansa, 1975, Ilhéu dos Pássaros, 1982 e A Casa dos Mastros, 1989 não soma todas as narrativas da autora, sendo necessária a busca em antologias e revistas literárias da época para contabilizar sua obra. Um exemplo disso encontra-se no conto Alegoria, versão manuscrita do conto “Réquiem”, publicado em 1982 em Ilhéu dos Pássaros. Trataremos neste artigo da comparação entre a versão manuscrita presente na antologia O Texto Manuscrito, 1975, e a publicada em livro, com a finalidade de discutir a situação da escrita literária do pós-independência proposta pela autora no conto.

Compiler aided manual speculation for high performance concurrent data structures

Speculation is a well-known means of increasing parallelism among concurrent methods that are usually but not always independent. Traditional nonblocking data structures employ a particularly restrictive form of speculation. Software transactional memory (STM) systems employ a much more general---though typically blocking---form, and there is a wealth of options in between. Using several different concurrent data structures as examples, we show that manual addition of speculation to traditional lock-based code can lead to significant performance improvements. Successful speculation requires careful consideration of profitability, and of how and when to validate consistency. Unfortunately, it also requires substantial modifications to code structure and a deep understanding of the memory model. These latter requirements make it difficult to use in its purely manual form, even for expert programmers. To simplify the process, we present a compiler tool, CSpec, that automatically generates speculative code from baseline lock-based code with user annotations. Compiler-aided manual speculation keeps the original code structure for better readability and maintenance, while providing the flexibility to chose speculation and validation strategies. Experiments on UltraSPARC and x86 platforms demonstrate that with a small number annotations added to lock-based code, CSpec can generate speculative code that matches the performance of best-effort hand-written versions.

Elixir

Algorithms in new application areas like machine learning and network analysis use "irregular" data structures such as graphs, trees and sets. Writing efficient parallel code in these problem domains is very challenging because it requires the programmer to make many choices: a given problem can usually be solved by several algorithms, each algorithm may have many implementations, and the best choice of algorithm and implementation can depend not only on the characteristics of the parallel platform but also on properties of the input data such as the structure of the graph. One solution is to permit the application programmer to experiment with different algorithms and implementations without writing every variant from scratch. Auto-tuning to find the best variant is a more ambitious solution. These solutions require a system for automatically producing efficient parallel implementations from high-level specifications. Elixir, the system described in this paper, is the first step towards this ambitious goal. Application programmers write specifications that consist of an operator , which describes the computations to be performed, and a schedule for performing these computations. Elixir uses sophisticated inference techniques to produce efficient parallel code from such specifications. We used Elixir to automatically generate many parallel implementations for three irregular problems: breadth-first search, single source shortest path, and betweenness-centrality computation. Our experiments show that the best generated variants can be competitive with handwritten code for these problems from other research groups; for some inputs, they even outperform the handwritten versions.

Arthur Schnitzler: Leutnant Gustl ed. by Konstanze Fliedl (review)

Reviewed by: Arthur Schnitzler: Leutnant Gustl ed. by Konstanze Fliedl Max Haberich Konstanze Fliedl, ed., Arthur Schnitzler: Leutnant Gustl. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2011. 578 pp. The critical edition of Schnitzler’s Leutnant Gustl (1900) is the first publication in a coordinated project among the universities of Vienna, Cambridge, and Wuppertal. The aim is to produce a new critically revised edition of Schnitzler’s collected works, as the last one dates from the early 1960s. The Viennese team, headed by the renowned Schnitzler scholar Konstanze Fliedl, now presents its first contribution to this end. The novella relates the internal conflict of an officer, who is insulted when he collects his coat after a concert. The offender, a baker, manages to take hold of his sword. Following the strict military code, Gustl sees no way to restore his honor other than suicide. He spends the entire night struggling with himself, reminiscing about his life and relationships. In the early hours of the morning, as he treats himself to his last breakfast, he learns that the baker died of a stroke in the night. Leutnant Gustl is perhaps Schnitzler’s most famous novella. It introduced the stream of consciousness technique to German literature twenty years before James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922). His diary shows that Schnitzler was acquainted with the first work in this new literary style, Les laurier sont coupés (1887) by Edouard Dujardin. The manner in which Schnitzler meticulously traces every association and spontaneous thought reveals the shallowness of Gustl’s character and his proclivity to popular prejudice against Jews. The exuberantly aggressive last sentence, “Dich hau’ ich zu Krenfleisch!” reveals that Gustl is no wiser after his nocturnal dilemma. He cannot wait for the next occasion to vent his energies in defense of what he considers his honor. This merciless spotlight on the protagonist’s psyche also discloses the hollowness of the honor code of the officers’ caste. No wonder, then, that a military disciplinary committee officially stripped Schnitzler of his rank as [End Page 138] an officer in June 1901 for “having damaged the honor and standing of the Austro-Hungarian army.” Immediately after the publication of the novella in December 1900, however, conservative and army-friendly papers unleashed a series of aggressively anti-Semitic articles and caricatures against Schnitzler. This continued into the next year, indicating the degree to which anti-Semitism had become publicly acceptable, four years into Karl Lueger’s term as mayor of Vienna. Fliedl’s volume provides a legend for Schnitzler’s handwriting. This alone makes it very useful to any Schnitzler scholar. Constituted of both Latin and Sütterlin script, Schnitzler’s writing is extremely difficult to decipher. Fliedl refers to it as “quasi-stenographic” (3), and Schnitzler’s preference for writing with a soft pencil does not facilitate things. Nonetheless, in this edition, we have every page of the original, handwritten manuscript on one side and clearly legible print on the other, making it possible to “read” Schnitzler’s first draft of the novella. The editor points out that the draft was revised repeatedly between its completion in July and its publication in December. The first page of the manuscript appears to be missing, since the printed edition begins several passages before the surviving manuscript sets in. In spite of Fliedl’s inquiries, its whereabouts remain unknown. There are differences in the length of narrative pauses between the original draft and the early printed editions. In the handwritten version, there are dashes of varying length and number that shift the emphasis of the previous sentence. In the first edition of the book, these were reduced to the standard three dots. Furthermore, in that edition Austrian dialect expressions for the months and certain exclamations were changed to the standard German. The Fischer Verlag, based in Berlin, thought this necessary out of consideration for readers outside of Austria. Although this may have been the case, it does reduce the authenticity of Gustl’s speech. The page-by-page facsimile of Schnitzler’s manuscript is rounded off with a useful glossary of terms and references in the text. The appendix contains Moritz Coschell’s illustrations from the first edition. They are...

‘As glad a father as ever was King’: The Reformation counterfactuals of Henry VIII's children

The frustrations of Henry VIII in his search for a male heir are well documented in historical research and in popular culture, with everything from soap operas to mnemonics tracing his destructive relationships with his six wives (The Tudors and the ever-unsettling ‘divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded, survived’). Such attention is justified, as Henry's decision to break away from the Roman Catholic Church in his quest for his first divorce was the catalyst for decades of religious and political strife, domestically and internationally. But what if his first son had lived? What if one of his daughters had been a boy instead? This essay puts forward several counterfactual situations based on the sex and health of Henry's male and female children that could have had profound implications for English policy and the monarchy, and explores a facet of counterfactual research – biological chance – that has previously been underrepresented. An earlier version of this essay was handwritten and presented as an artifact or art object, in order to create the illusion of established, archived history being literally revised and changed into a counterfactual by an editor's pen. The tactile nature of that handwritten version perhaps brought home more strongly than this electronic rendering the idea of a specific human action or event changing the course of history, whatever the repercussions may be.

A Review and Correction of a Colected Works of Chu-jae (秋齋) Cho susam(趙秀三) -centered for a rearrangment of travel poem in china through comparing a hand-written version with a printed version-

A Review and Correction of a Colected Works of Chu-jae (秋齋) Cho susam(趙秀三) -centered for a rearrangment of travel poem in china through comparing a hand-written version with a printed version-

Dwie rękopiśmienne wersje Kartoteki Tadeusza Różewicza

This article discusses two handwritten versions of Tadeusz Różewicz’s Kartoteka (The Card Index) from the manuscript of the play which since the 70s is to be found in Professor Józef Kelery’s archive. The range of differences between the manuscript and the printed version of the drama iscomparable as between Kartoteka (The Card Index) and Kartoteka rozrzucona (The Scattered Card Index). In the manuscript the author distinguished Kartoteka (The Card Index) and Odmiana tekstu (The Kind of Text). A similar division into Kartoteka (The Card Index) and Odmiana tekstu (The Kind of Text) was used by the poet when the works were printed in 1971. Loose pages from Odmiana tekstu (The Kind of Text) contain unordered fragments of the play of written in 1957. These aremainly variants of conversations of the Hero with the Choir in which the author referred to the then vivid debate on the poetic drama. Mieczysław Kotlarczyk was made a hidden partner of discussion and disguised the Choir as actors of Teatr Rapsodyczny (The Rhapsodic Theatre). On the other hand, Kartoteka (The Card Index) of 1958 is a well-ordered and coherent paginated text by the author himself. In this version the author divided the play into three acts, putting most emphasis on the scene of the Wielki Egzamin (A Big Exam). He also removes unrealistic motifs, among other things, the scene when the Choir participates. The poet writes about the peerelowska (Polish People’s Republic’s the reality with the passion of a political commentator, referring to political harassment).

Gentzen's Proof of Normalization for Natural Deduction

AbstractGentzen writes in the published version of his doctoral thesis Untersuchungen über das logische Schliessen (Investigations into logical reasoning) that he was able to prove the normalization theorem only for intuitionistic natural deduction, but not for classical. To cover the latter, he developed classical sequent calculus and proved a corresponding theorem, the famous cut elimination result. Its proof was organized so that a cut elimination result for an intuitionistic sequent calculus came out as a special case, namely the one in which the sequents have at most one formula in the right, succedent part. Thus, there was no need for a direct proof of normalization for intuitionistic natural deduction. The only traces of such a proof in the published thesis are some convertibilities, such as when an implication introduction is followed by an implication elimination [1934–35, II.5.13]. It remained to Dag Prawitz in 1965 to work out a proof of normalization. Another, less known proof was given also in 1965 by Andres Raggio.We found in February 2005 an early handwritten version of Gentzen's thesis, with exactly the above title, but with rather different contents: Most remarkably, it contains a detailed proof of normalization for what became the standard system of natural deduction. The manuscript is located in the Paul Bernays collection at the ETH-Zurichwith the signum Hs. 974: 271. Bernays must have gotten it well before the time of his being expelled from Göttingen on the basis of the racial laws in April 1933.

Mendele Mokher Seforim's Mishpat Shalom: Hand-Written Versions of Two Printed Poems

Mendele Mokher Seforim's Mishpat Shalom: Hand-Written Versions of Two Printed Poems

Galland's "Ali Baba" and Other Arabic Versions

The text of reference in which the tale of appears for the first time goes back, theoretically, to the ninth century. It was around this period that a Persian book called Hazâr Afsânag (A Thousand Tales) was translated into Arabic, taking the new name of Alf laylah wa-laylah (The Thousand and One Nights). Since this mythical period, the Thousand and One Nights (henceforth: Nights) have not ceased changing. The manner in which the famous collection of tales was perceived by its various contributors over the centuries is undoubtedly the prime cause for its numerous metamorphoses. The Nights of the ninth century are not identical to those of fifteenth century, and those of the fifteenth century are quite different from those of the eighteenth century. Similarly, the French translation by Antoine Galland, published 1704-12, differs from its Arabic source text, and the translation by Joseph Charles Mardrus, published 1899-1904, differs both from the Arabic text and from Gallands translation. In terms of modern criticism, the Nights were never considered as a specific book compiled by an individual author. On the contrary, they were regarded, to put it in simple terms, as a work in progress that acquired its content and character in the process of an open development where different authors could contribute and introduce their own variations. The result, in modern terms, is a complex literary creation. It is precisely in this category of literary creation that we have to understand Gallands work in respect to the Nights. This evaluation applies both to the collection as we know it today in general and more particularly to the tale of Ali and the Forty Thieves, a tale that was, from a certain point of view, created by Galland. As is well known, there is no reliable Arabic text of Ali Baba prior to the eighteenth century. In other words, no Arabic text older than that Galland's French version exists. The handwritten version preserved at the Bodleian Library in Oxford and published by Duncan B. Macdonald (Ali Baba) dates from the nineteenth century. As the wording shows, this manuscript constitutes an Arabic translation prepared from Galland's text, a fact Macdonald himself recognized a few years later (Further Notes). The safest information at hand about the ultimate origin of Ali Baba is contained in Galland's Journal, which is preserved at the National Library of France in Paris (see Galland, Journal May 27, 1709; Macdonald, Further Notes 41-47). Here, Galland gives the summary of a story entitled Les finesses de Morgicme ou Les quarante voleurs extermines par l'adresse d'une esclave (Morgiane's Tricks or The Forty Robbers Exterminated by the Skill of a Female Slave). The story was narrated to Galland on the same day as the tale of The Ten Viziers. Both these tales, and several others, were told by Hanna, a Maronite monk originating from Aleppo in Syria, with whom Galland had become acquainted through his friend, the traveller Paul Lucas. The text Galland presents in his diary is rather short, hardly comprising six pages. is here called Hogia Baba. The descriptive passages later elaborated are here very condensed and barely visible, and the text focuses on the articulations of the intrigue. Some years later, Galland reworked the original notes and created a beautiful story, now comprising more than thirty-six pages, that he included in-and, in fact, introduced into-his edition of Les MiHe et une Nuits together with other tales supplied to him by Hanna. Subsequently, this story became part of the standard repertoire of the European notion of the Thousand and One Nights, although its author clearly is Galland himself. On the other hand, the story originates from the narrative tradition of Syria, Hanna's native country, and contains specific native components. In this essay, I propose to analyze the tale of Ali Baba from various angles. I will start by studying its variations in sources originating from or close to Arab narrative tradition. …

Examination performance and graphological analysis of students' handwriting.

Research has yielded mixed support for graphological claims. The present study was designed to see whether specific components of students' handwriting were related to personality traits associated with achievement in written examinations. If aspects were identified that could be used to predict future academic performance, the findings would not only be of interest to graphologists but would be invaluable to both student and tutor in a teaching environment. In a blind trial, 100 handwriting samples from first-year scripts were analysed for the presence or absence of 12 graphological characteristics deemed to be relevant for academic performance, and each of these aspects was tested for association with the grade points awarded. Statistically significant differences were found for two of the 12 characteristics: "carefulness" and "constancy." Also, measurements of individual letters indicated that consistent slant was significantly associated with high grade points, whereas upright or mixed writing was not. These attributes appeared to be generally related to readability and aesthetic quality. Although such aspects might influence the grading of scripts by teachers, typed versions received similar grades to those awarded for the handwritten versions.

The Bell Jar Manuscripts, Two January 1962 Poems, "Elm," and Ariel

The Bell Jar Manuscripts, Two January 1962 Poems, “Elm,” and Ariel Robin Peel (bio) Although no handwritten version of The Bell Jar survives—and there may never have been one—the existence of early drafts corrected by Plath, together with two copies of the final manuscript, have been known about ever since Smith College purchased them in 1981. The drafts have attracted particular attention, not so much in their own right but in relationship to the poems written on the reverse side, as Plath recycled the pink Smith memo paper which she had largely smuggled out of Smith College during her teaching year there. The recycling may simply have been an act of convenience and economy, but critics such as Susan Van Dyne and Jacqueline Rose have made a strong case for seeing this re-use as a deliberate act of inscription.1 At times, there does seem to be a significant relationship between what is on one side of the paper and what is on the other. If such a relationship is accidental, it is uncanny. At other times, however, the results may seem coincidental. Not so well examined is the number of typed versions known to exist: there is evidence, I believe, of the existence of a version that comes between the pink memo version and the final manuscript. This version was two hundred and eighty-nine pages long, typed on white typing paper, and survives in the form of large sections of the final manuscript. Substantial sections of it have disappeared, however, while the reverse sides of other parts were re-used by Plath for poems written in January 1962 and then discarded. The existence of this mediate version is partially acknowledged in the cataloguing at Smith, but its actual scale and significance have, as far as I can tell, never before been fully appreciated. For both The Bell Jar pages and the poems written on the reverse reveal much that is of interest about the evolution of Plath’s writing, its interaction with contemporary newspaper discourse, and the voice and imagery that we meet in the Ariel poems of autumn 1962. Two typed drafts (A and B) of The Bell Jar on pink Smith memo paper are kept in the Mortimer Rare Book Room at Smith College, with the second draft (Draft B in the Smith [End Page 441] Collection) clearly labeled as such by Plath. Many of Smith’s Ariel poems are on the reverse of pages from both drafts. Draft A is incomplete and revolves around a main character called Frieda. It starts in Chapter 3 with the food poisoning episode and ends in Chapter 9 with the encounter with Marco, the woman hater. It is a typed manuscript much revised by Plath in black ink; these alterations have been incorporated in Draft B. There are as well some gaps in the sequence of Draft B, notably the events described on pages 193–212 in the final manuscript. Also missing from this draft are the final fifty or sixty pages of the novel, which describe Esther’s stay in the hospital, her electric shock treatment there, the loss of her virginity, and her release from the hospital. In this version generally—but not consistently—the name “Frieda” is crossed out and replaced with “Victoria.” (Both versions use the surname Lucas.) Plath has replaced the earlier title “Diary of a Suicide” with the new one, The Bell Jar. Sentences appear in this version which have been cut from the published version. One example is a passage in which Victoria describes her ability to renew herself by taking a bath, a ritual which assumes a baptismal significance. Another, from Draft B, contains a comparison, cut from the published version, in which the speaker comments, “I remember in some play the gypsy’s daughter who is a whore is supposed to turn into a virgin on each new moon. . . .”2 Within a folder containing photocopies of these recycled drafts at Smith is a single sheet labeled “Draft C,” signaling the existence of a third draft: half a page of what seems to be chapter 9, page 106, of the final manuscript. This passage was abandoned and rewritten...

Storing semantically correlated and spatially segmented patterns in the perceptron

Within the framework of statistical physics, using a replica theory and an equivalent heuristic approach, we calculate the storage capacity α of the perceptron for patterns, which are semantically and spatially structured. The problem is abstracted from the task to recognize pairs of hand-written versions of a large number of two-letter words: Each pattern is divided into two segments, labeled 1 and 2, of lengths λ1 · N and λ2 · N, respectively. The patterns are grouped together in pairs, and the 1st and 2nd segments of the different patterns in a pair have overlaps c 1 and c 2, respectively, representing the similarity of the hand-writings. Patterns belonging to different pairs, as well as different segments of the same pattern, are assumed to be uncorrelated. We find that if the patterns in a pair have a vanishing global overlap R = λ1 c 1+λ2 c 2, one always gets α=2, independent on the local overlaps of the individual segments, whereas for R>0 and R 2( 0) or reduction (for R<0) of the storage capacity. Due to the segmentation, the couplings become structured in a certain non-trivial way, which reflects itself in the norms of the coupling vectors corresponding to the different segments.

They Think Less of My Handwritten Essay If Others Word Process Theirs?

A study was undertaken to determine the effects on essay scores of intermingling handwritten and word‐processed versions of student essays. A sample of examinees, each of whom had produced both a handwritten and a word‐processed essay, was drawn from a larger sample of students who had participated in a pilot study of a new academic skills assessment battery. Students’original handwritten essays were converted to word‐processed versions, and their original word‐processed essays were converted to handwritten versions. Analyses revealed higher average scores for essays scored in the handwritten mode than for essays scored as word processed, regardless of the mode in which essays were originally produced. Several hypotheses were advanced to explain the discrepancies between scores on handwritten and word‐processed essays. The training of essay readers was subsequently modified on the basis of these hypotheses, and the experiment was repeated using the modified training with a new set of readers.

WILL THEY THINK LESS OF MY HANDWRITTEN ESSAY IF OTHERS WORD PROCESS THEIRS? EFFECTS ON ESSAY SCORES OF INTERMINGLING HANDWRITTEN AND WORD-PROCESSED ESSAYS

A study was undertaken to determine the effects on essay scores of intermingling handwritten and word-processed versions of student essays. A sample of examinees, each of whom had produced both a handwritten and a word-processed essay, was drawn from a larger sample of students who had participated in a pilot study of item types being considered for the new academic skills assessments of The Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for Beginning Teachers™. Students' original handwritten essays were converted to word-processed versions, and their original word-processed essays were converted to handwritten versions. In a preliminary study, handwritten and word-processed essays were then intermingled and rescored. Analyses revealed higher average scores for essays scored in the handwritten mode than for essays scored as word-processed, regardless of the mode in which essays were originally produced. Several hypotheses were advanced to explain the discrepancies between scores on handwritten and word-processed essays. The training of essay readers was subsequently modified on the basis of these hypotheses, and the experiment was repeated using the modified training with a new set of readers. The results of this second study showed an average reduction of about 25% in the discrepancy between essays read in the handwritten and word-processed modes, compared with the results of the initial study. The effects computed in the second experiment were small by most standards, and predicted to have very little if any impact on certification decisions. Nonetheless, a recommendation is made not only to adopt the modified training but also to monitor this effect throughout the operational scoring sessions.